**6. Social media and mobile device use**

*Interactive Multimedia - Multimedia Production and Digital Storytelling*

reality in many countries. Telepathology is an efficient and cost-effective means for inter-professional histopathology consultation, pathology working groups, and peer review, facilitating collaboration and sound science and economic benefits by enabling more timely and informed clinical decisions. In 1986, the mane of telepathology was coined by Dr. Ron Weinstein. Differently, from the meta- or diachronous virtual microscopy, telepathology is a singular specifically synchronous two-way communication between the host and recipient. Telepathology has also been variously named: teleconsultation, telemicroscopy, teleconferencing, remote robotic microscopy, and web conferencing. In 1987, Weinstein first reported telepathology and the network of pathology diagnostic services on breast tissues by remote workstation-controlled light microscope attached to a highresolution video camera and a telecommunication linkage [28]. Since the 1990s, similar analog technologies have been used for remote intraoperative frozen section services in northern Norway of Scandinavia [29, 30]. Telepathology is currently used for several fields of pathology, including cytopathology and ultrastructural pathology [31–36]. The approval of the Food and Drug Administration of the United States (US FDA) of these different methodologies has broadened a field in laboratory services, which was not known before [37, 38]. The three major telepathology supported systems currently used are static, real-time, and, of course, virtual microscopy. In the static system, pre-captured still digital images are deposited on a secure server with encryption. The disadvantages of static telepathology are that the operator controls everything including acquiring the images, while the audience is passive participants. In teleconsultation, the consultant histopathologist has no remote control of the physical microscopic glass slide and has limited fields of view to examine. Static TP systems are, nevertheless, welcome in some parts of the world with limited resources, shortages of particularly trained personnel, and lack of continuing professional education programs [39]. Tele-oncology has been proved to facilitate access to care and decrease health care costs with teleconsultations may take place in a syn-, asynchronous, or blended format. There are a few examples of successful applications that include cancer telegenetics, bundling of cancer-related telepathology-supported applications, remote chemotherapy supervision, symptom management, survivorship care, palliative care, and multidisciplinary approaches to increase access to cancer clinical trials [40]. It is careful to be a simple, cost-effective, reliable and efficient means to provide diagnostic and educational support to pathologists in the developing world improving pathology and laboratory medicine in low-income and middle-income countries. New technologies, including point-of-care testing and telepathology, can partake a substantial role in service delivery of laboratory medicine and pathology if used appropriately [41]. The physical geography of Canada is extensively varied with boreal forests prevailing throughout the country and ice areas prominently in northern Arctic regions and through the Rocky Mountains, and the flat Canadian Prairies in the southwest of the country. There is the vast distance between some parts of the country and telepathology is playing a significant role in some areas [42–44]. In the University Health Network (UHN), is a multi-site academic institution in Toronto. The UHN comprises several downtown hospitals and remote hospitals in Northern Ontario, WSI has been effectively utilized for telepathology in primary intraoperative frozen section diagnosis and secondary/tertiary teleconsultation [43, 45]. Likewise, in the Province of Quebec, the implementation of the telepathology project (Eastern Quebec) provides uniform frozen section diagnosis and teleconsultation services across a vast geographic region comprising up to 21 sites [44]. Real-time and WSI/ virtual microscopy in telepathology systems may be implemented in the Prairies

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There is a terrific increase of time pathologists spend on the internet to search for pathologies, criteria or images that may help them in narrowing the differential diagnosis of challenging cases. The advances in computing power, cheaper prices for single device, and the exponential growth of web search for online learning resources have permitted the launch of platforms that are internet-based that are helping for publication and digital education. There are numerous digital atlases online, and there is a proliferation of multiple web-based technologies for continuing professional development of human and veterinary pathologist at a pace that we were not thinking before [46–57]. Telepathology using smartphones and tablets with Skype and its alternatives, including FaceTime, Viber, Talky, WeChat, and WhatsApp, among others, for live, synchronous online communication are feasible for clinical and educational uses [58]. The purpose of an iPad tablet or similar android device to download digitalized images of gross and microscopic pathology from a Web server for E-learning has been found to provide a satisfactory solution in low-resource countries as well as in the middle- and high-resource countries, because the pathologist can directly access the information at fingertip [59]. In a review of social media use in medical education, the incorporation of social media tools boosted the engagement of the learners, feedback from the audience and tighter collaboration and professional development [60–64]. Although probably up to a few years ago, the most commonly cited challenges were technical issues, variable learner motivation, and privacy/security concerns, currently, the high-speed internet, the increased competition among learners in a highly competitive world, and the use of https protocols with 2-key authentication seem to have demolished the above-raised challenges.

## **7. Artificial intelligence as the "third revolution in pathology"**

In the 1980s the introduction of immunohistochemistry or the application of immunologic methods using antibodies against specific epitopes in situ directly on the tissue allowed a complete change of various diagnoses based exclusively on morphologic criteria. The identification of cell of origin and differentiation pathways allowed the re-classification of numerous pathologies, e.g., malignant Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with the acquisition of knowledge that will shape the advancements in hematology and hematopathology for decades [65, 66]. The introduction of genomic and proteomic platforms may also represent an important revolution, probably, the second one after the immunohistochemistry. The genomic and proteomic medicine identified a new niche in medicine that has been focused for years from investigators of public health issues, i.e., precision medicine [67–71]. The "Third Revolution" in pathology is probably represented by the artificial intelligence (AI) [72]. AI is defined as intelligence demonstrated by machines, differently from the natural intelligence displayed by humans and specific animals. Thus, any device that perceives its surroundings and takes actions that maximize its chance of successfully achieving its goals may be considered showing an AI behavior. The correct acquisition and interpretation of external data and the integration of such data and results with the surrounding is the principle of the adoption by the machine of flexible adaptation.
