*2.2.2 Constructivist perspective (anti-representationism)*

Resting on new contributions of the neurobiology, the cognitive sciences, and the philosophy, the constructivist point of view envisages the cognition as an act of construction or creation rather than an act of representation [4]. The prospect anti-représentationniste of Von Krogh and Johan Roos leans in particular on the model "autopoïèse" created by [18], two Chilean biologists, who suggested that the cognition was a creative act of production of the world. Because knowledge lives in ourselves and is closely linked to our senses and our previous experiences, we are brought to create the unique world to ourselves. So, knowledge is not universal, and the constructivist carries only not much attention to comparisons between different models. The constructivist approach considers that the cognitive system works when knowledge allows effective actions. For certain constructivists knowledge is explicit, but others can be tacit, strongly personal, not easy to express, and consequently little easy to share with others [4].

These two perspectives influenced the theories and the practices of the management. However, the interest of the constructivist studies is that they consider as well the tacit aspects that the explicit aspects of knowledge. The main features of these two perspectives, enriched by [19], are summarized in **Table 1**.
