**1. Introduction**

In a world disrupted by the omnipresence of digital technologies,1 the hierarchical organization closed on its local borders has evolved into an extended, borderless, open, and adaptive organization under the control of an unpredictable environment that creates uncertainty and doubt. Organization encounters fundamental problems of information exchange and knowledge sharing between: on the one hand, its formal entities spread throughout the world (functions, business units, projects), and, on the other hand, her members carry values and cultures diversified according to their local sites. Regardless of their roles and hierarchical positions, actors are faced with new situations that increase their scope for initiatives and responsibilities, and they become decision-makers.

This chapter presents basic concepts derived from our industrial experience and our university research. These concepts constitute the roots of our vision of managerial and socio-technical approach of knowledge management (KM) that we transpose to the concept of "management based on knowledge (MBK)," described

<sup>1</sup> The term "digital," used in this chapter, refers to digital information systems characterized by the contributions of Web 2.0, reinforced in particular by Big Data, analytics, machine learning and deep learning technologies, and physical tools such as smartphones and tablets, equipped with SIM cards giving access to 4D, which have become essential prostheses for the human being in his personal and professional life.

in this chapter. That supplies a set of elements which raise awareness of crucial problems linked to the digital transformation of the organizations and transcend traditional solutions.

In Section 2, the chapter describes the background theories and assumptions. We introduce a reflection on knowledge within organization considered from two perspectives: a cognitivist perspective and a constructivist perspective. We state three interlinked fundamental postulates that constitute the basis of our approach of knowledge management; we present our vision of KM that we call "managerial and socio-technical" approach to KM. In Section 3, the chapter provides a discussion about KM, and we identify two main approaches underlying KM: a technological approach and a managerial and sociological approach. Then, in Section 4, the chapter introduces the socio-technical approach to the organization and the concept of organization's information and knowledge system (OIKS/SICO). Finally, in Section 5, the chapter presents the management based on knowledge with regard to the problem of capitalization on knowledge within organizations. This vision is a transposition of our approach to knowledge management.
