**5. The structure and premise of TWaDeSS model**

Stage I: familiarization (pre-project execution). This has to do with sustained efforts to have a prior knowledge of the three principal actors in the tourism destination (host community, tourism resources and tourists/visitors) through provision of answers to some basic questions (**Figure 2**). The premise of TWaDeSS in this stage is anchored on the following variables and their basic questions:

a.Host Community: The following findings and considerations are necessary:


b.Tourism Resources: The following findings and considerations are necessary:


c.Tourists/Visitors: The following findings and consideration are necessary.

• Nature of Tourists/Visitors: What category of tourists/visitors is likely to be attracted to the site? What is the geographic and demographic characteristic

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of expected tourists/visitors? What are the possible attitudes of the

community? How do you check these categories of threats?

• Hazards/Threats: What are the possible threats or hazards tourists might face at the site? What are the possible threats tourists/visitors might face from the host community? What are the possible threats tourists visitors might face from the infrastructural and superstructural provisions at the site? Are there possible threats/hazards against tourists and visitors from people outside the

• Destination Accessibility: How is tourists/visitors' access to information pertaining to the site like? What about physical access to the site? Are there encumbrances to physical access to the site? What is the friendlier medium for access to the site? What is the level of comfort on the site for tourists/ visitors as it concerns accessibility? Can tourists/visitors move alone or with

• Information and Orientation: What is the necessary information the tourist/ visitor need to know about the site? How do you package the information? How do you put across the information? Will there be need for orientation programmes? How do you package the orientation to yield the needed result?

Stage II: implementation and involvement (project execution). In this stage, answers to basic questions are provided on how best to integrate these principal actors in the project implementation through involvement and other necessary

a.Host Community: What is the role of members of the host community in the project implementation? How can they get involved to achieve sustainable result?

b.Tourism Resources: With the prior knowledge of the tourism resources arising from the first stage, there is need to make necessary considerations on the

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89727*

expected tourists/visitors?

*Pre-project execution stage of TWaDeSS model.*

**Figure 2.**

guides in the destination?

considerations (**Figure 3**).

*Exploring the Three-Way Destination Safety Solution to Crisis Management in Tourist… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89727*

**Figure 2.** *Pre-project execution stage of TWaDeSS model.*

*Public Sector Crisis Management*

a long-term basis?

the tourism project?

**5. The structure and premise of TWaDeSS model**

Stage I: familiarization (pre-project execution). This has to do with sustained efforts to have a prior knowledge of the three principal actors in the tourism destination (host community, tourism resources and tourists/visitors) through provision of answers to some basic questions (**Figure 2**). The premise of TWaDeSS in this

a.Host Community: The following findings and considerations are necessary:

• Communal Values: what are the indigenous values of this community? What do they hold tenaciously in common since their inception?

• Communal Interest: what is their interest as a community with respect to

• Hazards from Tourists/Visitors: what are the possible hazards and other hazards that are likely to be experienced from the presence of tourists/visitors in their community? And how do you intend to handle such hazards on

• Alternative Mechanisms: A close consideration would reveal that the

• Orientation and Involvement: How do you inform them of the proposed projects? How do you get them involved in the proposed project? Would

b.Tourism Resources: The following findings and considerations are necessary:

• Nature of the Site: What is the historical background of the site? What is the

• Site Values: what is the primary and secondary value of the site to the host community? Does the site have any tourism value? Is the tourism value significant enough to merit tourism development initiatives? What is the

• Dos and Don'ts: What are the dos and don'ts of the site? Can these dos and don'ts be managed if the site is developed? Are these dos and don'ts significant enough to deter possible site development for tourism schemes?

• Hazards/Threats: What are the possible hazards the site is likely to experience from visitors/tourists. How can this be checked if developed? What are the possible threats or hazards the site may likely experience from developers? And how can they be checked to guarantee sustainability of the site and

• Nature of Tourists/Visitors: What category of tourists/visitors is likely to be attracted to the site? What is the geographic and demographic characteristic

c.Tourists/Visitors: The following findings and consideration are necessary.

they appreciate or make do with the alternative provision?

they be comfortable with the nature of their involvement?

nature of tourists/visitors the site is likely to attract?

expected carrying capacity of the site?

targeted tourism resources serve one or more needs to the community. How do you intend to provide alternative sources to serve the need(s)? Would

the targeted tourism resources and rural development needs?

stage is anchored on the following variables and their basic questions:

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of expected tourists/visitors? What are the possible attitudes of the expected tourists/visitors?


Stage II: implementation and involvement (project execution). In this stage, answers to basic questions are provided on how best to integrate these principal actors in the project implementation through involvement and other necessary considerations (**Figure 3**).


#### **Figure 3.**

*Project execution stage of TWaDeSS model.*

#### **Figure 4.**

*Post-project execution stage of TWaDeSS model.*

nature and value of the tourism resources during project implementation and involvement plans.

c.Tourists/Visitors: There is need to factor in the position and preference of the tourist/visitor during implementation to reduce the risk of wasteful investment.

Stage III: sustainability mechanism (post-project execution). This stage comes after the completion of the project, and the project is put to use. It targets the consolidation of the project towards ensuring its sustainability in the rural area. The five mechanisms are to focus on the three principal factors at the tourist destination (**Figure 4**). And the process is expected to be carefully followed from the first mechanism to the last mechanism. It has the following processes:

d.Sustainability Mechanism 1—Consultation and Opinion Gathering Mechanism (SM-1):

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rural area.

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Consultation and opinion gathering mechanism is aimed at eliciting critical and genuine information on the existing project as it concerns the three principal factors with a view to evaluating the existing project in the subsequent

e. Sustainability Mechanism 2—Evaluation and Feedback Mechanism (SM-2):

Evaluation and feedback mechanism is targeted at evaluating the existing tourism project as it concerns the three principal actors and giving of feedback to guide future policy directions as it pertains to rural tourism projects in Nigeria and other

f. Sustainability Mechanism 3—Restrategization and Consolidation Mechanism

This mechanism which comes after the evaluation mechanism is focused on addressing the major concerns of the existing project as was revealed during the evaluation. This is done from the perspectives of the three principal factors in the tourist destination (host community, tourism resources and tourists/visitors).

This mechanism is focused on impact concerns of those identified strategies as they affect the three principal actors in the tourist destination. This is expected to give direction for the final mechanism which focuses on efforts to bridge the gap between these three principal actors and the tourism project in the

h.Sustainability Mechanism 5—Dialog and Orientation Mechanism (SM-5):

g.Sustainable Mechanism 4—Future impact concerns (SM-4):

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89727*

• Host community

• Tourism resources

• Tourists/visitors

• Host community

• Tourism resources

• Tourists/visitors

• Host community

• Tourism resources

• Tourists/visitors

• Host community

• Tourism resources

• Tourists/visitors

developing nations.

(SM-3):

mechanism.


*Exploring the Three-Way Destination Safety Solution to Crisis Management in Tourist… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89727*

Consultation and opinion gathering mechanism is aimed at eliciting critical and genuine information on the existing project as it concerns the three principal factors with a view to evaluating the existing project in the subsequent mechanism.

	- Host community

*Public Sector Crisis Management*

*Project execution stage of TWaDeSS model.*

involvement plans.

*Post-project execution stage of TWaDeSS model.*

**Figure 4.**

**Figure 3.**

nature and value of the tourism resources during project implementation and

c.Tourists/Visitors: There is need to factor in the position and preference of the tourist/visitor during implementation to reduce the risk of wasteful investment.

Stage III: sustainability mechanism (post-project execution). This stage comes

d.Sustainability Mechanism 1—Consultation and Opinion Gathering Mechanism

after the completion of the project, and the project is put to use. It targets the consolidation of the project towards ensuring its sustainability in the rural area. The five mechanisms are to focus on the three principal factors at the tourist destination (**Figure 4**). And the process is expected to be carefully followed from the first

mechanism to the last mechanism. It has the following processes:

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(SM-1):

• Host community

• Tourism resources

• Tourists/visitors


Evaluation and feedback mechanism is targeted at evaluating the existing tourism project as it concerns the three principal actors and giving of feedback to guide future policy directions as it pertains to rural tourism projects in Nigeria and other developing nations.

	- Host community
	- Tourism resources
	- Tourists/visitors

This mechanism which comes after the evaluation mechanism is focused on addressing the major concerns of the existing project as was revealed during the evaluation. This is done from the perspectives of the three principal factors in the tourist destination (host community, tourism resources and tourists/visitors).

g.Sustainable Mechanism 4—Future impact concerns (SM-4):


This mechanism is focused on impact concerns of those identified strategies as they affect the three principal actors in the tourist destination. This is expected to give direction for the final mechanism which focuses on efforts to bridge the gap between these three principal actors and the tourism project in the rural area.

h.Sustainability Mechanism 5—Dialog and Orientation Mechanism (SM-5):


This mechanism is the last of them in stage 3 of TWaDeSS model. The emphasis of this mechanism is on how to maintain cordial relationship and tolerance among the three principal actors in tourist destination. This is expected to motivate the sustainability of the existing tourism project.
