**6.6 Compliance of urban built environment with the natural environment**

**6.13 Balance of daytime-nighttime usage**

*Assessing the Urban Design Quality of Turkish Cities DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89779*

**7. Weighting and method**

sigmoidal function specified below:

8 >>>>>>><

>>>>>>>:

calculated using Eqs. (2) and (3):

*x* ¼ *xmin* ¼ 0 ! *f*ð*xi*Þ¼<sup>0</sup>

*x* ¼ *xmax* ! *f*ð*xi*Þ¼<sup>1</sup>

*:*

*:*

environment.

*f x*ð Þ¼*<sup>i</sup>*

pairs.

**341**

important to establish the conditions of safe nighttime usage.

rienced actors evaluated Turkey before and after the urban planning-

The cities and especially the city centers should not be designed only for daytime usage. In light of the safety factors, the balance should be established between the daytime and nighttime usages. Especially the city centers isolated from the residential areas turn into desolate and insecure spaces at night. From this aspect, it is

The criteria and sub-criteria were selected by the specialists, and then the expe-

implementation processes. The relevant assessment data were obtained. These data include all the information related to the selected criteria and spatial physical

In the next step, fuzzy logic was used, and MCA was developed for preparing and analyzing all the criteria and sub-criteria by using the fuzzy logic method. Since the values obtained from the criteria are expressed in different qualitative and quantitative scales, it was necessary to normalize the data in order to be able to make a comparison. The linear normalization, which is a common approach used in process, MCA, and decision-making problems, was used together with fuzzy logic. The fuzzy theory is based on a fuzziness level (probability) varying between 0.0 and 1.0 and showing a constant increase. The calculation was made using the

*xmin* ˂ *xi* ˂ *xmax* ! *f x*ð Þ¼*<sup>i</sup>*

*Xi*—network element (*i* = 1, 2, … , *n*); X � *Xi*—between the network elements. The next step was to determine the importance of the urban design criteria and sub-criteria. The analytical hierarchy process was used for assigning the weights given by 73 specialists (**Tables 2–4**). The pairwise comparison matrix was used in translating the opinions of specialists into values. As shown in **Tables 2–4**, the weights of criteria and sub-criteria were calculated using different combination

The last step of this process is the involvement of weights given by the specialist actors to the sub-criteria and criteria. The method used here was the weighted linear combination (WLC) because it is an analytical approach that can be used in multifeatured decision-making. In the WLC, the combination enabled the application of the weights obtained from the binary combination to the conditions provided by Turkey's urban design approach. The conditions provided by the country were ordered based on the priority number and calculated by summing up the results of every criterion. The higher the score is, the better the relevant criterion is reflected in the urban spaces. The WLC enables an exact balance between various criteria. In

other words, even though a criterion has a very bad score, a balance can be established by a higher score from another criterion. WLC was used with GIS and

*x* � *xmin xmax* � *xmin*

(1)

The compliance and integrity of built physical environment with the natural environment are very important for the value added to the quality of life. Rather than ignoring the natural formations, it is necessary to move together with them if possible, and the urban spaces should be created with this integrity. It is the basic objective of sustainability. The quality of the public space depends on its compliance with the local climatic conditions, material, vegetation, lighting, instructions, signs, street furniture, functions, and esthetic qualities.

### **6.7 Noise level**

It is one of the important factors of environmental quality in urban spaces. Motor vehicles are among the parameters determining the quality of space because of the production activities of various intensities (such as pedestrian or vehicle).

#### **6.8 Appearance and cleanliness level**

From the aspect of cleanliness, the rate of use of the urban spaces compatible with the health conditions will always be high. From this aspect, it is a necessity to take measures preventing the dirtiness of urban spaces. It is important to adapt the design processes to space in this context.

#### **6.9 Access of pedestrian and non-motorized vehicles**

Given the physical environment and the relationship with others, the easiest and most appropriate way of movement is seen to be moving as a "pedestrian." For this reason, the pedestrian movement should be well-organized in order to maintain the urban space life based on the healthy human-human relationship. It is a fundamental necessity to gather the pedestrian movements and flows in an appropriate and meaningful manner and to canalize it to the activities.

#### **6.10 Mass transportation opportunities**

Walking is the most frequently used method for accessing to the mass transportation vehicles and is one of the traveling modes used by the people between a departure and a destination. In the present study, the walking distance to mass transportation vehicles (busses, taxis, rail-system stops, etc.) was a maximum of 800 m, which is recommended for such studies.

#### **6.11 Urban services**

One of the most important reasons for the existence of humans in the cities is the services. The presence and quality of administrative, social, educative, recreational, access, etc. services indicate the success level of that city in terms of urban services.

#### **6.12 Pedestrian security**

It can be defined as developing attractive, safe, non-complex, and effectively functioning roads and public spaces by considering elderly people, children, pregnant women, etc. Besides that, the crime factors are also evaluated within the security. This parameter, which is very important from this aspect, indicates that the presence of a pedestrian in the city depends on the elements of security.

### **6.13 Balance of daytime-nighttime usage**

The cities and especially the city centers should not be designed only for daytime usage. In light of the safety factors, the balance should be established between the daytime and nighttime usages. Especially the city centers isolated from the residential areas turn into desolate and insecure spaces at night. From this aspect, it is important to establish the conditions of safe nighttime usage.
