**2. Current situations in key countries**

In the year 1896 Henry Ford used pure ethanol as a fuel to run his first car. After that in 1908, he designed another famous car, i.e., Ford Model T, it is capable of moving with both combination of gasoline and ethanol [6]. Brazil was one of the largest country to implement the bio-fuel programs in the production of ethanol fuel from sugarcane in the world [7]. In the year 2006, Brazilians are utilized 18% of ethanol fuel for their country's road transport sector and by April 2008, more than 50% of fuel consumption for the gasoline market. Up to 2005, Brazil was topper in the world to produce alcohol fuel, when it was surpassed by the United States. Both the countries together (Brazil and the United States) are responsible in the year of 2011 for 87.1% world's alcohol fuel produced [8].

However, China was directly campaigning alcohol fuel in five central and northeastern major cities in order to reduce consumption of fossil fuels. These cities are Zhaodong in Heilongjiang province, Luoyang, Nanyang in central China's Henan province, Zhengzhou, Harbin and northeast China. In the present situations, compared to any country in the world the United States produces and consumes more alcohol fuel. These days, majority of the cars on road in the United States can run with alcohol fuel and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends. The major countries were given in **Table 1** based on the annual production of alcohol fuel [9].


**Annual production alcohol fuel from different countries in the year of 2014 to 2016 [9] (Million US gallons per year)**

#### **Table 1.**

*Annual production alcohol fuel by various countries.*
