Systems-of-Systems Taxonomy: Space and Airborne Systems Perspective

*John D. Nguyen*

## **Abstract**

This chapter discusses the taxonomy of Systems-of-Systems (SOS) with a focus on space and airborne systems perspective. A discussion with a broad view of taxonomy with considerations for space and airborne systems classification, including SOS and Family-of-Systems (FOS), will be presented. The chapter defines taxonomic categories considering dimensions in the classification of space and airborne SOS based on their acquisition strategy, operational mode, and problem domain. Commercial and military acquisition strategies will be addressed along with their intentional operational modes and problem domains. The space and airborne systems discussed will be Satellite Communication (SATCOM) systems, sensing and imaging satellite systems and Positioning-Navigation-and-Timing (PNT) satellite, and military and commercial aircraft systems. The chapter provides examples on notional military SATCOM and manned aircraft systems.

**Keywords:** space systems, systems-of-systems (SOS), satellite communication, sensing and imaging satellite, positioning-navigation-and-timing (PNT) satellite, family of system (FOS), SOS engineering, constituent systems, acquisition, autonomy of constituents, application domains, standards, operational Independence, managerial Independence, evolutionary development

#### **1. Background and introduction**

The term "Taxonomy" used in this chapter will be borrowed from the definitions presented in Refs. [1–3], but with an emphasis on space and airborne perspective. This chapter defines taxonomy as a hierarchical structure framework to classify space and airborne systems terms into parent-and-child relationships, where each level of a hierarchy can be referred to as a "Category." In this chapter, "Systems" will be categorized as Systems of Systems (SOS) and Family of Systems (FOS). For general military space systems, military space FOS can be categorized as (i) Satellite Communication (SATCOM) systems, (ii) Sensing and Imaging satellite systems, and (iii) Positioning-Navigation-and-Timing (PNT) satellites. Practically, civilian space FOS can be categorized as (i) commercial FOS of Broadcasting satellites, (ii) commercial FOS of Wideband Internet satellites, and (iii) commercial FOS of Data, Video, Audio Communications satellites. In general, commercial space FOS can be categorized as (i) NASA FOS of Near-Earth Missions, (ii) NASA FOS Deep Space missions, and (iii) NOAA FOS Earth Surveillance satellites. SOS can be a

selected group of FOS that are connected together. For space systems, they (SOS) can be categorized as military, civilian and commercial space systems. For airborne systems, they can be categorized as military and commercial airborne systems, since civilian and commercial airborne systems are practically identical. In general, airborne systems can be categorized as (i) military manned aircraft systems, and (ii) military un-manned aircraft systems. Similarly, for commercial aircraft, it is also can be categorized as (i) commercial manned aircraft systems, and (ii) commercial un-manned aircraft systems. **Figure 1** presents our view of taxonomy for "systems". **Figure 2(a)** and **(b)** illustrate taxonomies for Space and Airborne FOS, respectively.

This chapter will focus on SOS taxonomy for space and airborne systems. Due to the constraint on the length, this chapter will only provide two taxonomy examples on space and airborne systems, where a generic space and airborne systems' taxonomies will be presented. For airborne systems, the example will be focused on manned airborne systems. The chapter is organized as follows:


**2. Description of existing SOS taxonomy framework**

*Systems-of-Systems Taxonomy: Space and Airborne Systems Perspective*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92347*

where SOS can be categorized as three types:

systems around the SOS concept.

• Acquisition type

*definition of airborne FOS.*

• Operation type

• Domain type.

components.

**19**

**Figure 2.**

This section describes a current perspective on the SOS taxonomy framework,

*Taxonomy definitions of space and airborne FOS (a) a taxonomy definition of space FOS (b) a taxonomy*

Each of the type will be classified into different component as shown in **Figure 3**.

• **Acquisition type:** SOS is classified based on how the systems acquired [3]:

◦ **Dedicated SOS:** Is defined as planned SOS, where they are consciously designed and engineered from the beginning to be SOS, where the

interaction between the component systems is expected when the systems are acquired. As pointed out in [3], in the past, many military SOS were not acquired in this manner, and the emerging trend is to design military

◦ **Virtual SOS:** Unlike dedicated SOS, this type of SOS is un-planned when

the component systems are engineered and acquired. Another characteristic of these systems is that once their use has ended the

The following provides a summary of the three types and their associated

**Figure 1.**

*A taxonomy definition of systems.*

*Systems-of-Systems Taxonomy: Space and Airborne Systems Perspective DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92347*

**Figure 2.**

selected group of FOS that are connected together. For space systems, they (SOS) can be categorized as military, civilian and commercial space systems. For airborne systems, they can be categorized as military and commercial airborne systems, since civilian and commercial airborne systems are practically identical. In general, airborne systems can be categorized as (i) military manned aircraft systems, and (ii) military un-manned aircraft systems. Similarly, for commercial aircraft, it is also can be categorized as (i) commercial manned aircraft systems, and (ii) commercial un-manned aircraft systems. **Figure 1** presents our view of taxonomy for "systems". **Figure 2(a)** and **(b)** illustrate taxonomies for Space and Airborne FOS, respectively. This chapter will focus on SOS taxonomy for space and airborne systems. Due to the constraint on the length, this chapter will only provide two taxonomy examples on space and airborne systems, where a generic space and airborne systems' taxonomies will be presented. For airborne systems, the example will be focused on

*Systems-of-Systems Perspectives and Applications - Design, Modeling, Simulation…*

i. Section 2 describes existing SOS taxonomy framework described in [3];

iii. Section 4 proposes an approach for SOS taxonomy framework for airborne

iv. Section 5 provides examples on notional military SATCOM and manned

v. Section 6 concludes the chapter with remarks on the taxonomy's needs for

ii. Section 3 discusses our proposed SOS taxonomy framework for space

manned airborne systems. The chapter is organized as follows:

systems;

systems;

**Figure 1.**

**18**

*A taxonomy definition of systems.*

aircraft systems;

future space systems.

*Taxonomy definitions of space and airborne FOS (a) a taxonomy definition of space FOS (b) a taxonomy definition of airborne FOS.*

## **2. Description of existing SOS taxonomy framework**

This section describes a current perspective on the SOS taxonomy framework, where SOS can be categorized as three types:


Each of the type will be classified into different component as shown in **Figure 3**. The following provides a summary of the three types and their associated components.

	- **Dedicated SOS:** Is defined as planned SOS, where they are consciously designed and engineered from the beginning to be SOS, where the interaction between the component systems is expected when the systems are acquired. As pointed out in [3], in the past, many military SOS were not acquired in this manner, and the emerging trend is to design military systems around the SOS concept.
	- **Virtual SOS:** Unlike dedicated SOS, this type of SOS is un-planned when the component systems are engineered and acquired. Another characteristic of these systems is that once their use has ended the

◦ **Social SOS:** Is defined as SOS that are either physical or conceptual SOS

physical space nor do they operate on or manipulate matter. Systems that are conceptual include those in which humans interact with concepts or

◦ **Physical SOS:** These systems are operating in or on the physical world. These systems involve interactions between humans and the physical world or systems that are completely embedded in the physical world with no human interaction. These systems are composed of component systems

**Figure 4** describes the proposed SOS taxonomy for space systems, where SOS can be categorized as military SOS, civilian SOS and commercial SOS. As discussed in Section 1, military SOS can be classified SATCOM SOS, Image/Sensor SOS, PNT SOS, and mixed SATCOM + Image/Sensor + PNT SOS. Similarly, the classifications

Each type of the military SOS (e.g., SATCOM SOS) can be further classified in terms of acquisition type, operational type and domain type. Using the current framework described in the above section [3], this section derives the proposed taxonomy framework for space systems. The section is organized as follows: (i) Section 3.1 presents a taxonomy framework for military space systems,

◦ **Conceptual SOS:** These systems do not exist as tangible entities in

classes. As pointed out in [3], a social SOS is government.

those that require no human intervention at all.

*Systems-of-Systems Taxonomy: Space and Airborne Systems Perspective*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92347*

**3. Proposed SOS taxonomy framework for space systems**

for civilian and commercial SOS are also shown in **Figure 4**.

**Figure 4.**

**21**

*Proposed SOS taxonomy framework for space systems.*

that are tangible or affect matter.

#### **Figure 3.** *Current SOS taxonomy framework [3].*

component systems are usually disassembled and no longer operate as a part of a larger SOS.

	- **Chaotic SOS:** This type of SOS has no central control authority or managerial entity and thus no agreed upon purpose.
	- **Collaborative SOS:** For this type of SOS, the component systems interact voluntarily almost out of necessity. Control and management authority have little power to coerce the behavior of the component systems. Control and Management authorities may issue standard practices and procedures by which components must operate to be a part of the larger system, but ultimately it is up to the component systems to acquiesce to those standards to become part of the larger system (as with the Internet). The overall behavior of these systems may still be somewhat unpredictable.
	- **Directed SOS:** This type of SOS is designed to have its control by a central management authority. The systems are designed and operated for a specific purpose.

## **3. Proposed SOS taxonomy framework for space systems**

**Figure 4** describes the proposed SOS taxonomy for space systems, where SOS can be categorized as military SOS, civilian SOS and commercial SOS. As discussed in Section 1, military SOS can be classified SATCOM SOS, Image/Sensor SOS, PNT SOS, and mixed SATCOM + Image/Sensor + PNT SOS. Similarly, the classifications for civilian and commercial SOS are also shown in **Figure 4**.

Each type of the military SOS (e.g., SATCOM SOS) can be further classified in terms of acquisition type, operational type and domain type. Using the current framework described in the above section [3], this section derives the proposed taxonomy framework for space systems. The section is organized as follows: (i) Section 3.1 presents a taxonomy framework for military space systems,

**Figure 4.** *Proposed SOS taxonomy framework for space systems.*

component systems are usually disassembled and no longer operate as a

◦ **Collaborative SOS:** For this type of SOS, the component systems interact voluntarily almost out of necessity. Control and management authority have little power to coerce the behavior of the component systems. Control and Management authorities may issue standard practices and procedures by which components must operate to be a part of the larger system, but ultimately it is up to the component systems to acquiesce to those standards to become part of the larger system (as with the Internet). The overall behavior of these systems may still be somewhat unpredictable.

◦ **Directed SOS:** This type of SOS is designed to have its control by a central management authority. The systems are designed and operated for a

• **Domain type:** SOS is classified based on how the domain that systems

• **Operational type:** SOS is classified based on how the systems operate [3]:

◦ **Chaotic SOS:** This type of SOS has no central control authority or

managerial entity and thus no agreed upon purpose.

*Systems-of-Systems Perspectives and Applications - Design, Modeling, Simulation…*

part of a larger SOS.

*Current SOS taxonomy framework [3].*

**Figure 3.**

specific purpose.

operate [3]:

**20**

(ii) Section 3.2 addresses the commercial space systems, and (iii) Section 3.3 discusses the taxonomy framework for civilian spaces systems.

**3.2 SOS taxonomy framework for commercial space systems**

*Systems-of-Systems Taxonomy: Space and Airborne Systems Perspective*

• Acquisition type

• Operation type

• Domain type

◦ Dedicated SOS

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92347*

◦ Collaborative SOS

◦ Directed SOS

◦ Physical SOS

components to be deployed.

**Figure 6.**

**23**

*Proposed SOS taxonomy framework for commercial space systems.*

**Figure 6** presents our proposed SOS taxonomy for commercial space systems. The SOS taxonomy framework for commercial space systems can be categorized as:

Note that the commercial framework missed a component in the acquisition type, namely, virtual SOS. This is because the SOS solution is usually derived from customer's needs. While for military space systems, due to the threats dynamic, the warfighter needs are changing at a fast pace and there will be un-planned SOS

## **3.1 SOS taxonomy framework for military space systems**

**Figure 5** presents our proposed SOS taxonomy for military space systems. The SOS taxonomy framework for military space systems can be categorized as:

	- Dedicated SOS
	- Virtual SOS
	- Collaborative SOS
	- Directed SOS
	- Physical SOS

**Figure 5.** *Proposed SOS taxonomy framework for military space systems.*

## **3.2 SOS taxonomy framework for commercial space systems**

**Figure 6** presents our proposed SOS taxonomy for commercial space systems. The SOS taxonomy framework for commercial space systems can be categorized as:

• Acquisition type

(ii) Section 3.2 addresses the commercial space systems, and (iii) Section 3.3 dis-

*Systems-of-Systems Perspectives and Applications - Design, Modeling, Simulation…*

**Figure 5** presents our proposed SOS taxonomy for military space systems. The

SOS taxonomy framework for military space systems can be categorized as:

cusses the taxonomy framework for civilian spaces systems.

**3.1 SOS taxonomy framework for military space systems**

• Acquisition type

◦ Dedicated SOS

◦ Collaborative SOS

◦ Directed SOS

◦ Physical SOS

◦ Virtual SOS

• Operation type

• Domain type:

**Figure 5.**

**22**

*Proposed SOS taxonomy framework for military space systems.*

	- Collaborative SOS
	- Directed SOS
	- Physical SOS

Note that the commercial framework missed a component in the acquisition type, namely, virtual SOS. This is because the SOS solution is usually derived from customer's needs. While for military space systems, due to the threats dynamic, the warfighter needs are changing at a fast pace and there will be un-planned SOS components to be deployed.

**Figure 6.** *Proposed SOS taxonomy framework for commercial space systems.*

## **3.3 SOS taxonomy framework for civilian space systems**

**Figure 6** presents our proposed SOS taxonomy for commercial space systems. The SOS taxonomy framework for civilian space systems can be categorized as:

**4. Proposed SOS taxonomy framework for airborne systems**

*Systems-of-Systems Taxonomy: Space and Airborne Systems Perspective*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92347*

**4.1 SOS taxonomy framework for military airborne systems**

• Acquisition type

◦ Dedicated SOS

◦ Collaborative SOS

◦ Virtual SOS

• Operation type

**Figure 8.**

**25**

*Proposed SOS taxonomy framework for military airborne systems.*

Again, using the framework described in Section 2, this section derives the proposed taxonomy framework for airborne systems. The section is organized as follows: (i) Section 4.1 presents a taxonomy framework for military airborne systems, and (ii) Section 4.2 addresses the commercial space systems. Note that the taxonomy framework for civilian airborne systems is identical to commercial systems.

**Figure 8** presents our proposed SOS taxonomy for military airborne systems. The SOS taxonomy framework for military airborne systems can be categorized as:

	- Dedicated SOS
	- Collaborative SOS
	- Directed SOS
	- Physical SOS

Note the proposed SOS taxonomy framework for civilian space systems is identical to commercial space systems, see **Figure 7**. Similar to commercial space systems, the SOS acquisition for civilian space systems is depending on a planned mission's needs.

**Figure 7.** *Proposed SOS taxonomy framework for civilian space systems.*

## **4. Proposed SOS taxonomy framework for airborne systems**

Again, using the framework described in Section 2, this section derives the proposed taxonomy framework for airborne systems. The section is organized as follows: (i) Section 4.1 presents a taxonomy framework for military airborne systems, and (ii) Section 4.2 addresses the commercial space systems. Note that the taxonomy framework for civilian airborne systems is identical to commercial systems.

## **4.1 SOS taxonomy framework for military airborne systems**

**Figure 8** presents our proposed SOS taxonomy for military airborne systems. The SOS taxonomy framework for military airborne systems can be categorized as:

• Acquisition type

**3.3 SOS taxonomy framework for civilian space systems**

*Systems-of-Systems Perspectives and Applications - Design, Modeling, Simulation…*

• Acquisition type

• Operation type

• Domain type

mission's needs.

**Figure 7.**

**24**

*Proposed SOS taxonomy framework for civilian space systems.*

◦ Dedicated SOS

◦ Collaborative SOS

◦ Directed SOS

◦ Physical SOS

**Figure 6** presents our proposed SOS taxonomy for commercial space systems. The SOS taxonomy framework for civilian space systems can be categorized as:

Note the proposed SOS taxonomy framework for civilian space systems is identical to commercial space systems, see **Figure 7**. Similar to commercial space systems, the SOS acquisition for civilian space systems is depending on a planned

	- Collaborative SOS

**Figure 8.** *Proposed SOS taxonomy framework for military airborne systems.*

	- Physical SOS
	- Conceptual SOS

Similar to military space systems, due to the threats dynamic, the warfighter needs are changing at a fast pace and there will be un-planned SOS components to be deployed in airborne platforms. However, there is an addition component that is included in the domain type, namely, conceptual SOS. For airborne systems, this conceptual SOS component provide pilot training systems that have components existed in both physical and non-physical domains. For the physical domain, the pilot training system includes the training facility. For the non-physical domain, the pilot training system includes the cyber space component, where the pilots encounter the non-physical entities for training purposes.

• Acquisition type

• Operation type

• Domain type

borne systems.

**Figure 10.**

**27**

◦ Dedicated SOS

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92347*

*Systems-of-Systems Taxonomy: Space and Airborne Systems Perspective*

◦ Collaborative SOS

◦ Directed SOS

◦ Physical SOS

◦ Conceptual SOS

**Figure 9** depicts the proposed SOS taxonomy framework for commercial air-

This section provides examples of taxonomy on notional military space and airborne systems since the case for civilian and commercial systems can also be derived directly from these examples. **Figure 10** illustrates the two examples to be described in the following subsections. Subsection 5.1 presents an example of a taxonomy framework for a typical military SATCOM SOS. Subsection 5.2 provides an example of a taxonomy framework for a typical manned military aircraft that

*SOS taxonomy framework for military space and airborne systems (described in the following subsections).*

**5. Examples on notional military space and airborne systems**

## **4.2 SOS taxonomy framework for commercial airborne systems**

The SOS taxonomy framework for commercial airborne systems is very similar to the military airborne systems, except that the SOS component for acquiring un-planned systems is no longer required. Thus, the framework includes:

**Figure 9.** *Proposed SOS taxonomy framework for commercial airborne systems.*

*Systems-of-Systems Taxonomy: Space and Airborne Systems Perspective DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92347*

• Acquisition type

◦ Directed SOS

• Physical SOS

• Conceptual SOS

Similar to military space systems, due to the threats dynamic, the warfighter needs are changing at a fast pace and there will be un-planned SOS components to be deployed in airborne platforms. However, there is an addition component that is included in the domain type, namely, conceptual SOS. For airborne systems, this conceptual SOS component provide pilot training systems that have components existed in both physical and non-physical domains. For the physical domain, the pilot training system includes the training facility. For the non-physical domain, the

The SOS taxonomy framework for commercial airborne systems is very similar to the military airborne systems, except that the SOS component for acquiring un-planned systems is no longer required. Thus, the framework includes:

pilot training system includes the cyber space component, where the pilots

*Systems-of-Systems Perspectives and Applications - Design, Modeling, Simulation…*

**4.2 SOS taxonomy framework for commercial airborne systems**

encounter the non-physical entities for training purposes.

*Proposed SOS taxonomy framework for commercial airborne systems.*

• Domain type

**Figure 9.**

**26**

	- Collaborative SOS
	- Directed SOS
	- Physical SOS
	- Conceptual SOS

**Figure 9** depicts the proposed SOS taxonomy framework for commercial airborne systems.

### **5. Examples on notional military space and airborne systems**

This section provides examples of taxonomy on notional military space and airborne systems since the case for civilian and commercial systems can also be derived directly from these examples. **Figure 10** illustrates the two examples to be described in the following subsections. Subsection 5.1 presents an example of a taxonomy framework for a typical military SATCOM SOS. Subsection 5.2 provides an example of a taxonomy framework for a typical manned military aircraft that

*SOS taxonomy framework for military space and airborne systems (described in the following subsections).*

can be used for the derivation of a taxonomy framework for un-manned military aircraft.

The FDPS is the heart of a fully processing payload, and a typical FDPS includes

• Analog-to-Digital Converter/Digital-to-Analog Converter (ADC/DAC)

Using a typical fully process SATCOM payload described above, **Figure 11** provides a SOS taxonomy framework for a notional military SATCOM system

A typical military manned airborne system can be classified into the following

• Digital Processor (e.g., Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA))

• Modulator/Demodulator (MOD/DEMOD)

• Fully On-Board Satellite System Controller (FOBSSC)

*Systems-of-Systems Taxonomy: Space and Airborne Systems Perspective*

A typical TT&CS includes the following components [4]:

the following components [4]:

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92347*

• Decoder/Encoder

• Digital Network Switch (DNS)

• On-Board Ranging Processor

• On-Board Command Processor

• On-Board Telemetry Processor

operating in an SOS environment.

**Figure 11.**

**29**

**5.2 A notional military airborne system**

*SOS taxonomy framework for military SATCOM systems.*

subsystem components that are part of a SOS design [5]:

## **5.1 A notional military SATCOM system**

A typical military SATCOM system with a fully process SATCOM payload can be classified into the following subsystem components that are part of a SOS design [4]:


Followings are the decomposition of each of the above subsystems. Typical RX and TX antenna subsystems include the following components [4]:


Typical RF Front-/Back-End Subsystems include the following components [4]:

	- Low Noise Antenna (LNA)
	- Multi-wideband Receiver
	- Down RF Converter
	- Tunable IF Converter
	- High Power Amplifier (HPA)
	- Up RF Converter

*Systems-of-Systems Taxonomy: Space and Airborne Systems Perspective DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92347*

The FDPS is the heart of a fully processing payload, and a typical FDPS includes the following components [4]:


can be used for the derivation of a taxonomy framework for un-manned military

*Systems-of-Systems Perspectives and Applications - Design, Modeling, Simulation…*

A typical military SATCOM system with a fully process SATCOM payload can be classified into the following subsystem components that are part of a SOS design [4]:

Followings are the decomposition of each of the above subsystems. Typical RX

Typical RF Front-/Back-End Subsystems include the following components [4]:

aircraft.

**5.1 A notional military SATCOM system**

• Received Antenna Subsystem (RX-AS)

• Fully Digital Processing Subsystem (FDPS)

• Frequency & Timing Subsystem (FTS)

• Altitude & Control Subsystem (A&CS)

• RF Back-End Subsystem (RF-BES)

• Antenna Configurations

• Beamformer Component

• Front-end

• Back-end

**28**

• Antenna Controller Component.

◦ Low Noise Antenna (LNA)

◦ Multi-wideband Receiver

◦ Down RF Converter

◦ Tunable IF Converter

◦ Up RF Converter

◦ High Power Amplifier (HPA)

• Transmit Antenna Subsystem (TX-AS)

• Communication Security Subsystem (COMSECS)

• Tracking-Telemetry & Commanding Subsystem (TT&CS)

and TX antenna subsystems include the following components [4]:

• RF Front-End Subsystem (RF-FES)


A typical TT&CS includes the following components [4]:


Using a typical fully process SATCOM payload described above, **Figure 11** provides a SOS taxonomy framework for a notional military SATCOM system operating in an SOS environment.

## **5.2 A notional military airborne system**

A typical military manned airborne system can be classified into the following subsystem components that are part of a SOS design [5]:

**Figure 11.** *SOS taxonomy framework for military SATCOM systems.*

• Fire Control Subsystem

• Survivability Unit

• Reconnaissance Unit

• Data Display and Controls

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92347*

*Systems-of-Systems Taxonomy: Space and Airborne Systems Perspective*

• Automatic Flight Control Unit

• Central Integration Checkout

• Antisubmarine Warfare Unit

airborne system operating in an SOS environment.

**Figure 12** provides a SOS taxonomy framework for a notional military manned

This chapter provides descriptions of SOS taxonomy frameworks for space and airborne systems. A broad view of taxonomy frameworks with considerations for space and airborne SOS and FOS were presented. Using existing SOS taxonomy framework, the chapter proposed SOS taxonomy frameworks for space and airborne systems based on their acquisition types, operational modes, and problem domains. Examples on SOS taxonomy were provided for notional military SATCOM and manned aircraft systems. Similarly, examples for manned airborne and other space systems can also be derived by tailoring the framework presented in Section 5.

The preparation of this chapter was not funded by Gulfstream Corporation, and

it was done by the author using his own time and resources, thus it does not

The author wishes to thank his wife, Annie Luu-Nguyen, for her immense

represent Gulfstream's view on airborne system taxonomy.

**Notes/Thanks/Other declarations**

• Armament Subsystem

• Weapons Delivery Unit

• Auxiliary Equipment

**6. Conclusion**

**Conflict of interest**

patience and support.

**31**


**Figure 12.** *SOS taxonomy framework for military manned aircraft.*

*Systems-of-Systems Taxonomy: Space and Airborne Systems Perspective DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92347*


• Airframe

• Propulsion

• Application Software

• Central Computer

**Figure 12.**

**30**

*SOS taxonomy framework for military manned aircraft.*

• Navigation / Guidance Control

• Communications / Friend-or-Foe (FoF) Identification

*Systems-of-Systems Perspectives and Applications - Design, Modeling, Simulation…*


**Figure 12** provides a SOS taxonomy framework for a notional military manned airborne system operating in an SOS environment.

## **6. Conclusion**

This chapter provides descriptions of SOS taxonomy frameworks for space and airborne systems. A broad view of taxonomy frameworks with considerations for space and airborne SOS and FOS were presented. Using existing SOS taxonomy framework, the chapter proposed SOS taxonomy frameworks for space and airborne systems based on their acquisition types, operational modes, and problem domains. Examples on SOS taxonomy were provided for notional military SATCOM and manned aircraft systems. Similarly, examples for manned airborne and other space systems can also be derived by tailoring the framework presented in Section 5.

## **Conflict of interest**

The preparation of this chapter was not funded by Gulfstream Corporation, and it was done by the author using his own time and resources, thus it does not represent Gulfstream's view on airborne system taxonomy.

## **Notes/Thanks/Other declarations**

The author wishes to thank his wife, Annie Luu-Nguyen, for her immense patience and support.

*Systems-of-Systems Perspectives and Applications - Design, Modeling, Simulation…*

**References**

98787.aspx

(IEEE); 2005

2020

881C]

**33**

taxonomy-vs-metada

[1] Walli B. Taxonomy 101: The basics and getting started with taxonomies. Knowledge Management (KM) World. 15 August 2014. Available from: https:// www.kmworld.com/Articles/Editorial/ What-Is/Taxonomy-101-The-Basicsand-Getting-Started-with-Taxonomies-

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92347*

*Systems-of-Systems Taxonomy: Space and Airborne Systems Perspective*

[2] Taxonomy vs. Data. Available from: https://www.dpci.com/insights/

[3] Gideon J, et al. Taxonomy of systems-of-systems. In: Conference on Systems Engineering Research, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

[4] Nguyen JD. Overview of existing satellite systems and future trends of advanced satellite architectures. In: Nguyen TM, editor. Satellite Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis. Rijeka: IntechOpen Publisher;

[5] MIL-HDBK-881, Department of Defense Handbook: Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) for Defense Materiel Items (Jan 2, 1998) [S/S BY MIL-STD-

## **Author details**

John D. Nguyen1,2

1 John DTN Consulting Services, Huntington Beach, California, USA

2 Gulfstream Corporation, Long Beach, California, USA

\*Address all correspondence to: johndncva@gmail.com

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

*Systems-of-Systems Taxonomy: Space and Airborne Systems Perspective DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92347*

## **References**

[1] Walli B. Taxonomy 101: The basics and getting started with taxonomies. Knowledge Management (KM) World. 15 August 2014. Available from: https:// www.kmworld.com/Articles/Editorial/ What-Is/Taxonomy-101-The-Basicsand-Getting-Started-with-Taxonomies-98787.aspx

[2] Taxonomy vs. Data. Available from: https://www.dpci.com/insights/ taxonomy-vs-metada

[3] Gideon J, et al. Taxonomy of systems-of-systems. In: Conference on Systems Engineering Research, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE); 2005

[4] Nguyen JD. Overview of existing satellite systems and future trends of advanced satellite architectures. In: Nguyen TM, editor. Satellite Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis. Rijeka: IntechOpen Publisher; 2020

[5] MIL-HDBK-881, Department of Defense Handbook: Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) for Defense Materiel Items (Jan 2, 1998) [S/S BY MIL-STD-881C]

**Author details**

John D. Nguyen1,2

**32**

1 John DTN Consulting Services, Huntington Beach, California, USA

*Systems-of-Systems Perspectives and Applications - Design, Modeling, Simulation…*

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

2 Gulfstream Corporation, Long Beach, California, USA

\*Address all correspondence to: johndncva@gmail.com

provided the original work is properly cited.

**Chapter 3**

*Alper Pahsa*

oriented against enterprise systems.

information for management decision making."

system engineering (SE)

**1. Introduction**

**35**

**Keywords:** enterprise systems engineering, enterprise systems,

SE approach is defined as [1]: "An interdisciplinary approach to evolve and verify an integrated and life cycle balanced set of systems product and process solutions that satisfy customer needs. Systems engineering: (a) encompasses the scientific and engineering efforts related to the development, manufacturing, verification, deployment, operations, support, and disposal of systems products and processes; (b) develops needed user training equipment, procedures, and data (c) establishes and maintains configuration management of the systems;

(d) develops work breakdown structures and statements of work; and (e) provides

**Abstract**

Applications of Systems

Engineering Technical Process

Systems engineering (SE) and SE management is the objective of all SE efforts, which defines the transformation of specific customer needs into a system product, service, or enterprise systems. Enterprise systems of systems engineering apply systems engineering fundamentals to the design of an enterprise. It is created by knowledge, principles, and processes tailored to the design of enterprise systems. Enterprise is a complex, socio-technical system that includes interdependent resources of people, information, and technology to reach a common goal. Enterprise systems is complex that a system configuration can be controlled among the different stakeholders. There are four different steps in enterprise systems process; it includes technology planning (TP), capabilities-based engineering analysis (CBEA), enterprise architecture, and enterprise analysis and assessment. This is the main reason that the enterprise work is developed and established at HAVELSAN Inc., Information and Security Technology Division. SE and technical processes for enterprise projects require establishing a systematic taxonomy and SE process customization. This chapter presents the work done on SE for enterprise projects at HAVELSAN. The chapter presents the results of the study of similarities and differences of the various applications of systems engineering of product systems

Flows on Enterprise Systems

## **Chapter 3**
