**1. Introduction**

Capacitors are one of the primary components in power electronic devices, some of which are required to operate in hostile environments across a variety of consumer, industrial, and military sectors. For example, the sensors in "down hole" electronics for characterizing oil, gas, and geothermal wells can experience temperatures exceeding 200°C depending on the well depth. In the aircraft industry, new engine control systems require placement of sensor/actuator and signal conditioning electronics in or near aircraft engines where temperature can be in range of 200–300°C. Similar demands exist in the automobile industry, with power electronics located in the engine compartment and near the wheels of hybrid and electric vehicles where temperatures can reach 150°C [1–5].

For high voltage (>500 V [6]) applications, metallized polymer film capacitors are generally selected over polymer-film-metal-foil, ceramic, or electrolytic capacitors because of the enhanced volumetric efficiency and improved safety. Failure of a charged high energy capacitor (>10 kJ) is equivalent to a bomb, which requires design engineering with an appropriate failsafe mechanism such that energy is released gradually as the capacitor fails. Presently, the only compatible technology

## *Polyimide for Electronic and Electrical Engineering Applications*

is based on polymer film capacitors with thin metallization as electrodes, for which a thin layer of vacuum-deposited metallization (usually 20–100 nm of aluminum, zinc, or alloy [7]) functions as a fuse. When a localized breakdown of the film occurs during operation, (i) the current flowing through the breakdown site is limited by the metallization resistivity and (ii) the energy dissipated in the breakdown is sufficient to vaporize/oxidize the metallization near the breakdown, isolating the breakdown site. This results in a small decrease in capacitance but continued operation of the capacitor at the rated voltage. This "graceful" recovery mechanism is known as "self-clearing" and a photograph of a breakdown ("clearing") site in a metallized polymer film is shown in **Figure 1**. In contrast, polymer film capacitors with metal-foil electrodes (5–10 μm thick [9]) and ceramic capacitors, for which the electrode is a thick metal coating, often fail catastrophically if shorted [10, 11].

With power system designers striving for miniaturization and reliability at high temperatures and operating voltages, they must turn to specialized components.

### **Figure 1.**

*Photograph of a breakdown site in a metallized polymer film. Figure reproduced from Figure 3 of [8] with permission from IEEE.*

### *Polyimides as High Temperature Capacitor Dielectrics DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92643*

These applications are enabled, in part, by wide bandgap semiconductors (e.g., silicon carbide), which support operation at temperatures well above 150°C [3, 12]. However, these types of environments are too aggressive for conventional polymer capacitor dielectrics unless the voltage is derated, or an active cooling mechanism is implemented, introducing additional cost and complexity while reducing energy efficiency. High temperature polymer film capacitors offer a promising solution for these issues due to reduced thermal management requirements and elimination of the voltage derating due to improved stability of the breakdown strength at high temperatures. Aromatic polyimides are one specific class of high temperature polymers which have been commercially available since the early 1960s [13], but the form in which these materials are manufactured generally does not meet the specifications required for capacitor films. One of the main requirements is the processability of the polymer into a continuous thin film (<12 μm thickness), since the capacitance scales inversely with film thickness [14]. This limitation precludes the use of Kapton® polyimide as a capacitor dielectric [15], even though it has been used extensively as wire and cable insulation for aircraft with a continuous operating temperature of 300–350°C since the early 1980s [16–18].

One major impediment to the development and integration of new capacitor dielectrics is that specialty film chemistries optimized specifically for high performance polymer capacitors represent relatively small markets (i.e. military, aerospace, and down hole exploration [3, 12]) compared to those necessary for profitable commercial production of a polymer resin. Other than biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) and polyethylene terephthalate (BOPET), which are commodity films in a variety of commercial applications such as packaging [19, 20], nearly all commercial polymer capacitor films are specialty polymers synthesized for other applications. For example, poly (phenylene sulfide) (PPS) and poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN) are available as premium capacitor dielectrics, but the majority of their use is in automotive, household, and food packaging applications [21–24].

This chapter discusses the important criteria for high temperature polymer capacitor dielectrics and presents a comprehensive review on commercial resin development up to recent research progress on polyimide (PI) targeted for operating temperature above 150°C. While many review articles on various aspects of polymeric capacitor dielectrics are available [25–32], this chapter has a specific focus on polyimides for high temperature applications.
