Meet the editor

Dr. Ana Starcevic is an associate professor of anatomy and neuroanatomy, and a researcher at the Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade. She holds a PhD in Molecular Medicine and has extensive experience and expertise in basic and applied neuroscience. Neuroimaging was the main method of her PhD thesis, so her strong credentials in this area connect with the many scientific papers she has published in the area of brain morphology

and its functions. She is the main author of two books and one chapter in the area of brain research; she has also authored a few neuroanatomical workbooks. She was a member of two projects investigating brain changes in different conditions. Dr. Starcevic is a psychiatry specialist who works with patients with different spectrum of stress disorders.

Contents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

**Section 3**

with PTSD

*by Ana Starcevic*

Introductory Chapter: Psychological Trauma

*Shinji Sato, Takashi Asada and Hiroshi Kunugi*

*by Célia Belrose, Lionel Gibert and Marion Trousselard*

Mechanisms of Symptoms Expression

*by Catherine Athanasiadou-Lewis*

**Preface III**

Introduction **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

Mechanisms **7**

**Chapter 2 9** A Relational Perspective on Psychological Trauma: *The Ghost of the Unspent Love*

**Chapter 3 29** Eicosapentaenoic Acid Intake Associated with Reduced Risk of Posttraumatic

**Chapter 4 43**

**Chapter 5 55** Recovery, Rehabilitation and Positive Psychology for Chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Theoretical and Practical Aspects among French Veterans

Psychological Trauma - Different Treatment Aspects **69**

**Chapter 6 71**

The Role of Therapeutic Landscape in Improving Mental Health of People

*by Shima Taheri, Amirhosein Shabani and Maryam Ghasemi Sichani*

Psychological Trauma - Possible Causes and Underlying Pathological

Stress Disorder after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami *by Emiko Aizawa, Miho Ota, Ikki Ishida, Norie Koga, Kotaro Hattori,* 

Borderline Personality Disorder and Childhood Trauma: The Posited

*by Maria Uscinska, Nicolo' Gagliano, Andrea Polla Mattiot and Silvio Bellino*

## Contents


**Chapter 7 83** Videoconferencing Psychotherapy in an App Environment for Trauma-Related Psychopathology *by Annemiek van Dijke and Jacques van Lankveld*

Preface

All emotions have physical effects but the ones that are suppressed under the surface are like ticking bombs, often called disorders in incubation. Individual trauma might result from a specific event or from a set of inconvenient situations that were experienced emotionally or physically, and are very harmful or threating to an individual. Some individuals have physical issues, some psychological, and some both. The term "trauma" originates from the Greek word trauma, which means wound. This term can be interpreted in the context of both physical and psychological wounding. Complex trauma presents an exposure to severe and repeated traumatic events or situations and also most often interpersonal nature. Emotional symptoms of trauma can vary, from shock and denial to irritability and mood swings. The persistence of shame, self-blame, sadness, and hopelessness can occur. Anxiety and fear are most often present when trauma happens. Except for the emotional, physical symptoms like insomnia or nightmares, fatigue, disturbed concentration, and muscle tension are manifested. Other symptoms include feeling suicidal, self-harm, and overreaction to even minor situations. Many studies have found that the more anxious and stressed people are, the more tense and constricted their muscles are, over time causing the muscles to become fatigued and inefficient. An abnormal reaction to an abnormal situation is a normal reaction. Trauma shifts brain network activity in many ways. Some brain structures involved in memory and cognitive functions are disturbed. Instead of being in good function, because of stress impact to the brain, default brain networks retune at rest and turn to unpleasantries. The negative cognitive bias we inherit, making threat detection a primary task, is amplified by unresolved trauma. The salient networks of the brain, which alter what we look for inside and outside, are disturbed and some of them are malfunctional. Emotional, physical trauma or both turn processing power away from working memory, making it harder for us to think clearly and emphasize the situational

The impact of the influence of a traumatic event on an individual depends on the dynamics, duration, and severity of the specific trauma, as well as the subjective experience of the individual victim. One of the most important factors that plays a great role in shaping a person's perception and helps to respond to trauma situations is the past experience of the individual. It is the capacity to respond adequately and defend themselves. It is important to acknowledge that trauma does not only affect people directly involved during the exact time of its occurrence, but that its rem-

In this book, the authors make an effort to present different perspectives of stress impact on the brain, its connectivity, and its consequences, which most often present as different psychiatric disorders and illnesses, most likely posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Also, the authors present specific treatments for solving

Knowledge of psychological trauma has been continually expanding in the literature and is applied in medical practice, but despite the establishment of a solid base of scientific literature on trauma and the growing modification of society and social

nants could be carried over into the following generations.

overreaction mode in an individual.

and resolving stress issues.
