Preface

The topic of turbomachinery is vast and includes all rotating machines that transfer energy between a rotor and a fluid. These include wind turbines, hydro turbines, pumps, fans, and compressors. There is constant improvement in the design, testing, and failure diagnosis of turbomachinery. This book covers some selected topics of turbomachinery, such as advanced measurement techniques, abrasive wear of parts of turbomachinery, and uncertainty analysis. Modern measurement techniques for turbomachinery application including temperature, pressure, velocity, and strain/ stress measurements are included. A chapter is dedicated to methods of evaluation of abrasive wear of pump impellers.

Currently much attention is being given to renewable energy sources, and many countries have set a goal of reaching net zero energy in the near future. Wind turbines are among renewable energy technologies that are intended to help reach the goal of net zero energy in buildings. There are two types of wind turbines that are widely used: horizontal axis and vertical axis wind turbines (HAWTs and VAWTs). VAWTs have fewer parts when compared to HAWTs. VAWTs do not require yaw mechanisms for orienting the wind turbines towards the wind direction; the gearbox and the generator are located on the ground; and the tower does not have to be as strong as those used for HAWTs. Because of these reasons, VAWTs are more practical for residential and small-scale applications. A chapter is dedicated to VAWTs.

> **Getu Hailu** University of Alaska, USA

**1**

Section 1

Introduction

Section 1 Introduction

**3**

**Chapter 1**

*Getu Hailu*

**1. Introduction**

is a turbomachine.

temperature.

Machinery

Introductory Chapter: Rotating

Rotating machinery or turbomachinery is a machine with a rotating component that transfers energy to a fluid or vice versa. Consequently, in a turbomachine there is energy transfer between the fluid and the rotor through dynamic interaction. Generally, if the energy transfer is from the rotor to the fluid, it is either a pump or fan. If the energy transfer is from the fluid to the rotor, then the machine is called turbine. We come across a turbomachine in everyday life. In fact, we come to use a turbomachine at least once in a day. When we dry our hair with a hair dryer, we are using a turbomachine. A hair dryer blows room temperature air over nichrome (alloy of nickel, chromium, and often iron) hot coils speeding up water evaporation. The important component of the hair dryer is the one that blows air (aka fan). This component is a turbomachine. Another commonly used household machine is the clothes washer. The washing machines need to drain the used dirty water and replace it with fresh water. To do so an important component of a washing machine is a pump that is used to remove the dirty water and supply fresh water. This pump

If you own a car, you know how important it is to maintain an optimum operating temperature of your car. A water pump (hydrodynamic pump) is essential to your car's operation. The pump ensures that the coolant keeps circulating through the engine block, hoses, and radiator and maintains an optimum operating

Another everyday example is a kitchen vent. Fans inside the kitchen vent that pull the fumes in and push them via ductwork to the outside or through filters (that

All these components, the little fan in our computer which helps maintain the temperature of our computer or the ceiling fan which provides the thermal comfort needed in summer times, have certain types of geometry and shapes. You have probably noticed the difference in shapes and the number of blades between a windmill and modern wind turbine. These shapes and numbers are a result of

As turbomachines are key machines used in power generation and energy conversion, recent research focus has been on improving the aero-thermal performance of these machines and their efficiencies. In the aviation industry, research

Besides a washing machine, a dishwasher, or a kitchen vent, when we are writing on our laptop/desktop, when we turn on the bathroom vent, and when we turn on a

remove odors) and vent them back into the room are turbomachines.

desktop fan or a ceiling fan, we are using turbomachines.

**2. Advances in rotating machinery research**

careful analysis of fluid flow or air flow through these machines.

## **Chapter 1**

## Introductory Chapter: Rotating Machinery

*Getu Hailu*

## **1. Introduction**

Rotating machinery or turbomachinery is a machine with a rotating component that transfers energy to a fluid or vice versa. Consequently, in a turbomachine there is energy transfer between the fluid and the rotor through dynamic interaction. Generally, if the energy transfer is from the rotor to the fluid, it is either a pump or fan. If the energy transfer is from the fluid to the rotor, then the machine is called turbine.

We come across a turbomachine in everyday life. In fact, we come to use a turbomachine at least once in a day. When we dry our hair with a hair dryer, we are using a turbomachine. A hair dryer blows room temperature air over nichrome (alloy of nickel, chromium, and often iron) hot coils speeding up water evaporation. The important component of the hair dryer is the one that blows air (aka fan). This component is a turbomachine. Another commonly used household machine is the clothes washer. The washing machines need to drain the used dirty water and replace it with fresh water. To do so an important component of a washing machine is a pump that is used to remove the dirty water and supply fresh water. This pump is a turbomachine.

If you own a car, you know how important it is to maintain an optimum operating temperature of your car. A water pump (hydrodynamic pump) is essential to your car's operation. The pump ensures that the coolant keeps circulating through the engine block, hoses, and radiator and maintains an optimum operating temperature.

Another everyday example is a kitchen vent. Fans inside the kitchen vent that pull the fumes in and push them via ductwork to the outside or through filters (that remove odors) and vent them back into the room are turbomachines.

Besides a washing machine, a dishwasher, or a kitchen vent, when we are writing on our laptop/desktop, when we turn on the bathroom vent, and when we turn on a desktop fan or a ceiling fan, we are using turbomachines.

All these components, the little fan in our computer which helps maintain the temperature of our computer or the ceiling fan which provides the thermal comfort needed in summer times, have certain types of geometry and shapes. You have probably noticed the difference in shapes and the number of blades between a windmill and modern wind turbine. These shapes and numbers are a result of careful analysis of fluid flow or air flow through these machines.

### **2. Advances in rotating machinery research**

As turbomachines are key machines used in power generation and energy conversion, recent research focus has been on improving the aero-thermal performance of these machines and their efficiencies. In the aviation industry, research

has focused on reducing environmental impact and fuel consumption. Most of the current research in rotating machinery is concentrated mainly in the following areas [1–7]:


Although turbomachines are one of the most widely used machines, the two main areas of applications are power generation and propulsion. Current high-level research topics related to power generation turbines include numerical modeling of two-phase flow fields, and research efforts are aimed at reducing erosion (cavitation erosion and liquid drop erosion) in these machines [8, 9, 10]. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is being increasingly used to assess blade design with respect to aero-elastic instability for improving component life span and efficiency [11]. CFD analysis is used to minimize cavitation effects in hydraulic turbines, thus leading to better performance, efficiency, and cost savings. Identification of alternative fuels emission reduction is another area of research as environmental regulations get stricter. Research focus includes studying the combustion characteristics of alternative fuels (ethanol, palm methyl ester (PME), dimethyl ester (DME), hydrogen/ syngas, and biofuels [12–17]).

## **3. Concluding remarks**

Turbomachines are essential for they have key applications including power generation. Consequently, research and development is driven by the relevant industry. Research focus thus is on increased efficiency (geared toward cost savings), reliability (increasing life span of a component), and sustainability (driven by stricter regulations). CFD has emerged to be important in designing and analyzing turbomachinery components.

## **Author details**

Getu Hailu Mechanical Engineering, University of Alaska Anchorage, United States

\*Address all correspondence to: ghailu@alaska.edu

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**5**

*Introductory Chapter: Rotating Machinery DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89276*

**References**

[1] Srinivas G, Raghunandana K, Satish Shenoy B. Recent developments in turbomachinery component materials and manufacturing challenges for aero engine applications. Materials Science and Engineering. 2018;**314**:012012

simulation of wet steam two-phase flow in the last-stage stationary blade of super-critical steam turbine. In: DRPT 2011-2011 4th International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies.

[9] Li N, Zhou Q, Chen X, Xu T, Hui S, Zhang D. Liquid drop impact on solid surface with application to water drop erosion on turbine blades, part I: Nonlinear wave model and solution of one-dimensional impact. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 2008;**50**(10-11):1526-1542

[10] Zhou Q, Li N, Chen X, Xu T, Hui S, Zhang D. Liquid drop impact on solid surface with application to water drop erosion on turbine blades, part II: Axisymmetric solution and erosion analysis. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 2008;**50**(10-11):1543-1558

[11] Rice T, Bell D, Singh G.

Identification of the stability margin between safe operation and the onset of blade flutter. Journal of Turbomachinery. 2009;**131**(1):011009

[12] Haas FM, Chaos M, Dryer FL. Low and intermediate temperature oxidation of ethanol and ethanol-PRF blends: An experimental and modeling study. Combustion and Flame. 2009;**156**(12):2346-2350

[13] Hashimoto N, Ozawa Y, Mori N, Yuri I, Hisamatsu T. Fundamental combustion characteristics of palm methyl ester (PME) as alternative fuel

[14] Lee MC, Bin Seo S, Chung JH, Joo YJ, Ahn DH. Industrial gas turbine

combustion performance test of DME to use as an alternative fuel for power generation. Fuel. 2009;**87**(15-16):3373-3378

for gas turbines. Fuel. 2008

2011

[2] Chandrasekhar U, Yang L-J, Gowthaman S, editors. Innovative Design, Analysis and Development Practices in Aerospace and Automotive Engineering (I-DAD 2018). Springer: Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.; 2019

[3] Kelkar R, Andreaco A, Ott E, Groh J. Alloy 718: Laser powder bed additive manufacturing for turbine applications. In: Ott E et al, editors. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Superalloy 718 & Derivatives: Energy, Aerospace, and Industrial Applications. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Cham:

[4] Liu R, Wang Z, Sparks T, Liou F, Newkirk J. Aerospace component repair with additive manufacturing. In: Laser Additive Manufacturing. Elsevier; 2017

[5] Amirante D, Hills NJ, Barnes CJ. A moving mesh algorithm for aerothermo-mechanical modelling in

Gaudenzi P. Numerical solution for a fluid-active structure interaction. In: 19th International Conference on Adaptive Structures and Technologies

[7] Wang Y, Cai X, Ma X, Tan J, Liu D, Ren D. Meshfree simulation of flow around airfoil using different turbulent models. Progress in Computational Fluid Dynamics: An International

[8] Xie DM, Shi Y, Li WF, Hou YM, Yu XG, and Qin HS. Numerical

[6] Bucchi A, Xing JT, and

2008, ICAST 2008; 2008

Journal. 2017;**17**(2)

turbomachinery. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids. 2012;**70**(9)

Springer; 2018

*Introductory Chapter: Rotating Machinery DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89276*

## **References**

*Rotating Machinery*

and experimental measurement)

• Turbomachinery materials performance enhancement

pumps, and wind turbines

• Optimization methods

syngas, and biofuels [12–17]).

ing turbomachinery components.

**3. Concluding remarks**

[1–7]:

**4**

**Author details**

Mechanical Engineering, University of Alaska Anchorage, United States

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

has focused on reducing environmental impact and fuel consumption. Most of the current research in rotating machinery is concentrated mainly in the following areas

• Fluid dynamics of turbomachinery (numerical simulation, theoretical model,

• Noise reduction methods and noise testing technologies in fans, compressors,

Although turbomachines are one of the most widely used machines, the two main areas of applications are power generation and propulsion. Current high-level research topics related to power generation turbines include numerical modeling of two-phase flow fields, and research efforts are aimed at reducing erosion (cavitation erosion and liquid drop erosion) in these machines [8, 9, 10]. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is being increasingly used to assess blade design with respect to aero-elastic instability for improving component life span and efficiency [11]. CFD analysis is used to minimize cavitation effects in hydraulic turbines, thus leading to better performance, efficiency, and cost savings. Identification of alternative fuels emission reduction is another area of research as environmental regulations get stricter. Research focus includes studying the combustion characteristics of alternative fuels (ethanol, palm methyl ester (PME), dimethyl ester (DME), hydrogen/

Turbomachines are essential for they have key applications including power generation. Consequently, research and development is driven by the relevant industry. Research focus thus is on increased efficiency (geared toward cost savings), reliability (increasing life span of a component), and sustainability (driven by stricter regulations). CFD has emerged to be important in designing and analyz-

\*Address all correspondence to: ghailu@alaska.edu

provided the original work is properly cited.

Getu Hailu

[1] Srinivas G, Raghunandana K, Satish Shenoy B. Recent developments in turbomachinery component materials and manufacturing challenges for aero engine applications. Materials Science and Engineering. 2018;**314**:012012

[2] Chandrasekhar U, Yang L-J, Gowthaman S, editors. Innovative Design, Analysis and Development Practices in Aerospace and Automotive Engineering (I-DAD 2018). Springer: Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.; 2019

[3] Kelkar R, Andreaco A, Ott E, Groh J. Alloy 718: Laser powder bed additive manufacturing for turbine applications. In: Ott E et al, editors. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Superalloy 718 & Derivatives: Energy, Aerospace, and Industrial Applications. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Cham: Springer; 2018

[4] Liu R, Wang Z, Sparks T, Liou F, Newkirk J. Aerospace component repair with additive manufacturing. In: Laser Additive Manufacturing. Elsevier; 2017

[5] Amirante D, Hills NJ, Barnes CJ. A moving mesh algorithm for aerothermo-mechanical modelling in turbomachinery. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids. 2012;**70**(9)

[6] Bucchi A, Xing JT, and Gaudenzi P. Numerical solution for a fluid-active structure interaction. In: 19th International Conference on Adaptive Structures and Technologies 2008, ICAST 2008; 2008

[7] Wang Y, Cai X, Ma X, Tan J, Liu D, Ren D. Meshfree simulation of flow around airfoil using different turbulent models. Progress in Computational Fluid Dynamics: An International Journal. 2017;**17**(2)

[8] Xie DM, Shi Y, Li WF, Hou YM, Yu XG, and Qin HS. Numerical

simulation of wet steam two-phase flow in the last-stage stationary blade of super-critical steam turbine. In: DRPT 2011-2011 4th International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies. 2011

[9] Li N, Zhou Q, Chen X, Xu T, Hui S, Zhang D. Liquid drop impact on solid surface with application to water drop erosion on turbine blades, part I: Nonlinear wave model and solution of one-dimensional impact. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 2008;**50**(10-11):1526-1542

[10] Zhou Q, Li N, Chen X, Xu T, Hui S, Zhang D. Liquid drop impact on solid surface with application to water drop erosion on turbine blades, part II: Axisymmetric solution and erosion analysis. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 2008;**50**(10-11):1543-1558

[11] Rice T, Bell D, Singh G. Identification of the stability margin between safe operation and the onset of blade flutter. Journal of Turbomachinery. 2009;**131**(1):011009

[12] Haas FM, Chaos M, Dryer FL. Low and intermediate temperature oxidation of ethanol and ethanol-PRF blends: An experimental and modeling study. Combustion and Flame. 2009;**156**(12):2346-2350

[13] Hashimoto N, Ozawa Y, Mori N, Yuri I, Hisamatsu T. Fundamental combustion characteristics of palm methyl ester (PME) as alternative fuel for gas turbines. Fuel. 2008

[14] Lee MC, Bin Seo S, Chung JH, Joo YJ, Ahn DH. Industrial gas turbine combustion performance test of DME to use as an alternative fuel for power generation. Fuel. 2009;**87**(15-16):3373-3378

[15] Miyama N, Inaba K, Yamamoto M. Numerical simulation of tip leakage vortex effect on hydrogen-combustion flow around 3D turbine blade. Journal of Thermal Science. 2008;**17**(2):186-192

[16] Chaos M, Dryer FL. Syngas combustion kinetics and applications. Combustion Science and Technology. 2008;**180**(6):1053-1096

[17] Gupta KK, Rehman A, Sarviya RM. Bio-fuels for the gas turbine: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2010;**14**(9):2946-2955

Section 2

Measurement, Control and

Uncertainty Analysis of

Turbo Machines

7

## Section 2
