**2. How to take the topic of knowledge into the AI?**

At the Cambridge English Dictionary, we can read a definition of the meaning of the concept of knowledge as follows:

• Reliability, which means that the component is mature.

appropriately applicable to allow wider use.

*Knowledge Patterns within the Conception of Semantic Web*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88692*

properties.

**2.3 What is a knowledge pattern?**

following more or less similar approaches:

well-specified part of the (reference) world.

• Applicability and portability are that the component is understandable and

• Modifiability, i.e., the ease of partial changes in the stability of the basic

above if the RDF model has been chosen to represent a conceptual reality.

The morphism is an important part of using knowledge patterns [6, 7].

the case of a firm leading structure and tasks of participants.

there is a rich database of very useful prescribes for a big scale in praxis.

**2.4 Knowledge pattern (KP) within a knowledge representation**

A specification of the concept in the title within the formal representation

A knowledge pattern [6] concerns "holding as true of a set of sentences or rules about a specified piece of the world—either known by one person or by people

In general, in the field of types of knowledge, two basic cases corresponding to

the kinds of knowledge at Section 2.1 of the access in formalization should be

special product or software of expected properties.

approach can be something like the following:

generally, all expressed by formal means."

considered:

**25**

model knowledge patterns in RDF graph models [8, 9] of the semantic web.

• Seeking general knowledge pattern as (1) a small ontology [10] within a

• Seeking general knowledge pattern as (2) a frame structure of linked data of some oft appearing kernels of together-linked facts about everyday life, as is

• Seeking general knowledge as (3) the helping means on how to construct a

The first and second cases represent more or less declarative approaches to reach the main result from them. They are of hierarchical strictures of classes with their subclasses. The third one represents a procedural knowledge, but it is difficult to find a common principle of building results as a formal description. But in this case,

The meaning of the elementary or compound knowledge is secured at all points

The term "knowledge pattern" was first used in [1, 6]. While building ontologies or knowledge bases, one can see that some structures of modeled knowledge are the same. These same structures of knowledge can be captured as knowledge patterns. Knowledge patterns are general structures (patterns) of knowledge, which are not a part of the target knowledge base. They can be included into a target knowledge base by renaming their nonlogical symbols. This renaming is called morphism.

Presently, there is no direction for capturing knowledge patterns. We propose to

Going through the topics of knowledge pattern at the web, we have to meet the

*An understanding of or information about a subject that you get by experience or study, either known by one person or by people generally.*

The question in the title of the paragraph with a corresponding Cambridge explanation seems to be the basic one. But our goal must be a bit more different from a topic at philosophy (gnoseology); we only try to generalize a bit an orientation about the concept of knowledge pattern within a formal representation language used in AI.

#### **2.1 What is knowledge in praxis about?**

In the epistemological area of artificial intelligence, we encounter formal manipulation of knowledge. Knowledge is based on information, and this information is based on data [4].

To be able to work with knowledge in a form suitable for computer implementation, it is necessary to introduce some formalism—a representative language. This language must be able to reflect the relationship between knowledge of the world, stored in human minds, and knowledge written in formal means.

Knowledge is information that is usable and divisible, respectively, in relation to other information [4].

In other words:


### **2.2 Knowledge elements and knowledge components**

Knowledge elements are bounded to a certain knowledge base written usually in a special formal approach (or language syntax). The elements are atoms that cannot be further divided. An important feature of atoms is their independence from external contexts. This is especially important for their applications and reuse. Knowledge must be lasting about the knowledge base in which knowledge can be manipulated; it must have a permanent meaning.

Knowing elements linked to a given knowledge base can be composed into knowledge components, whose syntax and meaning is created through the grammatical rules and (logical) composition of participating atoms [5].

Knowledge components are conceptually dependent on the knowledge model used and on its required properties. The factors that make up the overall character of the knowledge component in the composition should be the following:

• The functionality is reflecting and sharing a specified relationship between the start state and target state.


The meaning of the elementary or compound knowledge is secured at all points above if the RDF model has been chosen to represent a conceptual reality.

#### **2.3 What is a knowledge pattern?**

**2. How to take the topic of knowledge into the AI?**

*Ontological Analyses in Science,Technology and Informatics*

*study, either known by one person or by people generally.*

the concept of knowledge as follows:

**2.1 What is knowledge in praxis about?**

language used in AI.

tion is based on data [4].

other information [4]. In other words:

At the Cambridge English Dictionary, we can read a definition of the meaning of

The question in the title of the paragraph with a corresponding Cambridge

*An understanding of or information about a subject that you get by experience or*

explanation seems to be the basic one. But our goal must be a bit more different from a topic at philosophy (gnoseology); we only try to generalize a bit an

In the epistemological area of artificial intelligence, we encounter formal manipulation of knowledge. Knowledge is based on information, and this informa-

stored in human minds, and knowledge written in formal means.

To be able to work with knowledge in a form suitable for computer implementation, it is necessary to introduce some formalism—a representative language. This language must be able to reflect the relationship between knowledge of the world,

Knowledge is information that is usable and divisible, respectively, in relation to

• In one case, it is about what entities a specified (reference) "world" consists of and what are their properties and relationships. The description of the status

• In the latter case, it is about the starting state of the "world" and using rules for reaching a target state. The description here is of a procedural form, capturing the crucial interstates through which the process passes.

Knowledge elements are bounded to a certain knowledge base written usually in a special formal approach (or language syntax). The elements are atoms that cannot be further divided. An important feature of atoms is their independence from external contexts. This is especially important for their applications and reuse. Knowledge must be lasting about the knowledge base in which knowledge can be

Knowing elements linked to a given knowledge base can be composed into knowledge components, whose syntax and meaning is created through the gram-

Knowledge components are conceptually dependent on the knowledge model used and on its required properties. The factors that make up the overall character

• The functionality is reflecting and sharing a specified relationship between the

matical rules and (logical) composition of participating atoms [5].

of the knowledge component in the composition should be the following:

of participating entities has a declarative character in this case.

**2.2 Knowledge elements and knowledge components**

manipulated; it must have a permanent meaning.

start state and target state.

**24**

orientation about the concept of knowledge pattern within a formal representation

The term "knowledge pattern" was first used in [1, 6]. While building ontologies or knowledge bases, one can see that some structures of modeled knowledge are the same. These same structures of knowledge can be captured as knowledge patterns. Knowledge patterns are general structures (patterns) of knowledge, which are not a part of the target knowledge base. They can be included into a target knowledge base by renaming their nonlogical symbols. This renaming is called morphism. The morphism is an important part of using knowledge patterns [6, 7].

Presently, there is no direction for capturing knowledge patterns. We propose to model knowledge patterns in RDF graph models [8, 9] of the semantic web.

Going through the topics of knowledge pattern at the web, we have to meet the following more or less similar approaches:


The first and second cases represent more or less declarative approaches to reach the main result from them. They are of hierarchical strictures of classes with their subclasses. The third one represents a procedural knowledge, but it is difficult to find a common principle of building results as a formal description. But in this case, there is a rich database of very useful prescribes for a big scale in praxis.

A specification of the concept in the title within the formal representation approach can be something like the following:

A knowledge pattern [6] concerns "holding as true of a set of sentences or rules about a specified piece of the world—either known by one person or by people generally, all expressed by formal means."

#### **2.4 Knowledge pattern (KP) within a knowledge representation**

In general, in the field of types of knowledge, two basic cases corresponding to the kinds of knowledge at Section 2.1 of the access in formalization should be considered:

1.Declarative knowledge representation

2.Procedural knowledge representation

In summary, a common feature in both types of pattern specification is their generic validity within a given environment, verification by historical development, and long-term experience in their applications. If moreover knowledge design patterns are embedded in the semantic web concept environment, they represent a new quality in the sense that their content and form become comprehensible to users without deeper penetration into the principles of knowledge engineering.

**3. Knowledge in formal representation**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88692*

*Knowledge Patterns within the Conception of Semantic Web*

**3.1 Representation of declarative knowledge**

with certain characteristics and mutual relationships.

elements (see **Figure 1**): <subject><property><object>.

**3.2 Representation of procedural knowledge**

basic elements of human activity in it.

chosen.

networks [17, 18].

**Figure 1.**

**27**

*RDF graph vectors.*

At the beginning, the principle of seeing a simplified world was considered an abstraction of the real world to be modeled. Usually, the E-R principal is to be

The process of conceptualization has stabilized during the development of the means of modeling reality onto the well-established world view as a set of entities

Now at first a generally recognized and application-proven way of using a formal language is given for the sake of building a formal description of concepts and their properties based on the basic (conceptual) level of the E-R model world abstraction [14]. Conceptualization is partially subordinated to the expected formal language syntax. The semantics of the language of knowledge represented in this way of seeing the world ought to be derived from declarative descriptions of the properties and relationships of the entities of the given reference world. They are then formally represented according to the rules applicable in the reference world. From anchoring corresponding concepts on the web or the semantic web, the current state of development has to choose the use of the principle of RDF modeling [15]. Using the RDF [15] data model representation gives a possibility of graphic representation of RDF triples [16] as vectors expressing corresponding knowledge

RDF describes the resource (as a subject), which has some property with a corresponding value (object). The RDF model is based on associative (semantic)

In the following figure (**Figure 1**) we can see the conversion of the sentence "Marek teaches the subject of pgm languages." Clearly here we see that the subject

The most successfully applied approach to the representation of procedural properties of the modeled world is the output of the process of algorithmic representation of the modeled reality, which builds a formal description of the reference world based on the graphic expression of the formalization—a flowchart of the

Just as a formalization of declarative knowledge is guided by a conceptual flowchart, procedural knowledge [19] is the guiding factor of the problem of its algo-

*Representation of the fact "Marek teaches the subject of pgm languages" using a RDF triple and with the help of*

is "Marek," the object is "pgm language," and the property is "teaches."

rithm, i.e., the way of seeing the process described based on elementary programming language components with special language syntax. The

In terms of global formal representation, the question is how to create:

3.A unifying approach is generally applicable to the representation of knowledge (sometimes also appearing under the working name "framework approach") based on both of the above approaches, enriched by those means of representation that are missing in the first or second access.

We would like to present here a proposal to use instead of the ontology design patterns [11] for the approach to the topic a simple knowledge pattern bounded especially to specialized kind of knowledge.

### **2.5 Knowledge pattern (KP) versus special design patterns**

A majority of authors use the term ontology design pattern (OP) because the OP is, in fact, a modeling solution of solving a recurrent ontology design problem. We would like to show here the fact that the attribute "ontology" is not a necessity in the case of using RDF modeling principle that carries this property as an implicit one.

Definition of the OP according to the authors of the article [11]:

Ontology design pattern (or only OP) is a modeling solution to solve a recurrent ontology design problem.

Authors [12] have identified within web documents several types of OPs and have grouped them into six families:


Knowledge patterns [13] of declarative or procedural knowledge cases give a possibility how to use rules of similar design patterns as well as in the case of software development. In both cases a natural language plays an important role, and definition in a special language is not necessary.

While examples of software design pattern applications can be found to a large extent, knowledge patterns tend to be related only in a few types of problem areas and their language representations.
