Contents


Preface

The integration of recent and emerging energy technologies in the existing electric grid requires modifications in several aspects of the grid, including its architecture, protection, operation, and control. Micro-grid provides a solution for integrating distributed energy resources (DERs) such as renewable energy generation, energy storage systems, electric vehicles, controllable loads, etc. and delivers flexibility, security, and reliability by operating in both grid-connected and isolated modes.

This book provides an overview of micro-grid solutions, applications, and implementations. State-of-the-art methods for micro-grid operation, optimization, and control are presented. Distributed energy resources and their interactions in micro-grids are also studied. In addition, micro-grid designs and architectures are covered, as are micro-grid protection strategies and schemes for different operation modes. This book presents a new model for urban development using micro-grid features and technologies. Furthermore, IEEE Standards for AC and DC micro-grids are investigated.

Section 1 includes three chapters covering micro-grid implementations for different applications, while Section 2 includes a chapter covering optimization and control

Finally, Section 3 includes two chapters covering protection of micro-grids with

Chapter 1 develops a novel model for urban development and design based on micro-grid solutions. Several technologies such as conventional fossil-fueled and steam-powered generation, renewable wind and solar systems, and energy storage devices are included in the model with the objective of optimizing the building design to maximize such assets. A commercial tower with real-world data is studied to demonstrate the economic and environmental advantages of the proposed

The model is based on trigeneration of power. Conventional generators produce electricity and heat at the first stage, which is used to power a steam turbine to produce more electricity at the second stage. The third stage of trigeneration is to use the remaining exhaust heat to provide building heat, hot water, and air conditioning. Renewable solar and wind power supplement the system. The design includes energy storage systems to help balance the power over peak and off-peak load periods.

The study demonstrates that the proposed model balances load and generation capability on a large scale, allowing the construction of large numbers of buildings to accommodate increasing populations with essentially no impact on the existing power distribution infrastructure. It is also environmentally sustainable, producing fewer emissions than a traditional development on the same scale. The economic and environmental advantages of this development model provide an opportunity

The book is organized in three sections and six chapters.

development model over traditional developments.

to promote general welfare.

of micro-grids for power quality issues.

DERs.
