**3. Methods**

The methods used is based on the procedure from [23–25], where participants took part in the experiment for visual aesthetic based on biological association that include warm and cool colours, heavy and light colours, these are pink, blue, red, green, orange and cyan. The ages of these participants are within the ranges of 5–70 years, with equal number of male and female participants. These participants were picked from three institutions, such as Primary, Secondary and Universities. These participants were picked from three institutions, such as Primary, Secondary and Universities. All participants were screened for colour deficiency and none were found to be colour deficient. This was done by placing three main colours (red, blue and yellow) in front of them from the display monitor. All the participants gave consent and the Human Rights Protection Committee (HRPC) of each institude gave approval of the test protocol.

superordinate groups if there exist more or less assignment or exemplars that make the same kind of colour object been identified. These colors objects are in form of a bowl, dress, tin, etc., depending on what is been displayed on the monitor. Based on valence rating task, the users were asked to identify each object presented to them on the monitor screen. They are expected to rate their emotional reaction or response to each object they had identified as an answer to the questions been presented, as they select object of certain colour on the monitor screen. That is they are to state how appealing each colour object is to them based on the above classified emotional and assigned description of the objects state above. The objects with similar color were identified and described by the participants individually. Based on this, the users were asked to rate the degree to which each similar color object is

One of the objectives of this paper is to examine the variation of the colour objects as preferred by users based on visual aesthetics quality, which could be either high or low on these colour objects and also user interface influences perceived colour objects usability. The perception of user data was first inspected for normality based on the equation bellow (Eq. (2)), which is a novel approach, considering the younger participants involved. The error plot did not show any extreme outliers or skewness. For the inverted bell-shaped lines, though slight skewed for red, confirmed that the data were normally distributed. During the preliminary analysis, it was observed that the variability or changes in usability apparent for the shape colour visual aesthetics was higher and apparent than the low or less shape colour objects. The number of participants recruited was not large enough, to some of the user data was simulated to obtain the same user generated data as the original. So the total amount of user data obtained amounts to 60 including that for children. The criteria for detecting and determining the kind of colour object most user preferred by users is based on 'Very likely', 'Not likely' and 'Absolutely not'. Colour objects was utilised because this would attract younger

participants and make the result more methodical and generalised.

Based on the computed results above, the error rate for users' visual aesthetics is computed using the equation bellow for both emotion reaction and reasons why users prefer a particular colour object. The reasons why this occur is determined by their colour preferences, which is similar to attributing the colour objects to the

to the last one presented on the colour indicator.

*Colour objects preferences based on biological or cognitive reaction.*

*Towards an Optimisation of Visual Aesthetics for User Interaction*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89713*

**4. Results**

**7**

**Figure 4.**

For the task given on colour preferences, emotion ratings and appearances, the participants were shown given 15 colors each (**Figure 3**) with each of them presented one at a time in an arbitrary (random) order. The users described how much they prefer each colour shown to them by specifying reasons for their preferences. They are classified as 'Very much', 'Not likely' and 'Absolutely not' (**Figure 4**) by pressing down on the approval button on the indicators attached to the system and on the display monitor. For each colour, the users rated them as red, pink, blue, light green and cyan. The emotion task is rated as: strong preference, average preference or cool preference and weak preference. For each task the users were allowed five trials each. In addition, the task description was combined to

**Figure 3.** *Colour scale and objects for background user interaction.*

*Towards an Optimisation of Visual Aesthetics for User Interaction DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89713*

**Figure 4.**

appearance that user interface depicted, as the top-most visible surface layer of the user experience on user experience modelling [4, 22]. So, perceived usability is defined as the ease of use, goals of efficiency and the practical side of colour object products including satisfaction in specific contextual use of these products. The work we presented tends to use these design goals to shape the way user view objects they observed and how to modify new methods and ways to understand

The methods used is based on the procedure from [23–25], where participants took part in the experiment for visual aesthetic based on biological association that include warm and cool colours, heavy and light colours, these are pink, blue, red, green, orange and cyan. The ages of these participants are within the ranges of 5–70 years, with equal number of male and female participants. These participants were picked from three institutions, such as Primary, Secondary and Universities. These participants were picked from three institutions, such as Primary, Secondary and Universities. All participants were screened for colour deficiency and none were found to be colour deficient. This was done by placing three main colours (red, blue and yellow) in front of them from the display monitor. All the participants gave consent and the Human Rights Protection Committee (HRPC) of each

For the task given on colour preferences, emotion ratings and appearances, the

participants were shown given 15 colors each (**Figure 3**) with each of them presented one at a time in an arbitrary (random) order. The users described how much they prefer each colour shown to them by specifying reasons for their preferences. They are classified as 'Very much', 'Not likely' and 'Absolutely not' (**Figure 4**) by pressing down on the approval button on the indicators attached to the system and on the display monitor. For each colour, the users rated them as red, pink, blue, light green and cyan. The emotion task is rated as: strong preference, average preference or cool preference and weak preference. For each task the users were allowed five trials each. In addition, the task description was combined to

user visual experience on a biologically defined point of view.

institude gave approval of the test protocol.

*Colour scale and objects for background user interaction.*

**3. Methods**

*Human 4.0 - From Biology to Cybernetic*

**Figure 3.**

**6**

*Colour objects preferences based on biological or cognitive reaction.*

superordinate groups if there exist more or less assignment or exemplars that make the same kind of colour object been identified. These colors objects are in form of a bowl, dress, tin, etc., depending on what is been displayed on the monitor. Based on valence rating task, the users were asked to identify each object presented to them on the monitor screen. They are expected to rate their emotional reaction or response to each object they had identified as an answer to the questions been presented, as they select object of certain colour on the monitor screen. That is they are to state how appealing each colour object is to them based on the above classified emotional and assigned description of the objects state above. The objects with similar color were identified and described by the participants individually. Based on this, the users were asked to rate the degree to which each similar color object is to the last one presented on the colour indicator.
