**4.1 Introducing of research area**

subsystems of trees, shrubs, ground cover and turf based on the difference in

and sales of the maintenance materials. This part of the list can be obtained by referring to the CLCD or by referring to the same LCA evaluation results. However, the upstream data is mostly the market average, and there may be large deviations [41]. In the system downstream, due to the different waste recycle ways taken by the different maintenance teams, the environmental impact list is difficult to obtain. Therefore, The LCA of green space maintenance system mainly includes onsite energy consumption and emissions. The list of this part comes from on-site investigation and has high reliability, which is also a direct reflection of the

**3.3 Characterization model of environmental impact in urban green space**

Based on the general characterization model of LCA, using the equivalent coefficient of energy consumption and global warming potential (GWP) or

characterization model of the maintenance material input and GHG emission

*ECg* <sup>¼</sup> <sup>X</sup>*<sup>n</sup>*

*i*

resource and energy consumption. *αei* represents the resource and energy consumption equivalent coefficient of the species *i* list in the system. *Awi* refers to the

*Awi* <sup>¼</sup> <sup>X</sup>*<sup>n</sup>*

*EIg* <sup>¼</sup> <sup>X</sup>*<sup>n</sup> i*

The calculation of the *Awi* value of petrol- and diesel-powered maintenance

*a*

where *a* is the maintenance equipment associated with the maintenance substance *i* in the system. *Mwa* refers to the workload of the maintenance equipment within the system boundary. *Eea* and *β<sup>a</sup>* represent the working efficiency and fuel

The calculation method of the GWP potential (kg/CO2) *EIg* of urban green space

*αci* is the GWP equivalent coefficient of the *i* input in the system. *EIeg* is the GWP characteristic quantity of the maintenance equipment used in the system boundary,

*ECg* refers to the characteristic quantity (MJ) of urban green space management

*Mwa Eea*

*αei* � *Awi* (4)

� *β<sup>a</sup>* (5)

*αci* � *Awi* þ *EIeg* (6)

� *Aγ<sup>a</sup>* � *Aαci* þ *Bγ<sup>a</sup>* � *Bαci* þ *Cγ* ð Þ *<sup>a</sup>* � *Cαci* (7)

climate warming potential, we establish an environmental impact

**Figure 4** shows that the upstream of the system mainly contains the production

maintenance work (**Figure 5**).

*Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design*

environmental impact of maintenance.

input amount of the *i* substance in the system.

consumption per time unit.

management is as follows:

**228**

equipment can be obtained by the following formula:

which can be calculated by the following formula:

*Mwa Eea*

*EIeg* <sup>¼</sup> <sup>X</sup>*<sup>n</sup>*

*a*

**maintenance**

inventory:

The research area of quantification of urban green space maintenance environmental impact was located in Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou (China). The

#### **Figure 6.**

*The research sites in CBD area of city Zhengzhou. Resource: http://map.tianditu.com/*

**Figure 7.** *The sample plots in research sites.*


**Environmental impact factor**

Resource and energy consumption (MJ/ha/y<sup>1</sup> )

GWP potential (kg CO2-e/ha/ y<sup>1</sup> )

**Table 4.**

**Plant layer**

Ground cover

**Table 5.**

**231**

**Plant layers**

*Sustainable Design in Urban Green Space DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90026*

> Ground cover

> Ground cover

**Environmental impact factor**

energy consumption

energy consumption

Resource and energy consumption

energy consumption

Woodland Resource and

Shrubs Resource and

Grassland Resource and

**Maintenance task**

0 3.29 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 1.07 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 1.60 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 1.29 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 4.64 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup>

0 0\*1 2.00 <sup>10</sup><sup>2</sup> 3.92 1.13 <sup>10</sup><sup>2</sup> 3.16 <sup>10</sup><sup>2</sup>

**transport**

**)**

**Total**

**transport**

**Total**

**Trimming Irrigation Fertilization Pesticide Waste**

Woodland 0 3.14 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 1.13 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 1.47 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 9.00 <sup>10</sup><sup>2</sup> 4.51 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> Shrubs 8.62 <sup>10</sup><sup>2</sup> 3.67 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 1.25 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 3.89 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 4.18 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 5.81 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup>

Grassland 1.56 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 4.12 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 1.19 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 6.41 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 3.02 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 6.41 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup>

Woodland 0 0\*1 2.12 <sup>10</sup><sup>2</sup> 3.61 5.29E+01 2.68 <sup>10</sup><sup>2</sup> Shrubs 6.58 <sup>10</sup><sup>1</sup> 0\*1 2.34 <sup>10</sup><sup>2</sup> 9.52 2.46 <sup>10</sup><sup>2</sup> 5.56 <sup>10</sup><sup>2</sup>

Grassland 6.58 <sup>10</sup><sup>1</sup> 0\*1 2.24 <sup>10</sup><sup>2</sup> 1.57 <sup>10</sup><sup>1</sup> 2.67 <sup>10</sup><sup>2</sup> 5.72 <sup>10</sup><sup>2</sup>

**Weighted environmental impact index (ha/y<sup>1</sup>**

0 1.33 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 4.80 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 6.26 <sup>10</sup><sup>5</sup> 3.82 <sup>10</sup><sup>5</sup> 1.91 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup>

3.66 <sup>10</sup><sup>5</sup> 1.56 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 5.31 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 1.65 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 1.78 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 2.47 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup>

0 1.40 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 4.53 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 6.81 <sup>10</sup><sup>5</sup> 5.47 <sup>10</sup><sup>5</sup> 1.97 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup>

6.61 <sup>10</sup><sup>5</sup> 1.75 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 5.07 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 2.72 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 1.28 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 2.72 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup>

**Trimming Irrigation Fertilization Pesticide Waste**

GWP potential 0 0 3.70 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 6.30 <sup>10</sup><sup>5</sup> 9.24 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 4.68 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> Sum 0 1.33 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 4.18 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 1.26 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 9.62 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 6.60 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup>

GWP potential 1.15 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 0 4.09 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 1.66 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 4.30 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 9.71 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> Sum 1.19 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 1.56 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 4.62 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 3.32 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 4.48 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 1.22 <sup>10</sup><sup>2</sup>

GWP potential 0 0 3.49 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 6.85 <sup>10</sup><sup>5</sup> 1.97 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 5.53 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> Sum 0 1.40 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 3.94 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 1.37 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 2.03 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 7.50 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup>

GWP potential 1.15 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 0 3.91 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 2.74 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 4.67 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 1.00 <sup>10</sup><sup>2</sup> Sum 1.22 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 1.75 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 4.41 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 5.46 <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 4.79 <sup>10</sup><sup>3</sup> 1.27 <sup>10</sup><sup>2</sup>

*Weighted environmental impact index of each plant layer in mature green space.*

*Environmental impact characteristics of each plant layer in mature green space maintenance.*

**Table 2.**

*Maintenance material input list in urban green space.*


**Table 3.**

*Energy consumption and GHG emission inventory of maintenance equipment.*

green coverage rate in research area is 49.1%. The construction of green space in the CBD area was completed in 2004, and it is a mature green area. The survey sites are (1) Hongbaihua Park with an area of 106,000 m<sup>2</sup> ; (2) Zhengzhou Forest with an area of 264,000 m<sup>2</sup> ; (3) Zhengdong New District Wetland Park with an area of 44,000 m<sup>2</sup> ; and (4) No. 6 parking lot with an area of 39,000 m<sup>2</sup> . The plot area is 453,000 m<sup>2</sup> , accounting for about 60% of the total urban green area of the CBD (**Figure 6**). Thirty-four plant community samples of 20 m � 20 m were set in the research sites (**Figure 7**).

#### **4.2 LCI data collection**

The LCI data collection consists of two parts (2017.06–2018.07): (1) plant structure: the area (m<sup>2</sup> ) of each plant layer in the sample survey site and the tree layer are calculated by the projected area of the canopy; (2) material input list: annual workload of each plant layer maintenance (trimming, irrigation, fertilization, pesticide, and plant waste removal). **Table 2** shows the average amount of maintenance material inputs per ha of urban green space calculated according to the data collected in research samples. **Table 3** shows the energy consumption and GHG emission of the maintenance equipment tested in the field.

### **4.3 The LCA result of environmental impact in urban green space maintenance**

See **Tables 4** and **5**.

## *Sustainable Design in Urban Green Space DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90026*


#### **Table 4.**

green coverage rate in research area is 49.1%. The construction of green space in the CBD area was completed in 2004, and it is a mature green area. The survey sites are

Hedge strimmer Petrol h 300 m<sup>2</sup> 0.60 1.69 8.96 � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>3</sup> 3.20 � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>4</sup>

Riding mower Petrol h 2000 m<sup>2</sup> 2.30 2.68 3.74 � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>3</sup> 5.40 � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>4</sup> 3 m<sup>3</sup> light pickup Diesel h 20 km 1.00 3.43 8.11 � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>3</sup> 5.22 � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>4</sup> 5 m<sup>3</sup> light lorry Diesel h 20 km 2.60 6.20 1.81 � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>3</sup> 9.39 � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>4</sup>

(**Figure 6**). Thirty-four plant community samples of 20 m � 20 m were set in the

The LCI data collection consists of two parts (2017.06–2018.07): (1) plant struc-

**4.3 The LCA result of environmental impact in urban green space maintenance**

; and (4) No. 6 parking lot with an area of 39,000 m<sup>2</sup>

calculated by the projected area of the canopy; (2) material input list: annual workload of each plant layer maintenance (trimming, irrigation, fertilization, pesticide, and plant waste removal). **Table 2** shows the average amount of maintenance material inputs per ha of urban green space calculated according to the data collected in research samples. **Table 3** shows the energy consumption and GHG

emission of the maintenance equipment tested in the field.

; (3) Zhengdong New District Wetland Park with an area of

) of each plant layer in the sample survey site and the tree layer are

, accounting for about 60% of the total urban green area of the CBD

; (2) Zhengzhou Forest with an

. The plot area is

(1) Hongbaihua Park with an area of 106,000 m<sup>2</sup>

*Energy consumption and GHG emission inventory of maintenance equipment.*

area of 264,000 m<sup>2</sup>

**Inventory of maintenance material**

**Table 2.**

**Units (U)**

*Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design*

*Maintenance material input list in urban green space.*

**type**

**Equipment type Energy**

Hand-driven mower

**Woodland (U/ha/y**�**<sup>1</sup> )**

**Unit Working efficiency/unit**

Petrol kg 0 <sup>2</sup> � <sup>10</sup><sup>1</sup> <sup>0</sup> 3.6 � <sup>10</sup><sup>1</sup> Diesel kg 2.1 � 101 9.8 � <sup>10</sup><sup>1</sup> 3.0 � <sup>10</sup><sup>1</sup> 7.1 � 101 City water <sup>m</sup><sup>3</sup> 1.3 � <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 1.5 � <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 1.3 � <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> 1.6 � <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> Fertilizer kg 1.4 � <sup>10</sup><sup>2</sup> 1.6 � <sup>10</sup><sup>2</sup> 1.3 � <sup>10</sup><sup>2</sup> 1.5 � <sup>10</sup><sup>2</sup> Pesticide kg 1.0 � <sup>10</sup><sup>1</sup> 2.7 � <sup>10</sup><sup>1</sup> 1.1 � <sup>10</sup><sup>1</sup> 4.5 � <sup>10</sup><sup>1</sup>

**Shrubs (U/ha/y**�**<sup>1</sup> )**

**Energy consumption (kg/unit)**

Petrol h 300 m<sup>2</sup> 1.50 1.80 9.10 � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>2</sup> 9.02 � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>4</sup>

**Ground cover (U/ha/y**�**<sup>1</sup> )**

**Grassland (U/ha/y**�**<sup>1</sup> )**

**GHG emission (kg/unit)**

**CO2 CH4 N2O**

research sites (**Figure 7**).

**4.2 LCI data collection**

See **Tables 4** and **5**.

**230**

ture: the area (m<sup>2</sup>

44,000 m<sup>2</sup>

**Table 3.**

453,000 m<sup>2</sup>

*Environmental impact characteristics of each plant layer in mature green space maintenance.*


#### **Table 5.**

*Weighted environmental impact index of each plant layer in mature green space.*

*Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design*
