**7. Conclusion**

*Medical Isotopes*

therapeutic index.

anostics [30].

heterogeneity.

target-site.

theranostics).

therapies [31].

**6. Health and safety**

tested carefully.

Here nanomedicine is better as it allows molecular targeting to get higher concentrations of drug molecules at targeted site. Studies have been to make sure that required amount of drug reaches the site actively or passively which ensures better

Few examples of nanomedicine in this context are polymeric micelles, polymerdrug conjugates and liposomes. Whereas traditional small molecular drugs n get eliminated from bloodstream quickly but nanomedicine possess longer half-lives. Furthermore there is enhanced bioavailability and augmented tumor delivery. In addition to it integration of imaging and nanomedicine helps as diagnostic arm of theranostics. The advantages of using such strategy are immense, that will assist in management of oncogenic conditions with the help of ther-

Applications of theranostics in medicine include:

• Better understanding of process of local drug release.

• It is a noninvasive molecular imaging method to evaluate of disease

• Gives better idea about biodistribution and about accumulation of drug at

• Facilitation of drug release (through application of stimuli-responsive

• Prediction of drug responses and associated adverse effects with personalized

Radiopharmaceuticals are as safe as other medicine and before use they are

• The quantity of the pharmaceutical part of the radiopharmaceutical is very small, generally 1/10th of a millionth of an ounce. The risk of a reaction is 2–3 incidents per 100,000 injections, over 50% of which are rashes as compared to

• For childrens most radiopharmaceuticals, the amount of radiation used for a

• Radiopharmaceuticals usually are not recommended for use during pregnancy. This is to avoid exposing the fetus to radiation. His is specially important with radiopharmaceuticals that contain radioactive iodine, which can go to the baby's thyroid gland and in high enough amounts may cause thyroid damage.

• Although exposure to the radioactivity in very large doses can be harmful the radioactivity in radiopharmaceuticals is carefully selected by the nuclear

• If anybody will be receiving albumin in the form of radioiodinated albumin, technetium Tc 99m albumin aggregated, technetium Tc 99m albumin colloid,

2000–3000 per 100,000 injections of X-ray contrast media.

diagnostic test is very low and considered safe [32].

medicine physician to be safe.

**82**

In recent past radiopharmaceuticals made steady progress towards nuclear imaging and therapy. The benefit of molecular imaging and therapy can obtain when required amount of diagnostic probes reaches the targeted site. Effort have been taken in enhancing specificity of targeted radiotracers in both pre-clinical research and clinical trials. In recent discussions the advancement in the said field has been discussed taking into account multi-modal molecular imaging probes for sentinel lymph node mapping and image-guided surgery, radiotracers for targeted imaging of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, along with probes for monitoring therapy responses. For better diagnosis and therapy design of radiopharmaceuticals as well as route of administration plays a major role. At last dose of radioactive medicine should be set with caution to prevent over exposure of patient, the principle of 'As Low as Reasonably Achievable' (ALARA) used for protection of employee as well as general public. The knowledge about medical physics is essential because of interactions between ionizing radiation and biological tissues. According to author we can be optimistic for the future growth of radiopharmaceuticals. This trend can be seen in recent future with the help of thriving research and fast translations into clinic. The high cost, demanding hardware requirements and specialized personnel training are major factors that may confine the development of radiopharmaceuticals. However, the huge needs for nuclear medicine from the public and the benefits to patient care far outweigh the risks.
