**Abstract**

In this chapter, we will discuss how to make an ontology-based expert system easy to use and apply to community sustainability issues without pay. Ontology itself plays an essential role in the diversity of knowledge and management methods that can simplify communication between expert domains and users. The scope of this study is health and food, which is expected to help people realize the disturbances they experience. In this chapter, we will discuss two cases: (i) determine the depressive disorder a person has based on their health condition and (ii) determine the type and variant of rice according to needs. Ontology is a method used in research that can be structured and systematic real-world representation that is equal and provides a reference model. The results of this study are an expert system model and mobile applications to help users overcome the problems in the health and food fields with the ontology method. The objective of this study is to develop the application based on the ontology method to make it easy for people to find information on expert systems.

**Keywords:** expert system, modelling, ontology, depressive disorder, variant of rice

#### **1. Introduction**

Ontology matching is a field of research that is in high demand today, where information exchange and reuse of knowledge are essential topics in the development of the ontology; this is one solution to the problem of semantic heterogeneity. Matching ontology aims to find correspondence between entities in the semantic ontology. In this study, we will discuss how to make an ontology-based expert system to be easily used by the community without pay. Ontology itself plays a vital role in the diversity of knowledge and the way it is regulated. Ontology is a structured and systematic equivalent real-world representation. Moreover, ontology also provides a referral model that can simplify communication between expert domains and improve understanding and information sharing. There are several previous research related to ontology. The first paper describes a knowledge system for improving RFID recognition by using fuzzy ontology [1]. The second paper shows the fuzzy ontology with fuzzy concepts is an extension of the domain ontology with crisp concepts [2]. The third paper concerns to integrate ontologies from food, health, and nutrition domains to help the personalized information systems to

retrieve food and health recommendations based on the user's health conditions and food preferences [3]. The fourth paper provides advancement to the research of diabetes diagnosis using CBR algorithm [4]. The fifth paper proposes a search based on multiple ontologies to make information retrieval efficient. It rewrites the user query by adding semantic information, after consulting multiple ontologies [5]. The other paper is to integrate ontologies from food, health, and nutrition domains to help the personalized information systems to retrieve food and health recommendations based on the user's fitness conditions and food preferences [6].

**2. Problem statement and research methodology**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88180*

experience and get immediate treatment.

elimination-based decision-making.

development method are [7–9]:

requirements.

2. Stage design

**49**

1.Stage requirement planning

In this study, there are two scenarios to be discussed: health and food.

*An Ontology-Based Approach to Diagnosis and Classification for an Expert System in Health…*

i. Health: The Indonesian people still lie about mental disorder, so what usually happens is that they isolate patients. Activities, social life, the rhythm of work, and relationships with families are disrupted due to symptoms of anxiety, depression, and psychosis. Someone with any mental disorder must get treatment immediately. Delay in treatment will be more detrimental to sufferers, families, and society. In this study, mental health ontology (for cases of depressive disorder) will be made based on the types and provide any information that characterizes a person suffering from a depressive disorder. The design will use Protégé, with the latest data made by the American Psychiatric Association and implemented into an Android-based mobile application, which is expected to help people realize the disturbances they

ii. Food: In this scenario in the selection of rice, there is no specific reference for making choices. Difficulties are also felt when there are no specific benchmarks based on experts or the right knowledge to determine the compatibility between processed and rice types. Besides, the application of ontology can also be applied in the world of food and medicine. This makes it interesting to apply the ontology to one aspect of food, in this study, rice, intending to create an Android-based model and expert system application to sort and select the variants and types of rice that best suit the needs of users with the ontology method. Because ontology provides potential compatibility and choices, the results that are most suitable according to the needs and criteria are given. Thus the needs can be sorted and chosen appropriately, not only with perception.

The method used in this study is the classification ontology method; besides because it is the method most often used in similar studies, this method shows more the real identity and relationship in each entity compared to the decision tree which leads to eliminating unnecessary calculations. Ontology consists of basic terms, the relationship between those terms, and rules that incorporate them. The ontology can become knowledge that can be shared and used in multiple applications. The reason for using this method is because it is the most suitable way to perform data groupings and interclass entity relationships. Considering the object of this study, then the method used in this study is the classification ontology method because this study does not require the elimination of particular calculations and the classification ontology method is more directed at relationships in each entity rather than

In this research, the rapid application development (RAD) system development method will be used to develop mobile applications because this method is commonly used for making relatively short systems. The stages in the rapid application

At this stage, a plan is carried out to determine what data is needed for system

At this stage, a temporary design is made that focuses on presentation.

In this study, the object of research to be used is a ubiquitous object in the community, namely, health and food. Ontology itself plays an essential role in the diversity of science and how to regulate it. Cytology is a real structured and systematic representation of the world. Moreover, ontology also provides a reference model that can simplify communication between domain experts and improve understanding and information sharing.

Many similar studies have used the decision tree so that its use is more familiar than ontology. However, in this study, classification ontology does not require elimination or precise calculations to be able to take a conclusion, as did the decision tree, because the results are taken from predetermined criteria. Although ontology cannot be flexible in choosing criteria for different outcomes, the classification ontology method is more directed at relationships within each entity rather than elimination based decision-making.

(i) Health is a very complicated problem, which is the result of various natural and human-made environmental problems. The coming of a disease is something that cannot be rejected, although sometimes it can be prevented or rejected. The concept of health or sickness is truly undivided and universal because other factors influence greatly, especially sociocultural factors. Therefore, it is crucial to have thoughts about the concepts of health and illness. If the idea of the concept is based on the correct concept, then the community will also find the right alternative to solve their health problems. The type of disease in this world is comprehensive. Some include common diseases, but some include diseases that are quite difficult to avoid. One of them is an allergic disease. (ii) Food will be discussed for the selection of rice to be consumed in fulfilling daily intake depending on consumer tastes. Rice is one of the essential cereals needed by humans for consumption. Even though some countries in the world have basic needs to switch to wheat products, the Indonesian people still rely heavily on rice as a basic necessity to meet their daily needs.

The results of this study are an expert system model and application in the form of a mobile application using ontology created by Protégé ontology web language (OWL) to help users. This research is also expected to help users know the types of depressive disorders and recognize the criteria of someone experiencing the depressive disorder in the health sector and help to sort and select the variants and types of rice that best suit the needs of users with the ontology method. The method that will be used is ontology because ontology provides potential compatibility and chooses the results that are most suitable according to the needs and criteria given. Also, ontology is a way to describe the meaning and relationship of a term. The description can help computer systems to understand the terms used more efficiently. Thus the needs can be sorted and chosen appropriately without just perception.

Based on the above problems, these are the objectives of this study:


*An Ontology-Based Approach to Diagnosis and Classification for an Expert System in Health… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88180*

### **2. Problem statement and research methodology**

retrieve food and health recommendations based on the user's health conditions and food preferences [3]. The fourth paper provides advancement to the research of diabetes diagnosis using CBR algorithm [4]. The fifth paper proposes a search based on multiple ontologies to make information retrieval efficient. It rewrites the user query by adding semantic information, after consulting multiple ontologies [5]. The other paper is to integrate ontologies from food, health, and nutrition domains to help the personalized information systems to retrieve food and health recommen-

dations based on the user's fitness conditions and food preferences [6].

understanding and information sharing.

*Ontological Analyses in Science,Technology and Informatics*

elimination based decision-making.

daily needs.

perception.

**48**

In this study, the object of research to be used is a ubiquitous object in the community, namely, health and food. Ontology itself plays an essential role in the diversity of science and how to regulate it. Cytology is a real structured and systematic representation of the world. Moreover, ontology also provides a reference model that can simplify communication between domain experts and improve

Many similar studies have used the decision tree so that its use is more familiar than ontology. However, in this study, classification ontology does not require elimination or precise calculations to be able to take a conclusion, as did the decision tree, because the results are taken from predetermined criteria. Although ontology cannot be flexible in choosing criteria for different outcomes, the classification ontology method is more directed at relationships within each entity rather than

(i) Health is a very complicated problem, which is the result of various natural and human-made environmental problems. The coming of a disease is something that cannot be rejected, although sometimes it can be prevented or rejected. The concept of health or sickness is truly undivided and universal because other factors influence greatly, especially sociocultural factors. Therefore, it is crucial to have thoughts about the concepts of health and illness. If the idea of the concept is based on the correct concept, then the community will also find the right alternative to solve their health problems. The type of disease in this world is comprehensive. Some include common diseases, but some include diseases that are quite difficult to avoid. One of them is an allergic disease. (ii) Food will be discussed for the selection of rice to be consumed in fulfilling daily intake depending on consumer tastes. Rice is one of the essential cereals needed by humans for consumption. Even though some countries in the world have basic needs to switch to wheat products, the Indonesian people still rely heavily on rice as a basic necessity to meet their

The results of this study are an expert system model and application in the form of a mobile application using ontology created by Protégé ontology web language (OWL) to help users. This research is also expected to help users know the types of

depressive disorders and recognize the criteria of someone experiencing the depressive disorder in the health sector and help to sort and select the variants and types of rice that best suit the needs of users with the ontology method. The method that will be used is ontology because ontology provides potential compatibility and chooses the results that are most suitable according to the needs and criteria given. Also, ontology is a way to describe the meaning and relationship of a term. The description can help computer systems to understand the terms used more efficiently. Thus the needs can be sorted and chosen appropriately without just

Based on the above problems, these are the objectives of this study:

2.Make it easy for people to find information on expert systems.

1.Know the application of the ontology method in making expert systems.

In this study, there are two scenarios to be discussed: health and food.


The method used in this study is the classification ontology method; besides because it is the method most often used in similar studies, this method shows more the real identity and relationship in each entity compared to the decision tree which leads to eliminating unnecessary calculations. Ontology consists of basic terms, the relationship between those terms, and rules that incorporate them. The ontology can become knowledge that can be shared and used in multiple applications. The reason for using this method is because it is the most suitable way to perform data groupings and interclass entity relationships. Considering the object of this study, then the method used in this study is the classification ontology method because this study does not require the elimination of particular calculations and the classification ontology method is more directed at relationships in each entity rather than elimination-based decision-making.

In this research, the rapid application development (RAD) system development method will be used to develop mobile applications because this method is commonly used for making relatively short systems. The stages in the rapid application development method are [7–9]:

1.Stage requirement planning

At this stage, a plan is carried out to determine what data is needed for system requirements.

#### 2. Stage design

At this stage, a temporary design is made that focuses on presentation.

#### 3. Implementation phase

At this stage, the results will be translated into the appropriate programming language and then be tested before being disseminated.

more irritable or more sensitive, rarely has problems with his mood, has experienced symptoms within a period of time but not daily, is not influenced by drugs, has never had medical treatment, is not having a period (for women), and maybe

*An Ontology-Based Approach to Diagnosis and Classification for an Expert System in Health…*

**Table 1** shows the choice of whether the user experiences a depressed mood. Depressed mood includes poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, difficulty in concentrating or difficulty in

In **Table 2**, the more the user is accessible to anger means the user is more accessible to emotion than he should. It is easier to get angry because he is more

**Table 3** shows the problem in the mood is divided into three, such as, all the time which means the problem in the mood is experienced at any time; often which means the problem in the mood is experienced almost every day, but not every time; while rarely can mean the problem in the mood is only experienced occasion-

**Table 4** describes the effect of narcotics on users. If a user is a drug user when

Medical treatment can be seen in **Table 5**. If the user is undergoing treatment, there is a possibility that the user will enter into substance-/medication-induced depressive disorder, or if the user has undergone treatment, there is a possibility

**Number Disorder name Depressed mood**

**Number Disorder name Easy to get angry**

 Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder Yes Major depressive disorder No Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) No Premenstrual dysphoric disorder Yes Substance/medication-induced depressive disorder No Depressive disorder due to another medical condition No Other specified depressive disorder Yes Unspecified depressive disorder Yes

feeling symptoms of depressive disorder, then the user may be included in substance-/medication-induced depressive disorder or even not included in any

 Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder No Major depressive disorder Yes Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) Yes Premenstrual dysphoric disorder Yes Substance/medication-induced depressive disorder Yes Depressive disorder due to another medical condition Yes Other specified depressive disorder Yes Unspecified depressive disorder Yes

having another psychological diagnosis.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88180*

making decisions, despair, and anxiety.

ally and not necessarily every day, or only at certain times.

sensitive to ordinary things.

depressive disorder.

**Table 1.** *Depressed mood.*

**Table 2.** *Easy to get angry.*

**51**
