**3.1 Participant characteristics**

*Quality of Life - Biopsychosocial Perspectives*

abstracts to identify relevancy to the topic.

quality using the Critical Appraisals Skills Programme [53].

**2.2 Quality assessment**

**3. Results**

reasons documented. Those articles with only abstract access were also removed due to limited information provided. Those articles that were remaining were also peer reviewed by two other individuals who were MSc students at Queen Mary University to prevent any errors and bias being made during the selection process. This involved a brief peer review examining the chosen article titles, authors and

Articles were assessed to identify the level of quality of each study using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies [52]. This tool was utilised to highlight upon any potential limitations in cross-sectional studies. Articles that utilised longitudinal methods were assessed for

A total of 13 articles were chosen for this current review. A PRISMA flowchart

[54] was produced to allow a visual representation of the selection process

**166**

**Figure 2.**

*PRISMA flow diagram displaying the selection process [54].*

Across all chosen studies, there were a total of 1963 offspring who participated in which ages ranged from 5 to 50 years with mean age ranges from 9 to 43 years (displayed in **Table 1**) from different ethnicities and background.




#### **Table 1.**

*Participant characteristics.*

## **3.2 Comparators**

The comparator in all studies included used healthy controls (HC) with the exception of [55], whereby in this study, a control is not stated (see **Table 2**). Some of the studies [56–59] used a comparison of offspring of those with a mental illness other than schizophrenia (OHR).

## **3.3 Effect size and mean differences**

Across all studies within the HR, HC and OHR groups, the mean incidence ratings/scores and effect sizes were similar to that of the control group and also were not 100%.
