**3. Factors influencing the diagnosis**

The diagnostic process is considered to be a complex transition process which begins with the illness of the patient and ends into a result which serves as a data for reference that can be categorized. The diagnoses start from the doctor asking the patient about signs and symptoms of a disease/illness. A doctor's treatment specific to a patient's symptoms and its outcome is important for both the doctor and the patient to see the efficacy of the treatment provided.

The diagnoses are an amalgamation of various processes that broadly depends on three main factors:

### **3.1 Doctor's knowledge**

*"The eye sees all, but the mind shows us what we want to see." -Shakespeare.*

The doctor's knowledge serves as data set for the human brain to process the likes and similarities from the previous acquired data. This helps in differentiating the two processes. And thus helps to form an opinion regarding a process. This is really critical for diagnosis.

For example, while diagnosing a Central Giant Cell Granuloma of the jaw, the doctor must also be aware of the differential diagnoses, and their appearance to rule those out.

#### **3.2 Doctor's experience**

The experience of a doctor plays an important role in the diagnosis of a disease. These experiences contribute in enriching the quality of the data and help in refining the data set and recreating subsets in the data. It is here that heuristics step into the picture. These subsets help in simplifying the data and make it comprehensible. The experiences can also be governed by the amount of different cases seen by the doctor, which in turn is greatly influenced by the geo-fencing of the same.

For example, the diseases that are predominant in some areas of the world, like Lyme's disease in the North Eastern American region, the physicians practicing there will have more experience of those cases and will form a more accurate diagnosis in comparison to the physicians in any other part of the world. Basically the age old dictum at work here is that—if you hear hooves think horses, not zebras.

**79**

superior algorithms [3].

*Computer Simulation and the Practice of Oral Medicine and Radiology*

Human brain is a complex structure which plays a pivotal role in making a diagnosis. According to Charles Sherigton (c. 1920), some of the deepest mysteries facing science in the twenty-first century concern the higher functions of the central nervous system: perception, memory, attention, learning, language, emotion, personality, social interaction, decision-making, motor control, and consciousness. Nearly all psychiatric and many neurological disorders are characterized by a dysfunction in the neural systems that mediate these neural processes. In fact, all aspects of human behavior and hence human society are controlled by the human brain: economics and decision making, moral reasoning and law, arts and esthetics, social and global conflict, politics and political decision making, marketing and preference, etc. These functions are greatly altered by the level of stress and the mood that the person has. Thus, a diagnosis is also greatly influenced by the doctor's

**4. Computer simulation: understanding AI (artificial intelligence) in** 

AI and how to use it in CAD has become one of the hottest research topics in medical radiology both in imaging and diagnostics. Although, research in CAD is pretty much established and growing but most radiologists do not as yet, use CAD in their daily routine. The basics of AI and how to use it in CAD for detection and for quantification is defined by the various requirements such as performance, regulatory compliance, reading time reduction and cost efficiency are even today not as sophisticated/dependable as the human mind. Overall the performance of the CAD systems is still a major bottleneck for adaption. However, the usual machine learning and AI strategy can be used to improve CAD by using past and public databases for training and validation. This will create cognitive AI that will help tackle corner cases in CAD and eventually create

Yet all said and done, there is a global consensus that the advent of computer simulation is a crisis in the making for radiology. Not only has the number of imaging studies gone up, but also the number of images per study has drastically increased [4]. Radiology is becoming a victim of its own success, i.e., the disparity and the gap between the overall workload and the number of radiologists has increased dramatically which has resulted in a cost increase. Therefore, new

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90082*

**3.3 Influencing factors**

*Diagnostic paradigm.*

**Figure 1.**

state of mind, and stress level (**Figure 1**).

**computer-aided diagnosis (CAD)**

*Computer Simulation and the Practice of Oral Medicine and Radiology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90082*

**Figure 1.** *Diagnostic paradigm.*

*Numerical Modeling and Computer Simulation*

in the diagnostic process, is an impending reality [1].

patient to see the efficacy of the treatment provided.

*"The eye sees all, but the mind shows us what we want to see." -Shakespeare.*

**3. Factors influencing the diagnosis**

on three main factors:

**3.1 Doctor's knowledge**

really critical for diagnosis.

**3.2 Doctor's experience**

those out.

"therapeutic intervention" and the response is studied to show characteristics of a particular disease [2]. For example, the dentist might prescribe antibiotic for 1 week to a patient with decayed tooth and tooth pain. The antibiotic resolves the infection and pain which shows that the patient had secondary infection going on in the carious tooth. The ultimate feature in the diagnosis of disease is to see if the planned therapy is working or if the disease is getting better or getting worse over a period of time, and have there been considerable side effects to the therapy [2]. Evaluation of the diagnoses is not only limited to living individuals. Post-mortem and autopsy examinations have proved to be a great tool in designing the diagnostic parameters. Artificial intelligence and computer learning have cashed upon the complex series of diagnosis in these days to assist humans in coming up with a module for diagnostic processes. In the current scenario, the possibility that artificial intelligence (abbreviated henceforth as AI) and computer aided systems may supersede humans

The diagnostic process is considered to be a complex transition process which begins with the illness of the patient and ends into a result which serves as a data for reference that can be categorized. The diagnoses start from the doctor asking the patient about signs and symptoms of a disease/illness. A doctor's treatment specific to a patient's symptoms and its outcome is important for both the doctor and the

The diagnoses are an amalgamation of various processes that broadly depends

The doctor's knowledge serves as data set for the human brain to process the likes and similarities from the previous acquired data. This helps in differentiating the two processes. And thus helps to form an opinion regarding a process. This is

For example, while diagnosing a Central Giant Cell Granuloma of the jaw, the doctor must also be aware of the differential diagnoses, and their appearance to rule

The experience of a doctor plays an important role in the diagnosis of a disease. These experiences contribute in enriching the quality of the data and help in refining the data set and recreating subsets in the data. It is here that heuristics step into the picture. These subsets help in simplifying the data and make it comprehensible. The experiences can also be governed by the amount of different cases seen by the

doctor, which in turn is greatly influenced by the geo-fencing of the same.

For example, the diseases that are predominant in some areas of the world, like Lyme's disease in the North Eastern American region, the physicians practicing there will have more experience of those cases and will form a more accurate diagnosis in comparison to the physicians in any other part of the world. Basically the age old dictum at work here is that—if you hear hooves think horses, not zebras.

**78**

### **3.3 Influencing factors**

Human brain is a complex structure which plays a pivotal role in making a diagnosis. According to Charles Sherigton (c. 1920), some of the deepest mysteries facing science in the twenty-first century concern the higher functions of the central nervous system: perception, memory, attention, learning, language, emotion, personality, social interaction, decision-making, motor control, and consciousness. Nearly all psychiatric and many neurological disorders are characterized by a dysfunction in the neural systems that mediate these neural processes. In fact, all aspects of human behavior and hence human society are controlled by the human brain: economics and decision making, moral reasoning and law, arts and esthetics, social and global conflict, politics and political decision making, marketing and preference, etc. These functions are greatly altered by the level of stress and the mood that the person has. Thus, a diagnosis is also greatly influenced by the doctor's state of mind, and stress level (**Figure 1**).
