**3.5 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)**

XPS is a surface compositional investigation system that can be utilized to examine the surface chemistry of a material in its as-formed state, or after some treatment, for instance: cracking, cutting, or scratching in air or UHV to uncover the bulk chemistry, ion beam etching to wipe off a few or the majority of the surface

**83**

**Figure 7.**

*Gd2O3: A Luminescent Material*

**3.6 Raman spectroscopy**

395, 424, and 451 cm<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>

and intense Raman crest at 340 cm<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92310*

defilement or to purposefully uncover further layers of the sample inside and out profiling XPS, presentation to warmth to think about the progressions because of warming, introduction to receptive gases or arrangements, introduction to particle bar embed, and introduction to bright light. The synthetic organization of Gd2O3 nanoparticles was contemplated with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and the test information was broken down utilizing bend fitting. The Gd (3d) level comprised of a turn circle split with the Gd (3d)5/2 top is found at 1186.74 eV (**Figure 7**). The line shape and pinnacle positions are in great concurrence with prior distributed information on Gd2O3 powder squeezed into the sheet [1].

To understand the molecular structure, Raman effect has been used, and the obtained Raman data can be compared with the infrared spectra. Raman spectroscopy is very informative to illustrate the structure of the phosphor. It is a nondestructive device to investigate vibrational, rotational, and other low recurrence modes in the frameworks under study. **Figure 8** demonstrates the Raman spectra of Gd2O3 obtained by combustion synthesis method. The spectra were recorded at room temperature with an excitation wavelength of 633 nm He-Cd laser. An broad

distributed Raman spectroscopic examinations on Gd2O3 nanoparticles [1].

The emission spectra of Gd2O3 phosphor prepared with both the fuels have emission peaks at UV and visible region. A slight variation in peaks was observed in emission peaks for both phosphors. The emission spectra of Gd2O3 phosphor prepared by combustion synthesis method have peak at UV region in between 317 and 399 nm along with weak blue band around 450–494 nm, green around 515–586 nm, and red emission centered at 616–625 nm (**Figure 9**).

**3.7 Photoluminescence spectra and CIE diagrams of Gd2O3 phosphors**

*The Gd (3d) XPS spectrum of Gd2O3 nanocrystals (reproduced from [1]).*

along with less extreme peaks was seen at 375,

. The outcomes are in great concurrence with the recently
