**5. Conversion of pretreated lignocellulose to bioethanol**

Pretreated biomass can be converted to bioethanol by both direct microbial conversion (DMC) and hydrolysis along with fermentation [33]. In fact, DMC method requires much time, while the conversion yields were rather low with high risk of contamination [34, 35]. In contrast, enzymatic hydrolysis combining microorganism fermentation is a more preferable method with proven much better performance [33].
