**4. Challenges for implementing digital urban administration in Ibadan**

Implementation of Ibadan digital urban administration is constrained by a number of factors, some of which are enumerated as follows:

#### **4.1 Digital spatial data gap**

Data are critical to urban administration but the technology to support digital data is lacking in the city. There are also problems about the right digital technology, policies, and standards of the generation and the use of spatial data in Nigeria and particularly in Ibadan city. There is a need to acquire, process, and store all the requisite spatial data and distribute among the relevant ministries, department, and agencies (MDAs) and the general public for the purpose of aiding decisionmaking and attaining good governance. The integrity of the spatial data is also critical if a robust urban administration must be achieved in a low-resource city like Ibadan city. When data are shared across organization the integrity of the data may be compromised, the implementation of urban spatial data infrastructure requires the right firewall to prevent the hackers from having access to the

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*Digital Urban Administration Model for a Traditional City (Case Study of Ibadan, Nigeria)*

centralized database, which in this context will enable the different users to have

Some agencies of government collect and archive large volumes of spatial data sets and map data but are basically in analog paper format. This accounts for the reason why data sharing among the MDAs is very problematic. There are no spatial data in digital form; most maps and drawings available in Ministry of Lands and Urban Planning are outdated and there are many missing data files in different parts of Ibadan. Unfortunately, the data are often classified and restricted access is only available to selected few members of the public and the line ministries, department, and agencies. To this end, it is difficult to share data among the agencies for decision-making.

Robust data policy is a major ingredient necessary for the implantation of the digital urban administration. Data policy relates to procedures for data collection, data analysis storage and exchange among the MDAs and the general public. It also relates to categorization of data to private and public. There is data hoarding among agencies and protectionism, which thrive in a data policy void that characterize the MDAs. The data policy is important to the distribution of data in this data-green environment. Another problem that militates against data sharing among the agencies of a government is that there is no framework nor policy for data sharing and data release to the public. Currently, Ibadan city has more than 300 layers of digital

spatial data made available from different projects and data base creation.

**4.3 Low resources for digital overhaul of electronic spatial governance**

Oyo state is constrained by dwindling resources allocation from the central government and the internally generated revenue is also not encouraging; therefore, competing demand could not allow the state to deploy financial resources for urban administration. The collection of traffic and outdoor advertisement, which have been the primary source of IGR by the local government administration, have been taken over by the state administration in order to beef up revenue generation of the state. Consequently, it is very difficult for the local government administration to have resources to invest in data sharing among the local government. Digital overhaul of governance is often the last project on the list of priorities of government. The government of the state has been struggling to invest in IT and most especially the spatial data infrastructure because the investment outlay cannot guarantee

Though the production of Ibadan City master plans and Drainage master plans generated a lot of digital databases for urban administration, the government still needs to invest in ICT infrastructure to enable data sharing and data utilizations. Most of the MDAs are not connected with internet facilities. Therefore, there is need to invest in making internet facilities available to the relevant MDAs to ease

The state and the local government administrations have aging personnel who are not conversant with modern technology. Digitization of few maps and documents are taking place in the survey department and physical planning. It is necessary to train the exiting staff in the relevant ministry on the spatial data management and specifi-

cally GIS in order to implement robust spatial data infrastructures.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92125*

ready access to the servers.

**4.2 Poor or no spatial data policy**

immediate return on investment.

**4.4 Lack of trained personnel**

the spatial data sharing among the staff.

*Digital Urban Administration Model for a Traditional City (Case Study of Ibadan, Nigeria) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92125*

centralized database, which in this context will enable the different users to have ready access to the servers.

Some agencies of government collect and archive large volumes of spatial data sets and map data but are basically in analog paper format. This accounts for the reason why data sharing among the MDAs is very problematic. There are no spatial data in digital form; most maps and drawings available in Ministry of Lands and Urban Planning are outdated and there are many missing data files in different parts of Ibadan. Unfortunately, the data are often classified and restricted access is only available to selected few members of the public and the line ministries, department, and agencies. To this end, it is difficult to share data among the agencies for decision-making.

#### **4.2 Poor or no spatial data policy**

*Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design*

ment and web applications.

a robust urban administration.

city more problematic.

tions, and infractions.

**4.1 Digital spatial data gap**

and mortar for good urban governance in Ibadan city.

number of factors, some of which are enumerated as follows:

spatial information could not put the training to use because there is no equipment nor infrastructure to implement spatial data infrastructure. The political will of the government is weak toward the implementation of digital land administration. Effort has been directed toward revenue generation through property taxation and collection of dues from land transactions. Most of the time, the contracts for Urban GIS were awarded to foreign firms and add no value to local capacities. There is no effort to build local capacity of the civil servant to take charge of the land administration. This pointed to the fact that the land administration in the states where it is implemented is not sustainable because the civil servant in the mainstream line ministries is not integrated in the electronic land administration mechanism. Oyo state also embarked on Oyo GIS, which is basically a land administration platform but the local content is at the pedestrian level, which was basically on data capturing. The civil servants were not trained on rudiments of database manage-

Ibadan city is growing at unprecedented rate due to influx of people and businesses to the already expanding city through natural growth [8]. The influx of national government projects such as the dry port and the modern railway terminals will further accentuate the unprecedented growth of the city. The growth in population and the informal sector in the city further constraints the implementation of

The fragmentation of the city into different administrative apparatus in form of 11 local government administrations further makes holistic administration of the

Just as roads and water pipe networks are critical for the development of the city, the digital urban administration (DUA) is critical for the overall development of a city. The government and the civil servant must see investment in DUA as the brick

**4. Challenges for implementing digital urban administration in Ibadan**

Implementation of Ibadan digital urban administration is constrained by a

Data are critical to urban administration but the technology to support digital data is lacking in the city. There are also problems about the right digital technology, policies, and standards of the generation and the use of spatial data in Nigeria and particularly in Ibadan city. There is a need to acquire, process, and store all the requisite spatial data and distribute among the relevant ministries, department, and agencies (MDAs) and the general public for the purpose of aiding decisionmaking and attaining good governance. The integrity of the spatial data is also critical if a robust urban administration must be achieved in a low-resource city like Ibadan city. When data are shared across organization the integrity of the data may be compromised, the implementation of urban spatial data infrastructure requires the right firewall to prevent the hackers from having access to the

The local government administrations in the 11 local government areas that make Ibadan city are weak and cannot tame the activities of unscrupulous developers in the city. Consequently, the city continues to grow in leaps and bounds but mainly as slums and deleterious housing with a lot of contraventions, contradic-

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Robust data policy is a major ingredient necessary for the implantation of the digital urban administration. Data policy relates to procedures for data collection, data analysis storage and exchange among the MDAs and the general public. It also relates to categorization of data to private and public. There is data hoarding among agencies and protectionism, which thrive in a data policy void that characterize the MDAs. The data policy is important to the distribution of data in this data-green environment. Another problem that militates against data sharing among the agencies of a government is that there is no framework nor policy for data sharing and data release to the public. Currently, Ibadan city has more than 300 layers of digital spatial data made available from different projects and data base creation.

#### **4.3 Low resources for digital overhaul of electronic spatial governance**

Oyo state is constrained by dwindling resources allocation from the central government and the internally generated revenue is also not encouraging; therefore, competing demand could not allow the state to deploy financial resources for urban administration. The collection of traffic and outdoor advertisement, which have been the primary source of IGR by the local government administration, have been taken over by the state administration in order to beef up revenue generation of the state. Consequently, it is very difficult for the local government administration to have resources to invest in data sharing among the local government. Digital overhaul of governance is often the last project on the list of priorities of government. The government of the state has been struggling to invest in IT and most especially the spatial data infrastructure because the investment outlay cannot guarantee immediate return on investment.

Though the production of Ibadan City master plans and Drainage master plans generated a lot of digital databases for urban administration, the government still needs to invest in ICT infrastructure to enable data sharing and data utilizations. Most of the MDAs are not connected with internet facilities. Therefore, there is need to invest in making internet facilities available to the relevant MDAs to ease the spatial data sharing among the staff.

#### **4.4 Lack of trained personnel**

The state and the local government administrations have aging personnel who are not conversant with modern technology. Digitization of few maps and documents are taking place in the survey department and physical planning. It is necessary to train the exiting staff in the relevant ministry on the spatial data management and specifically GIS in order to implement robust spatial data infrastructures.

The training activities need to be carried out to encourage MDAs staff members to embrace the implementation of digital technology and abandon their various analog approaches to land management in different ministries.

The land use decree in Nigeria provided the custodianship of urban land on the governor of their respective state while the rural lands are basically under the purview of local government administration.

#### **4.5 Outdated equipment and low-capacity facilities**

Reproduction of maps is still done by ammonia printers while cadastral maps are still stored in hard copies. There was an improvement of carting cadasters in a paper-plaited board. Most of the equipment procured in the past were not maintained and they have gathered dust. Some of the computer systems used in the department have 500 Meg RAM while some plotters are not functioning because the ink cartridges are out of stock.

#### **4.6 Property boundaries are poorly demarcated**

Many survey plans in the city have poor spatial accuracy, while some of them are fake and have no direct bearing to the land in question.
