**5. Appendices and nomenclature**

Learned helplessness is a conduct displayed by an animal or person following frequent adverse stimulations that are away from their control. Over the last years, neuroscience has presented an understanding of learned helplessness. In this context, the subject's brain presumes that control is not present, and the existence of helpfulness is what is learned. Seligman's learned helplessness theory helped in the development of the battered woman syndrome. Battered woman syndrome was discovered by Leonor Walker.

Dogmatics is a system of principles and rules developed by a group of criminal lawyers or criminal philosophers, such as Michael S. Moore, John Feinberg, Claus Roxin, Günther Jakobs, Urs Kindhäuser, Joachim Hruschka, Jan C. Joerden, and Michael Pawlik.

State of necessity or necessity defense is a criminal term used to describe why some extraordinary actions must be justified under the criminal law or exculpated in contravention of the law. Criminal defendants rely on this legal argument to argue that they should not be responsible for their actions because their conduct was the only way to prevent a greater harm when that conduct is not justified under self-defense.

*M'Naghten* rule is a test use to establish an excuse of insanity. *M'Naghten* rule must be demonstrated on a criminal trial at the time of the committing of the crime. The party accused must prove that he was under a defect of reason due to a disease of the mind. In this sense, it must be demonstrated that the party accused did not know what he was doing.

Phenomenology is a logical comprehension around the structures of consciousness and the objects that are perceived through it. Phenomenology can be distinguished from the Cartesian system of analysis. Husserl's conception is initially involved with this philosophical perspective and subsequently with psychology.
