*3.2.1 Current of economic and managerial research influence*

The emergence of the managerial and sociological approach of knowledge management comes, according to [11], in three phases:

*First phase*: a change of paradigm of the corporate strategy called "the approach based on the resources," to which Edith Penrose strongly contributed. She was the first one to begin this change of paradigm in 1959, with the publication of her book entitled "*The theory of the growth of the firm"* [30]. She explains in this work that the company undergoes a loss of capital when a capable employee, who is an employee whose services interfere in the process of production, leaves the firm. By conferring on the knowledge an economic value, in the same way as any other

material resource being a part of the capital, Edith Penrose opened the way to a new economic theory which has to place the knowledge in the center of the process of creation of the wealth.

*Second phase*: a new vision of the company, through the notions of directory of knowledge and of organizational routines expressed by [31]. In their work *An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change*, the authors define the notion of skill as a capacity to coordinate a sequence of behavior to reach goals in a given context. Besides, they define the notion of organizational routine as a predictable and regular behavioral plan. These routines are the siege of the knowledge of the organization, because beyond any formalization, the best way of storing the knowledge of the organization lies in the exercise of these. So, all the routines of an organization constitute its directory of knowledge [30].

*Third phase*: an organizational change taking care of the problem of capitalization of the knowledge of the company [1, 31, 32]. Concretely, the company has to learn to establish connections between her members. This means connecting people whose cooperation will generate new and useful knowledge for themselves and for the company. These connections can take place as well at the individual level as at the level of a team or at the level of the whole organization.
