**Author details**

Nadia Diyana Mohd Muhaiyuddin1 \* and Dayang Rohaya Awang Rambli2

1 School of Multimedia Technology and Communication (SMMTC), Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Kedah, Malaysia

2 Department of Computer, Information, and System (CIS), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Perak, Malaysia

\*Address all correspondence to: nadia.diyana@uum.edu.my

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**191**

2011. pp. 26-28

*Calmness in Virtual Environments Enhance User's Spatial Presence Experience*

[11] Wirth W et al. A Process Model of the Formation of Spatial Presence

[12] Hofer M, Wirth W, Kuehne R, Schramm H, Sacau A. Structural equation modeling of spatial presence: The influence of cognitive processes and traits. Media Psychology.

[13] Hartmann T et al. The spatial presence experience scale (SPES): A short self-report measure for diverse media settings. Journal of Media

[14] Schubert TW. A new conception of spatial presence: Once again, with feeling. Communication Theory. 2009;**19**:161-187. ISSN: 1050-3293

[15] Willans T. Spatial presence in virtual worlds as a perceptual emotion: An expansion on cognitive feeling? In: 2012 Sixth International Conference on Complex, Intelligent, and Software Intensive Systems; 2012. pp. 899-904

[16] Tomico O, Karapanos E, Lévy P, Mizutani N. The repertory grid technique as a method for the study of cultural differences. International

Journal of Design. 2009;**3**(3)

2006;**26**(4):309-320

Display; 2004. pp. 4-7

[19] Baños R, Botella C, Liaño V, Guerrero B, Rey B, Alcañiz M. "Sense of Presence in Emotional Virtual Environments," No. 12004. pp. 156-159

[17] de Kort YAW, Meijnders AL, Sponselee AAG, IJsselsteijn WA. What's wrong with virtual trees? Restoring from stress in a mediated environment. Journal of Environmental Psychology.

[18] Serafin S. Sound design to enhance presence in photorealistic virtual reality. In: Proceedings of the 2004 International Conference on Auditory

Experiences. 2003

2012;**15**(4):373-395

Psychology. 2015

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82862*

[1] Williams P. Virtual reality and tourism: Fact or fantasy? Tourism Management. 1995;**16**(6):423-427

[2] Guttentag DA. Virtual reality: Applications and implications for tourism. Tourism Management.

[3] Luciani A, Urma D, Marlière S, Chevrier J. PRESENCE: The sense of believability of inaccessible worlds. Computers and Graphics.

[4] Casati R, Pasquinelli E. Is the subjective feel of 'presence' an uninteresting goal? Journal of Visual Languages and Computing.

[5] Jeong EJ, Biocca FA, Bohil CJ. Sensory realism and mediated

[6] Wirth W et al. A process model of the formation of spatial presence experiences. Media Psychology.

[7] Vorderer P et al. MEC Spatial Presence Questionnaire. 2004

[9] Sacau A, Laarni J, Hartmann T. Influence of individual factors on presence. Computers in Human Behavior. 2008;**24**(5):2255-2273

[10] Lukowska M. "Influence of shifting attention and absorption on spatial presence formation." In: The International Society for Presence Research Annual Conference (ISPR);

[8] Wirth W, Hofer M, Schramm H. The role of emotional involvement and trait absorption in the formation of spatial presence. Media Psychology.

aggression in video games. Computers in Human Behavior. 2012;**28**(5):1840-1848

**References**

2010;**31**(5):637-651

2004;**28**(4):509-517

2005;**16**(5):428-441

2007;**9**(3):493-525

2012;**15**(1):19-43

*Calmness in Virtual Environments Enhance User's Spatial Presence Experience DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82862*
