**4. Discussion**

102 Post Traumatic Stress Disorders in a Global Context

4. I felt afraid for my safety 3.02 (1.04, 5.00) <0.01 1.21 (0.24, 2.17) 0.02 5. I felt guilt that more was 1.43 (-0.97, 3.83) 0.24 0.23 (-0.92, 1.38) 0.69

6. I felt ashamed of my reactions 0.76 (-2.47, 3.99) 0.81 0.53 (-1.01, 2.07) 0.50 7. I felt worried about others 1.40 (-0.66, 3.46) 0.18 0.20 (-0.80, 1.19) 0.70 8. I was about to lose control 2.31 (-0.82, 5.45) 0.15 0.07 (-1.45, 1.59) 0.93 9. I had difficulty controlling 1.39 (-3.89, 6.67) 0.60 0.84 (-1.68, 3.36) 0.51

10. I was horrified 3.41 (1.46, 5.37) <0.01 0.99 (0.01, 1.97) 0.047 11. I had physical reactions like 4.04 (2.14, 5.93) <0.01 1.64 (0.71, 2.58) <0.01

12. I felt I might pass out 0.90 (-1.12, 2.92) 0.38 0.51 (-0.45, 1.48) 0.29 13. I felt I might die 2.63 (0.74, 4.52) <0.01 1.00 (0.08, 1.92) 0.03 PDI total score 0.61 (0.34, 0.89) <0.01 0.21 (0.07, 0.35) <0.01

PDI total score 0.49 (0.18, 0.80) <0.01 0.15 (0.00, 0.30) 0.046 \*In the multivariate analysis, the predictive value of the PDI was adjusted for 7 covariates; age at MVA, being a female, history of psychiatric illness, family history of psychopathology, education level, heart

P, p value; CI, confidential interval; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; IES-R, the Impact of

The relationships between total score on the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory and total score and individual subscale scores on the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory are shown in Table 2.

PDI total score (independent variable)

Table 1. The predictive value of the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory for Impact of Event

Scale-Revised and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale at follow-up (N=79)

Beta 95%CI P value R2

Relating to others 0.25 0.02 – 0.48 0.03 0.09 New possibilities 0.14 -0.02 – 0.30 0.08 0.06 Personal strength 0.06 -0.07 – 0.18 0.36 0.02 Spiritual change 0.07 0.01 – 0.11 0.03 0.10 Appreciation of life 0.20 0.10 – 0.30 <0.01 0.26 PTGI total score 0.72 0.12 – 1.31 0.02 0.11

CI, confidential interval; PDI, Peritraumatic Distress Inventory; PTGI, Posttraumatic Growth Inventory;

R2, multiple correlation coefficient, the index of goodness fitness in the model Table 2. The predictive value of the PDI for PTGI at follow-up (N=51)

PDI item IES-R HADS

not done

my bowel and bladder

Multivariate regression analysis\*

rate at admission and Injury Severity Score.

PTGI subscales (dependent variables)

Event Scale-Revised; PDI, the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory

pounding heart
