**Author details**

*Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design*

minutes (*F*(173, 1) = 0.142, *p* > 0.05, *R*<sup>2</sup>

scale (*b* = 0.005, *p* = 0.001).

14.914, *p* < 0.001, *R*<sup>2</sup>

*p* > 0.05, *R*<sup>2</sup>

respectively.

26.586, *p* < 0.001, *R*<sup>2</sup>

(*F*(173, 1) = 49.636, *p* < 0.001, *R*<sup>2</sup>

*R*2

*R*2

respectively.

**6. Conclusions**

*p* < 0.001, *R*<sup>2</sup>

walking minutes (*F*(173, 1) = 27.071, *p* < 0.001, *R*<sup>2</sup>

= 0.135) and (*F*(173, 1) = 13.331,

= 0.001). Similarly, the

= 0.133), (*F*(173, 1) =

= 0.211), respec-

= 0.108),

= 0.001) and (*F*(173, 1) = 2.288, *p* > 0.05,

= 0.223), respectively. While, in term Enclosure

= 0.072), respectively. Also, the models were able to explain, 13.5

= 0.079). Also, the singular model was able to explain 7.9%

and 7.2% of the variances of the total walking minutes, respectively. Moreover, the higher walking behavior outcome scores were associated with a higher street intensity on a 400-m radius scale (*b* = 0.009, *p* < 0.001) and on a 600-m radius

The Pedestrian Catchment Area (PCA) on a 400-m radius scale; The predictability of the model was significant with the total walking minutes (*F*(173, 1) =

models were inconsiderably explained the variances of the total walking minutes, at 0.2 and 0.1%, respectively. Also, the higher walking behavior outcome scores were not associated with the Pedestrian Route Directness Ratio (*b* = 1.231, *p* > 0.05). Regarding the Clustering coefficient of destinations on a 400-m and 600-m radius scales, the predictability of the two models were nonsignificant for the total walking

= 0.019). Also, the models were able to explain, 0.1 and 1.9% on the two scales,

Frontage quality index of the streets on the 400-m radius scale: the predictability of the three models of the main, Connecting and col-de-sac streets was significant

= 0.133) and (*F*(164, 9) = 4.374, *p* > 0.05, *R*<sup>2</sup>

tively. However, the higher walking minutes were marginally associated with the lower frontage quality index of the main, the connecting and the col-de-sac streets (*b* = −0.110, *p* < 0.001), (*b* = −0.145, *p* < 0.001) and (*b* = −0.097, *p* < 0.001), respectively. Regarding the enclosure ratio of the streets on the 400-m radius scale, the predictability of the three models of the main and Connecting streets was significant for the total walking minutes (*F*(173, 1) = 20.840, *p* < 0.001, *R*<sup>2</sup>

ratio of the col-de-sac street on the 400-m radius scale, the predictability of the model was not significant for the total walking minutes (*F*(173, 1) = 0.428, *p* > 0.05,

 = 0.002). However, the higher walking minutes were marginally associated with the lower frontage quality index of the main, the connecting and the col-de-sac streets (*b* = 3.720, *p* < 0.001), (*b* = −0.615, *p* < 0.05) and (*b* = 0.103, *p* > 0.05),

In terms of optimizing livability through neighborhood sizes, the feedback from this study challenges the 25.02 ha suggested by the current Master Plan. Instead, it proposes 50.24 ha, which denotes a 400-m radius, or 10-min walking; that is based supported by other relevant urban planning literature. The walking outcomes and accessible amenities within a 10-min walk were highly associated and found to enhance pedestrian activity. In terms of the percentage ratio of retail space, the findings from this study disagree with the suggested proportion of ~1%. Instead, we propose that mixed types of commercial and retail activity should occupy up to 10% of the total land use. The findings suggest that the ratio should be separated

of the variances of the total walking minutes. Furthermore, the higher walking behavior outcome scores were associated with the lower value of the Pedestrian Catchment Area (*b* = −0.059, *p* < 0.001). Also, Pedestrian Route Directness Ratio (PRDRS1 and 2) on 400-m and 600-m radius scale; the predictability of the two models was nonsignificant for the total walking minutes were (*F*(173, 1) = 0.301,

= 0.002) and (*F*(173, 1) = 0.142, *p* > 0.05, *R*<sup>2</sup>

for the total walking minutes (*F*(173, 1) = 26.427, *p* < 0.001, *R*<sup>2</sup>

**382**

Qaaid Al-Saraify1 \* and David Grierson<sup>2</sup>

1 The Department of Architecture, The University of Basra, Basrah, Iraq

2 The Department of Architecture, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK

\*Address all correspondence to: qaaid.alsaraify@gmail.com

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
