**Table 7.** *The wear modes found on the teeth of the test pinion at increasing stages of load; the research was performed using various gear oils and material combinations.*

**207**

**Author details**

**4. Conclusions**

resolution.

Waldemar Tuszynski

**Acknowledgements**

and Jan Wulczynski

Remigiusz Michalczewski

2 Invenio Ltd, Tychy, Poland

provided the original work is properly cited.

1

1

Institute (ITeE-PIB), Radom, Poland

1

\*, Marek Kalbarczyk

, Jerzy Mydlarz

The research was financed by the National Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR) within the scope of Research Project No. N R03 0019 06.

\*Address all correspondence to: waldemar.tuszynski@itee.radom.pl

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

1

2

1 Tribology Department, Institute for Sustainable Technologies—National Research

, Bartosz Kiser2

, Witold Piekoszewski

, Michal Michalak

1

1 ,

1


, Marian Szczerek

*Testing of the Resistance to Scuffing of Spiral Bevel Gears: Test Rig, Method, and Results…*

Basiniuk et al. [45] studied the behaviour of coated bevel gears, however, from a

Based on the carried out research, the following conclusions can be drawn:

• The developed method for testing scuffing of spiral bevel gears exhibits a good

• It is possible to improve the resistance to scuffing by the application of a thin,

The developed test rig with the test method can be used for the assessment of the anti-scuffing properties of oils intended for bevel gear lubrication and also for the determination of the resistance to scuffing of bevel gears from the perspective of mate

rials used for gears and possibly the tooth surface processing. Thus, they can be applied in R&D industrial laboratories of lubricant producers, manufacturers of devices that contain bevel gears, automotive industry, as well in laboratories of technical universities where the aspects of bevel gear tribology and design are studied and investigated.

low-friction coating on one of the elements of the spiral bevel gear.

The authors plan to continue their research on the coated bevel gears. The aim will be to identify mechanisms of interaction between the surface and the gear oil of different chemistry in the steel-coating and coating-coating friction zones of the meshing teeth. Scientific publications, relating to this aspect, concern mainly testing on simple model specimens. The most recent papers in this field are, e.g. [46–58].

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84848*

point of view of a noise and friction reduction.

*Testing of the Resistance to Scuffing of Spiral Bevel Gears: Test Rig, Method, and Results… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84848*

Basiniuk et al. [45] studied the behaviour of coated bevel gears, however, from a point of view of a noise and friction reduction.

The authors plan to continue their research on the coated bevel gears. The aim will be to identify mechanisms of interaction between the surface and the gear oil of different chemistry in the steel-coating and coating-coating friction zones of the meshing teeth. Scientific publications, relating to this aspect, concern mainly testing on simple model specimens. The most recent papers in this field are, e.g. [46–58].

### **4. Conclusions**

*Friction, Lubrication and Wear*

**Steel—a-C:H:W**

**206**

**Load stage**

**Steel—steel**

**GL-1 90**

8

9

10

**Table 7.**

*The wear modes found on the teeth of the test pinion at increasing stages of load; the research was performed using various gear oils and material combinations.*

**Eko VG 200**

**GL-5 80 W-90**

1575 mm2

130 mm2

164 mm2

960 mm2

**GL-5 80 W-90**

Based on the carried out research, the following conclusions can be drawn:


The developed test rig with the test method can be used for the assessment of the anti-scuffing properties of oils intended for bevel gear lubrication and also for the determination of the resistance to scuffing of bevel gears from the perspective of materials used for gears and possibly the tooth surface processing. Thus, they can be applied in R&D industrial laboratories of lubricant producers, manufacturers of devices that contain bevel gears, automotive industry, as well in laboratories of technical universities where the aspects of bevel gear tribology and design are studied and investigated.

### **Acknowledgements**

The research was financed by the National Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR) within the scope of Research Project No. N R03 0019 06.

### **Author details**

Waldemar Tuszynski1 \*, Marek Kalbarczyk1 , Bartosz Kiser2 , Michal Michalak1 , Remigiusz Michalczewski1 , Jerzy Mydlarz2 , Witold Piekoszewski1 , Marian Szczerek1 and Jan Wulczynski1

1 Tribology Department, Institute for Sustainable Technologies—National Research Institute (ITeE-PIB), Radom, Poland

2 Invenio Ltd, Tychy, Poland

\*Address all correspondence to: waldemar.tuszynski@itee.radom.pl

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

### **References**

[1] Mydlarz J. Model and analysis of diagonal transmission system for a car [thesis]. Poland: Silesian Institute of Technology Gliwice; 2011 (in Polish)

[2] Jaskiewicz Z. Drive Lines of Motor Vehicles—Driving Axles. Warsaw: WKL; 1977. (in Polish)

[3] Tuszynski W, Michalczewski R, Piekoszewski W, Szczerek M. Modern automotive gear oils—Classification, characteristics, market analysis, and some aspects of lubrication. In: Chiaberge M, editor. New Trends and Developments in Automotive Industry. Rijeka: InTech; 2011. pp. 297-322

[4] American Petroleum Institute (API). Lubricant Service Designations for Automotive Manual Transmissions, Manual Transaxles, and Axles. 7th ed. API Publication 1560; 1995

[5] Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Automotive gear lubricant viscosity classification. SAE. 2005:J306

[6] Burakowski T, Szczerek M, Tuszynski W. Scuffing and seizure— Characterization and investigation. In: Totten GE, Liang H, editors. Mechanical Tribology. Materials, characterization, and applications. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc; 2004. pp. 185-234

[7] Enthoven J, Spikes HA. Infrared and visual study of the mechanisms of scuffing. Tribology Transactions. 1996;**39**:441-447

[8] Dyson A. Scuffing—A review. Tribology International. 1975;**8**:77-87

[9] Ludema KL. A review of scuffing and running in of lubricated surfaces with asperities and oxides in perspective. Wear. 1984;**100**:315-331

[10] Sadowski J. Thermodynamic Aspects of Tribological Processes. Radom: Radom Technical University; 1997. (in Polish)

[11] Nosal S. Tribological Aspects of Scuffing in Sliding Pairs. Poznan: Poznan Technical University; 1998. (in Polish)

[12] Hebda M, Wachal A. Tribology. Warsaw: WNT; 1980. (in Polish)

[13] Nadolny K. Gear Tribology. The Aspects of Durability and Reliability. Radom: ITeE; 1999. (in Polish)

[14] Kalin M, Vižintin J. The tribological performance of DLC-coated gears lubricated with biodegradable oil in various pinion/ gear material combinations. Wear. 2005;**259**:1270-1280

[15] Martins RC, Moura PS, Seabra JO. MoS2/Ti low-friction coating for gears. Tribology International. 2006;**39**:1686-1697

[16] Martins R, Amaro R, Seabra J. Influence of low friction coatings on the scuffing load capacity and efficiency of gears. Tribology International. 2008;**41**:234-243

[17] Szczerek M, Michalczewski R, Piekoszewski W. The problems of application of PVD/CVD thin hard coatings for heavy-loaded machine components. In: Proceedings of ASME/STLE 2007 International Joint Tribology Conference; 22-24 October 2007; San Diego (USA)

[18] Michalczewski R, Piekoszewski W, Szczerek M, Tuszynski W. The lubricant-coating interaction in rolling and sliding contacts. Tribology International. 2009;**42**:554-560

[19] Tuszynski W, Michalczewski R, Szczerek M, Kalbarczyk M. A new scuffing shock test method for the determination of the resistance to

**209**

*Testing of the Resistance to Scuffing of Spiral Bevel Gears: Test Rig, Method, and Results…*

automotive gear oils of API GL-4 level. Tribotest Journal. 1999;**6**(1):69-77

[28] Trzos M, Szczerek M, Tuszynski W. A study on the possibility of the Brugger test application for differentiation between the API-GL performance levels of gear oils. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering (ACME).

Qualitative discrimination between API GL performance levels of manual transmission fluids by comparing their EP properties determined in a new four-ball scuffing test. Tribology International. 2013;**65**:57-73

[30] Michaelis K, Höhn B-R, Graswald C. Scuffing tests for API GL-1 to GL-5 gear lubricants. In: Proceedings of 13th International Colloquium Tribology; 15-17 January 2002; Stuttgart/Ostfildern

[31] Michaelis K, Höhn B-R, Oster P. Influence of lubricant on gear failures—

gearboxes in practice. Tribotest Journal.

[32] Winter H, Richter M. Scuffing load capacity of hypoid and bevel gears: Conference proceedings of 8 JSME International Symposium "Gearing"; 1975

[33] Conrado E, Höhn B-R, Michaelis K, Klein M. Influence of oil supply on the scuffing load-carrying capacity of hypoid gears. Engineering Tribology.

[34] Hadschuh RF. Testing of face-milled spiral bevel gears at high-speed and load. NASA/TM-2001-210743. 2001

optimization for bevel gears with circular teeth. Journal of Machinery Manufacture and Reliability. 2008;**37**(4):371-378

[36] Suh S-H, Jung D-H, Lee E-S, Lee S-W.

[35] Akimov VV. Initial contour

Modelling, implementation, and

Test methods and application to

2013;**13**:14-20

(Germany)

2004;**11**(1):43-56

2007;**221**:851-858

[29] Tuszynski W, Szczerek M.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84848*

scuffing of coated gears. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

[20] Michalczewski R, Kalbarczyk M, Michalak M, Piekoszewski W, Szczerek M, Tuszynski W, et al. New scuffing test methods for the determination of the scuffing resistance of coated gears. In: Gegner J, editor. Tribology— Fundamentals and Advancements. Rijeka: Intech; 2013. pp. 187-215

[21] Michalczewski R, Piekoszewski W, Szczerek M, Tuszynski W, Antonov M. The rolling contact fatigue of PVD coated spur gears. Key Engineering

[22] Michalczewski R, Kalbarczyk M, Piekoszewski W, Szczerek M, Tuszynski W. The rolling contact fatigue of WC/C-coated spur gears. Journal of Engineering Tribology.

(ACME). 2012;**12**:436-445

Materials. 2013;**527**:77-82

2013;**227**(8):850-860

2005;**18**:197-205

[23] Sulek MW, Wasilewski T. Antiseizure properties of aqueous solutions of compounds forming liquid crystalline structures. Tribology Letters.

[24] Ilowska J, Gniady J, Kozupa M, Drabik J. Stabilization of biogreases made of rapeseed oils. Przemysl Chemiczny.

[25] Rogos E, Naraniecki B, Urbanski A, Lukosek M. Cutting fluids based on ethoxylates of the glycerol fraction from a biodiesel plant. Przemysl Chemiczny.

[27] Bisht RPS, Singhal S. A laboratory technique for the evaluation of

2011;**90**:1818-1822. (in Polish)

2011;**90**:1814-1815. (in Polish)

[26] Tuszynski W, Szczerek M, Michalczewski R, Osuch-Slomka E, Rogos E, Urbanski A. The potential of the application of biodegradable and nontoxic base oils for the formulation of gear oils - model and component scuffing tests. Lubrication Science. 2014;**26**:327-346

*Testing of the Resistance to Scuffing of Spiral Bevel Gears: Test Rig, Method, and Results… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84848*

scuffing of coated gears. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering (ACME). 2012;**12**:436-445

[20] Michalczewski R, Kalbarczyk M, Michalak M, Piekoszewski W, Szczerek M, Tuszynski W, et al. New scuffing test methods for the determination of the scuffing resistance of coated gears. In: Gegner J, editor. Tribology— Fundamentals and Advancements. Rijeka: Intech; 2013. pp. 187-215

[21] Michalczewski R, Piekoszewski W, Szczerek M, Tuszynski W, Antonov M. The rolling contact fatigue of PVD coated spur gears. Key Engineering Materials. 2013;**527**:77-82

[22] Michalczewski R, Kalbarczyk M, Piekoszewski W, Szczerek M, Tuszynski W. The rolling contact fatigue of WC/C-coated spur gears. Journal of Engineering Tribology. 2013;**227**(8):850-860

[23] Sulek MW, Wasilewski T. Antiseizure properties of aqueous solutions of compounds forming liquid crystalline structures. Tribology Letters. 2005;**18**:197-205

[24] Ilowska J, Gniady J, Kozupa M, Drabik J. Stabilization of biogreases made of rapeseed oils. Przemysl Chemiczny. 2011;**90**:1818-1822. (in Polish)

[25] Rogos E, Naraniecki B, Urbanski A, Lukosek M. Cutting fluids based on ethoxylates of the glycerol fraction from a biodiesel plant. Przemysl Chemiczny. 2011;**90**:1814-1815. (in Polish)

[26] Tuszynski W, Szczerek M, Michalczewski R, Osuch-Slomka E, Rogos E, Urbanski A. The potential of the application of biodegradable and nontoxic base oils for the formulation of gear oils - model and component scuffing tests. Lubrication Science. 2014;**26**:327-346

[27] Bisht RPS, Singhal S. A laboratory technique for the evaluation of

automotive gear oils of API GL-4 level. Tribotest Journal. 1999;**6**(1):69-77

[28] Trzos M, Szczerek M, Tuszynski W. A study on the possibility of the Brugger test application for differentiation between the API-GL performance levels of gear oils. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering (ACME). 2013;**13**:14-20

[29] Tuszynski W, Szczerek M. Qualitative discrimination between API GL performance levels of manual transmission fluids by comparing their EP properties determined in a new four-ball scuffing test. Tribology International. 2013;**65**:57-73

[30] Michaelis K, Höhn B-R, Graswald C. Scuffing tests for API GL-1 to GL-5 gear lubricants. In: Proceedings of 13th International Colloquium Tribology; 15-17 January 2002; Stuttgart/Ostfildern (Germany)

[31] Michaelis K, Höhn B-R, Oster P. Influence of lubricant on gear failures— Test methods and application to gearboxes in practice. Tribotest Journal. 2004;**11**(1):43-56

[32] Winter H, Richter M. Scuffing load capacity of hypoid and bevel gears: Conference proceedings of 8 JSME International Symposium "Gearing"; 1975

[33] Conrado E, Höhn B-R, Michaelis K, Klein M. Influence of oil supply on the scuffing load-carrying capacity of hypoid gears. Engineering Tribology. 2007;**221**:851-858

[34] Hadschuh RF. Testing of face-milled spiral bevel gears at high-speed and load. NASA/TM-2001-210743. 2001

[35] Akimov VV. Initial contour optimization for bevel gears with circular teeth. Journal of Machinery Manufacture and Reliability. 2008;**37**(4):371-378

[36] Suh S-H, Jung D-H, Lee E-S, Lee S-W. Modelling, implementation, and

**208**

*Friction, Lubrication and Wear*

WKL; 1977. (in Polish)

[1] Mydlarz J. Model and analysis of diagonal transmission system for a car [thesis]. Poland: Silesian Institute of Technology Gliwice; 2011 (in Polish)

Radom: Radom Technical University;

[11] Nosal S. Tribological Aspects of Scuffing in Sliding Pairs. Poznan: Poznan Technical University; 1998. (in

[12] Hebda M, Wachal A. Tribology. Warsaw: WNT; 1980. (in Polish)

[13] Nadolny K. Gear Tribology. The Aspects of Durability and Reliability. Radom: ITeE; 1999. (in Polish)

[15] Martins RC, Moura PS, Seabra JO. MoS2/Ti low-friction coating for gears. Tribology International.

[16] Martins R, Amaro R, Seabra J. Influence of low friction coatings on the scuffing load capacity and efficiency of gears. Tribology International.

[17] Szczerek M, Michalczewski R, Piekoszewski W. The problems of

application of PVD/CVD thin hard coatings for heavy-loaded machine components. In: Proceedings of ASME/STLE 2007 International Joint Tribology Conference; 22-24 October 2007; San Diego (USA)

[18] Michalczewski R, Piekoszewski W, Szczerek M, Tuszynski W. The lubricant-coating interaction in rolling and sliding contacts. Tribology International. 2009;**42**:554-560

[19] Tuszynski W, Michalczewski R, Szczerek M, Kalbarczyk M. A new scuffing shock test method for the determination of the resistance to

[14] Kalin M, Vižintin J. The tribological performance of DLC-coated gears lubricated with biodegradable oil in various pinion/ gear material combinations. Wear.

2005;**259**:1270-1280

2006;**39**:1686-1697

2008;**41**:234-243

1997. (in Polish)

Polish)

[2] Jaskiewicz Z. Drive Lines of Motor Vehicles—Driving Axles. Warsaw:

[3] Tuszynski W, Michalczewski R, Piekoszewski W, Szczerek M. Modern automotive gear oils—Classification, characteristics, market analysis, and some aspects of lubrication. In: Chiaberge M, editor. New Trends and Developments in Automotive Industry. Rijeka: InTech; 2011. pp. 297-322

[4] American Petroleum Institute (API). Lubricant Service Designations for Automotive Manual Transmissions, Manual Transaxles, and Axles. 7th ed.

[5] Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Automotive gear lubricant viscosity classification. SAE. 2005:J306

[6] Burakowski T, Szczerek M, Tuszynski W. Scuffing and seizure— Characterization and investigation. In: Totten GE, Liang H, editors. Mechanical Tribology. Materials, characterization, and applications. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc; 2004. pp. 185-234

[7] Enthoven J, Spikes HA. Infrared and visual study of the mechanisms of scuffing. Tribology Transactions.

[8] Dyson A. Scuffing—A review. Tribology International. 1975;**8**:77-87

[10] Sadowski J. Thermodynamic Aspects of Tribological Processes.

[9] Ludema KL. A review of scuffing and running in of lubricated surfaces with asperities and oxides in perspective.

1996;**39**:441-447

Wear. 1984;**100**:315-331

API Publication 1560; 1995

**References**

manufacturing of spiral bevel gears with crown. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2003;**21**:775-786

[37] Sung LM, Tsai YC. A study on the mathematical models and contact ratios of extended cycloid and cycloid bevel gear sets. Mechanism and Machine Theory. 1997;**32**:39-50

[38] Tsai YC, Hsu WY. The study on the design of spiral bevel gear sets with circular-arc contact paths and tooth profiles. Mechanism and Machine Theory. 2008;**43**:1158-1174

[39] Sekercioglu T, Kovan V. Pitting failure of truck spiral bevel gear. Engineering Failure Analysis. 2007;**14**:614-619

[40] Park M. Failure analysis of an accessory bevel gear installed on a J69 turbojet engine. Engineering Failure Analysis. 2003;**10**:371-382

[41] Fernandes PJL. Tooth bending fatigue failures in gears. Engineering Failure Analysis. 1996;**3**:219-225

[42] Michalczewski R, Kalbarczyk M, Tuszynski W, Szczerek M. The scuffing resistance of WC/C coated spiral bevel gears. Key Engineering Materials. 2014;**604**:36-40

[43] Tuszynski W, Kalbarczyk M, Michalak M, Michalczewski R, Wieczorek A. The effect of WC/C coating on the wear of bevel gears used in coal mines. Materials Science (Medžiagotyra). 2015;**21**(3):358-363

[44] Instruction Manual of the T-30 Back-to-Back Bevel Gear Test Rig. Radom: ITeE-PIB; 2014. (in Polish)

[45] Basiniuk UL, Levantsevich MA, Maksimchenko NN, Mardasevich AI. Improvement of triboengineering properties and noise reduction of tooth gears by cladding functional coatings

on working surfaces of interfaced teeth. Journal of Friction and Wear. 2013;**34**(6):438-443

[46] Tomala AM, Michalczewski R, Osuch-Slomka E. Interaction of novel lubricant additives based on MoS2 nanotubes with non-ferrous tribological materials. Tribologia. 2018;**280**(4):127-135

[47] Tomala A, Ripoll MR, Gabler C, Remškar M, Kalin M. Interactions between MoS2 nanotubes and conventional additives in model oils. Tribology International. 2017;**110**:140-150

[48] Rodríguez Ripoll M, Tomala A, Gabler C, Dražić G, Pirker L, Remškar M. In situ tribochemical sulfurization of molybdenum oxide nanotubes. Nanoscale. 2018;**10**(7):3281-3290

[49] Tamura Y, Zhao H, Wang C, Morina A, Neville A. Interaction of DLC and B4C coatings with fully formulated oils in boundary lubrication conditions. Tribology International. 2016;**93**:666-680

[50] Kalin M, Oblak E, Akbari S. Evolution of the nano-scale mechanical properties of tribofilms formed from low- and high-SAPS oils and ZDDP on DLC coatings and steel. Tribology International. 2016;**96**:43-56

[51] Mandrino D, Podgornik B. XPS investigations of tribofilms formed on CrN coatings. Applied Surface Science. 2017;**396**:554-559

[52] Milewski K, Kudlinski J, Madej M, Ozimina D. The interaction between diamond like carbon (DLC) coatings and ionic liquids under boundary lubrication conditions. Meta. 2017;**56**:55-58

[53] Podgornik B, Zajec B, Strnad S, Stana-Kleinschek K. Influence of surface energy on the interactions between

**211**

*Testing of the Resistance to Scuffing of Spiral Bevel Gears: Test Rig, Method, and Results…*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84848*

[54] Hassan MBH, Varman M, Mufti RA, Kalam MA, Zulkifli NWBM, Gulzar M. A review on effects of lubricant formulations on tribological

performance and boundary lubrication mechanisms of non-doped DLC/ DLC contacts. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences.

Frictional characteristics of PVD coated mechanical seals against carbon under various classes of liquid lubricants. Industrial Lubrication Tribology.

[55] Shankar S, Krishnakumar P.

[56] Migranov MS, Migranov AM, Minigaleev SM, Shehtman SR. Tribological properties of multilayer coatings for cutting tool. Journal of Friction and Wear. 2018;**39**(3):245-250

[57] Wang B, Li J, Ma F, Xue Q. Tribological dependence of the highperformance ferrous-based coating on different coating counterparts in engine oil. Tribology Transactions.

[58] Mannan A, Sabri MFM, Kalam MA, Hassan MH. Tribological performance of DLC/DLC and steel/DLC contacts in the presence of additivated oil. International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering. 2018;**12**(1):60-75

hard coatings and lubricants. Wear.

2007;**262**:1199-1204

2017;**42**(4):267-294

2016;**68**(5):597-602

2016;**59**(3):399-407

*Testing of the Resistance to Scuffing of Spiral Bevel Gears: Test Rig, Method, and Results… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84848*

hard coatings and lubricants. Wear. 2007;**262**:1199-1204

*Friction, Lubrication and Wear*

2003;**21**:775-786

Theory. 1997;**32**:39-50

2007;**14**:614-619

2014;**604**:36-40

manufacturing of spiral bevel gears with crown. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. on working surfaces of interfaced teeth. Journal of Friction and Wear.

[46] Tomala AM, Michalczewski R, Osuch-Slomka E. Interaction of novel lubricant additives based on MoS2 nanotubes with non-ferrous tribological materials. Tribologia.

[47] Tomala A, Ripoll MR, Gabler C, Remškar M, Kalin M. Interactions between MoS2 nanotubes and conventional additives in model oils. Tribology International.

[48] Rodríguez Ripoll M, Tomala A, Gabler C, Dražić G, Pirker L, Remškar M. In situ tribochemical sulfurization of molybdenum oxide nanotubes. Nanoscale. 2018;**10**(7):3281-3290

[49] Tamura Y, Zhao H, Wang C, Morina A, Neville A. Interaction of DLC and B4C coatings with fully formulated oils in boundary lubrication conditions. Tribology International.

[50] Kalin M, Oblak E, Akbari S.

International. 2016;**96**:43-56

[51] Mandrino D, Podgornik B. XPS investigations of tribofilms formed on CrN coatings. Applied Surface Science.

[52] Milewski K, Kudlinski J, Madej M, Ozimina D. The interaction between diamond like carbon (DLC) coatings and ionic liquids under boundary lubrication conditions. Meta.

[53] Podgornik B, Zajec B, Strnad S, Stana-Kleinschek K. Influence of surface energy on the interactions between

Evolution of the nano-scale mechanical properties of tribofilms formed from low- and high-SAPS oils and ZDDP on DLC coatings and steel. Tribology

2013;**34**(6):438-443

2018;**280**(4):127-135

2017;**110**:140-150

2016;**93**:666-680

2017;**396**:554-559

2017;**56**:55-58

[37] Sung LM, Tsai YC. A study on the mathematical models and contact ratios of extended cycloid and cycloid bevel gear sets. Mechanism and Machine

[38] Tsai YC, Hsu WY. The study on the design of spiral bevel gear sets with circular-arc contact paths and tooth profiles. Mechanism and Machine Theory. 2008;**43**:1158-1174

[39] Sekercioglu T, Kovan V. Pitting failure of truck spiral bevel gear. Engineering Failure Analysis.

[40] Park M. Failure analysis of an accessory bevel gear installed on a J69 turbojet engine. Engineering Failure

[41] Fernandes PJL. Tooth bending fatigue failures in gears. Engineering Failure Analysis. 1996;**3**:219-225

[42] Michalczewski R, Kalbarczyk M, Tuszynski W, Szczerek M. The scuffing resistance of WC/C coated spiral bevel gears. Key Engineering Materials.

[43] Tuszynski W, Kalbarczyk M, Michalak M, Michalczewski R, Wieczorek A. The effect of WC/C coating on the wear of bevel gears used in coal mines. Materials Science (Medžiagotyra). 2015;**21**(3):358-363

[44] Instruction Manual of the T-30 Back-to-Back Bevel Gear Test Rig. Radom: ITeE-PIB; 2014. (in Polish)

[45] Basiniuk UL, Levantsevich MA, Maksimchenko NN, Mardasevich AI. Improvement of triboengineering properties and noise reduction of tooth gears by cladding functional coatings

Analysis. 2003;**10**:371-382

**210**

[54] Hassan MBH, Varman M, Mufti RA, Kalam MA, Zulkifli NWBM, Gulzar M. A review on effects of lubricant formulations on tribological performance and boundary lubrication mechanisms of non-doped DLC/ DLC contacts. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences. 2017;**42**(4):267-294

[55] Shankar S, Krishnakumar P. Frictional characteristics of PVD coated mechanical seals against carbon under various classes of liquid lubricants. Industrial Lubrication Tribology. 2016;**68**(5):597-602

[56] Migranov MS, Migranov AM, Minigaleev SM, Shehtman SR. Tribological properties of multilayer coatings for cutting tool. Journal of Friction and Wear. 2018;**39**(3):245-250

[57] Wang B, Li J, Ma F, Xue Q. Tribological dependence of the highperformance ferrous-based coating on different coating counterparts in engine oil. Tribology Transactions. 2016;**59**(3):399-407

[58] Mannan A, Sabri MFM, Kalam MA, Hassan MH. Tribological performance of DLC/DLC and steel/DLC contacts in the presence of additivated oil. International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering. 2018;**12**(1):60-75

### *Edited by Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury*

Tribology has rapidly expanded in recent years as the demand for improved materials has increased. The good function of numerous electrical, electrochemical, mechanical, and biological systems or components depends on suitable friction, lubrication, and wear as well as tribological values. In this context, the study of friction, wear, and lubrication is of tremendous pragmatic importance. The reduction of friction and loss of materials in relative motion are important challenges to improveing energy efficiency.

This book guides the rational design of material for technological application. Chapters cover topics such as the resistance of dry abrasive wear, the role of a brand-new additive in the minimization of friction and wear, the structural-energy model of elastic-plastic deformation, the influence of micro-abrasive wear modes, tribological characteristics of magneto-rheological fluids (MRFs) and magneto-rheological elastomers (MREs), and different treatment technologies to improve tribological properties, among others.

Published in London, UK © 2019 IntechOpen © mofles / iStock

Friction, Lubrication and Wear

Friction,

Lubrication and Wear

*Edited by Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury*