**3.1 Basic data type**

• Integer

*Ontological Analyses in Science, Technology and Informatics*

At first, authors and editors will publish their ontology or maintain an ontology with a HTTP protocol connection. Users may access the different defined ontologies in Ontology Library, for example, ontologies, product ontologies, document ontologies, commerce ontologies, and agent knowledge. Beside the ontology editors or editors, some remote application may also need to duly connect this ontology library in GFP protocol to exchange or manipulate ontology. When it comes to standalone application, interface definition language with a specific and functional method will retrieve an ontology batch from ontology library. Ontolingua keeps a balance in generalization expressed GRP protocol and selectivity in some stand-

Ontolingua can thereby be shared by multiple user and research groups using their own favorite representation systems and can be easily ported from system to system. The syntax of Ontolingua definition is simplified with some class name,

XOL is more similar to Ontolingua. However, Ontolingua using OKBC is frame-based design and less semantic expression. At the same time, a separate set of researchers is pursuing a concept-role restriction language—OML. Ontology markup language (OML) is an adaptive change language based on SHOE. Earlier versions of OML were basically an Extensive Markup Language (XML) translation of the SHOE language with suitable changes and improvements. Common elements existing in OML can be described by paraphrasing the SHOE documentation to some degree. Now OML is highly RDF Schemas compatible, although it has own solution within the namespace problem. More importantly, OML has incorporated own elements and expressiveness of conceptual graphs. As shown in **Figure 2**, by declaring and registering operation, OML can be seen as a bridging connection between Ontology and Collection, which reflects more extent and incidence of ontology.

With the development of the relative language, protocol and definition, and the need of an Evaluation of Ontology Exchange Languages for bioinformatics, several researchers on the evaluation team are currently developing a specification of XML expression of Ontolingua using OKBC, while a separate set of researchers is pursuing a frame-based version of OML. However, Ontolingua first uses a Lisp-based syntax (rather than HTML-based or XML-based), which leads to become hard to develop and maintain, though the semantics of OKBC-Lite are extremely similar to the semantics of Ontolingua. At this background, XOL was first published in 1999.

alone application by own interface definition language (IDL).

**2.7 An ontology exchange language in XML format: XOL**

argument, and documentation string.

**2.6 OML**

**Figure 2.**

*The structure of OML.*

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