**3.3 Gadolinium (III) chloride catalyzed facile synthesis of 2-substituted benzimidazoles under solvents-free conditions**

A progression of 2-substituted benzimidazoles have been set up from o-diamines and 1,3-dicarbonyl mixes utilizing Gadolinium chloride as an impetus

**41**

**Figure 10.**

**Figure 9.**

**Figure 11.**

*An Efficient Route for Synthesis of Macrocyclic Gadolinium Complexes and Their Role…*

under dissolvable free condition in a decent yields. Gadolinium chloride has been

**3.4 In efficient gadolinium metallocene-based catalyst for the synthesis of** 

**isoprene rubber with perfect 1,4-cis microstructure and marked reactivity difference between lanthanide metallocenes toward dienes as probed by** 

An efficient gadolinium metallocene-based catalyst for the synthesis of isoprene rubber with perfect 1,4-Cis microstructure and marked reactivity difference between lanthanide metallocene toward dienes as probed by butadiene-isoprene copolymerization catalysis was studied. The large difference in catalytic reactivity effected by various lanthanide metals have been investigated by means of butadiene/isoprene copolymerization. It was observed that only the Gd-metallocene complex, which was the smallest and takes isoprene most reluctantly in the copolymerization with butadiene, can catalyze the homopolymerization of isoprene efficiently. The copolymerization reactions were carried out with varying initial monomer feed ratios at room temperature [18].

**3.5 Highly dispersed ultra-small Pd nanoparticles on gadolinium hydroxide** 

Heterogeneous synergist hydrogenation responses are vital to the petrochemical business and fine compound blend. In this, we present the primary case of gadolinium hydroxide [Gd(OH)3] nanorods as a help for stacking ultra-little Pd nanoparticles for hydrogenation responses. Gd(OH)3 has an enormous number of hydroxyl bunches superficially, which go about as a perfect help for good scattering of Pd nanoparticles.

exhibited as a mellow and effective impetus [17] (**Figure 12**).

**butadiene−isoprene copolymerization catalysis**

**nanorods for efficient hydrogenation reaction**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91180*

*Synthesis of homollylic alcohol from aldehydes.*

*Mechanism of synthesis of homollylicalcohol.*

*Synthesis of homollylic alcohol from ketones.*

*An Efficient Route for Synthesis of Macrocyclic Gadolinium Complexes and Their Role… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91180*

### **Figure 9.**

*Rare Earth Elements and Their Minerals*

the anhydrous salt.

**Figure 8.**

**3. Applications**

**of homoallylic alcohols**

**Preparative Method:** the reagent is prepared by heating gadolinium

*Structural units of the different polyoxometalates (POMs) used for anion exchange studies.*

reported to be nonexplosive and nonflammable [14].

yields and with high chemoselectivity (**Figures 9**–**11**) [15].

**3.2 Microwave-assisted catalytic acetylation of alcohols by gold-nanoparticle–supported gadolinium complex**

multiple times with no noteworthy loss of its synergist action [16].

**benzimidazoles under solvents-free conditions**

**3.3 Gadolinium (III) chloride catalyzed facile synthesis of 2-substituted** 

A progression of 2-substituted benzimidazoles have been set up from o-diamines and 1,3-dicarbonyl mixes utilizing Gadolinium chloride as an impetus

oxide(Gd2O3) with triflic acid in water (1/1, v/v) at 100°C for 2 h. The hydrate thus prepared is extensively heated under vacuum (200°C/0.5 mmHg for 40 h) to give

**3.1 Gadolinium(III) chloride: a novel and an efficient reagent for the synthesis** 

Carbonyl compounds efficiently undergo nucleophilic addition reactions with allylstannanes in the presence of GdCl3.H2O in acetonitrile under extremely mild reaction conditions to give the corresponding homoallylic alcohols in excellent

A gold nanoparticle (AuNP)– upheld gadolinium complex (RS-Au-L-Gd) impetus was set up through basic chelation of GdCl3 to the surface-bound spacer, 1,4,7-tris(carboxymethyl)-10-(11-mercaptoundecyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (HSDO3A). This AuNP-bolstered Gd complex was observed to be a profoundly viable impetus for the acetylation of different alcohols and phenol within the sight of acidic anhydride. With a stacking of 0.4 mol% of RS-Au-L-Gd, the practically complete change can be accomplished in 60 s under microwave light conditions. This half and half impetus was air stable, water solvent, dissolvable in numerous natural media, and precipitable. It very well may be promptly reused in excess of

**Purification:** the reagent is typically used in anhydrous form as prepared above. **Handling, Storage and Precautions:** skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritant. The anhydrous salt is air and water stable, hygroscopic, and should be stored in a tightly closed container in a dry and well-ventilated place. Gadolinium triflate is

**40**

*Mechanism of synthesis of homollylicalcohol.*

### **Figure 10.**

*Synthesis of homollylic alcohol from aldehydes.*

**Figure 11.**

*Synthesis of homollylic alcohol from ketones.*

under dissolvable free condition in a decent yields. Gadolinium chloride has been exhibited as a mellow and effective impetus [17] (**Figure 12**).
