**1. Introduction**

Shared, connected, and driverless vehicles have been the discussion of many researchers, and autonomous vehicle (AV) itself is considered as a highly disruptive emerging technology. One of the examples of its disrupting feature is when 11 major automotive companies which include BMW, Daimler and Volkswagen have collaborated and published a white paper entitled "Safety First for Automated Driving" in 2019 to address the topic [1]. With the predicted market value of US\$7 Trillion by 2050 for the automated driving segments, it is hard to ignore the highly disruptive effects that the AV will deliver [2, 3]. In addition to the ongoing development of the autonomous vehicles' platforms, to complement for its expanding advancement, the discussion is also now reaching other topics such as the mobility-as-a-service (MaaS), city infrastructures as well as policymaking [4–6].
