*4.1.2 Disadvantages*

*Medical Isotopes*

**3.1 Applications**

of tumors.

cardiac, liver and thyroid cells.

tumors and damaged heart cells [23].

**4.1 Properties of all radiopharmaceutical injectable**

the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test.

• It is used for diagnosis and treatment of patients.

• Treats tumor such as bone metastasis.

• Provide faster onset of relief from pain.

• Single dose is effective for some patients.

• Tests of nuclear medicine can be done on children.

the pH should be 7.5.

*4.1.1 Advantages*

diabetes, gout and anemia.

Applications of different radioactive isotopes in nuclear medicine are [22]:

• Iodine-131 has been used for locating brain tumors, monitor activity of

• Carbon-14 used for determining metabolic changes happening in patients of

• Carbon-11 is used to monitor organs during PET scan by tagging it into glucose.

• Thallium-201 has been in use for determining damage in heart tissue, detection

• Technetium-99m act as radiotracer in medical diagnostics for obtaining the image of organs and study of blood flow. It also crucial for locating brain

**4. Advantages and disadvantages of injectable radiopharmaceuticals**

1.It should be sterile and free from Pyrogens. Sterility means absence of any living things even the spores or any related substances that can develop into something living. Culturing samples with special growth media is most common way to perform the assessment of sterility. Pyrogens are endotoxins that have the ability to cause pyrexia. They cannot be destroyed by autoclave and cannot be filtered. Testing for Pyrogens can be tested by using the rabbit test or

2.The isotonicity of injectable drug should be equal to 0.9% NaCl solution, and

3.In case of radioactive substance dose calibration should be done and it should be within ±10% of the prescribed dose. This calibration provides assurance

• It is commonly used to cure to cancers and can treat many other sites of disease.

that dose is as low as possible and it gives high quality image.

• Cobalt-60 is used in radiation therapy for prevention of cancer.

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