*Criminology and Post-Mortem Studies - Analyzing Criminal Behaviour and Making Medical…*

services, to avoid payments or losses of services, or to secure personal or business advantages".

Fraud is perpetrated by a person, group of people, or organization for their own benefit and/or that of the criminal organization.

The most common types of fraud are:


Fraud is a type of corruption, with an income, it has behavioral characteristics, which is why we go through behavioral economics and convergence with a fraud economy model, to develop the model [31–35].

#### **3. Elements of the behavioral economy**

The fundamental elements of behavioral economics and their concepts are described below:

#### **3.1 Decisions**

The inclination of the current, that is, the tendency to a certain behavior, where our choices are biased by these elements.

#### *3.1.1 Elements of decisions*


*New Fraud Star Theory and Behavioral Sciences DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93455*


#### *3.1.1.1 Rejection of loss*

It refers to the idea that a loss generates more discontent than happiness, which would generate a gain of the same magnitude.

#### *3.1.1.2 Short-term*

The tendency to choose a smaller profit that is close in time versus a larger profit that is distant in time. It is related to a preference for immediate gratification.

#### *3.1.1.3 Temporary instability*

The tendency to be impatient when choosing, between receiving benefits today or in the future, and choosing between benefits in two different periods in the future. Also known as "present bias".

#### *3.1.1.4 The slant of status quo*

Our tendency is to maintain the normal state of affairs. This normal condition, or status quo, is taken as a degree of allusion.

This means that the value of an asset depends on the degree of beliefs that the person has.

### *3.1.1.5 Social rules*

Social rules are unwritten; they govern behavior within a society. A distinction is made between "descriptive rules"; these rules explain standardized behavior, sometimes not followed by individuals, and "prescriptive rules", which are acceptable or desired behavior.

### *3.1.1.6 Correspondence*

It is a social rule that implicates interchanges between people, answering to the acting of another acting equivalent. It can be assertive or adverse.

#### **3.2 Convictions**

Elements of convictions


D.Method to increase the knowledge of representativeness

E. Set of rules, principles, and knowledge about the two processes

#### *3.2.1 Readiness*

People make their judgments about the probability of a future event occurring, based on the ease with which an instance that represents it occurs.

## *3.2.2 Trust in plus*

It is the tendency to overestimate or exaggerate our own ability to satisfactorily complete a given task.

### *3.2.3 Surplus hopefulness*

The bias of excess optimism makes us underestimate the probability of negative events and overestimate the probability of positive events.

#### *3.2.4 Method to increase the knowledge of representativeness*

This method explains the fact that the similarity between objects and facts often shapes economic decisions and the evaluation of uncertain events. The fundamental question is the speed of decision-making in this method; the faster the decision, this method will outline the similarity in the decision, being a mental appearance and a response of the brain.

#### *3.2.5 Set of rules, principles, and knowledge about the two processes*

There are two types of processes in behavioral economics:

"Automatical"—is defined as system 1, thinking is automatical.

"Reflexive"—is defined as system 1, thinking is reflexive.

System 1: its operation occurs automatically, without attempt and without control.

System 2: its operation occurs, more slowly and controlled, and is utilized in mental works.
