**A: Exposure to a traumatic event**

10 Post Traumatic Stress Disorders in a Global Context

fears related to the trauma event, and pessimistic attitudes reflecting a sense of hopelessness about the future and life in general. The behavioral presentation of a child or adolescent experiencing PTSD or symptoms of PTSD may also include problems with verbalization and extremes of disconnections (no close relationships) or false connections (perceiving close relationships where none exist). Additionally, the diagnosis of PTSD cannot be made on the basis of the child's affective presentation alone (e.g. crying, sadness, or expressions of

terror).

The symptoms of PTSD include:




the experience Warning symptoms of PTSD: -






summarized as [36,37]:

would be handled more calmly - Sleep problems (too little, too much) - Depression, anxiety, or anger - Depending too much on others - Verbal or physical family violence









*Diagnostic criteria*: The diagnostic criteria for PTSD, stipulated in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (Text Revision) (DSM-IV-TR), may be






This must have involved both (a) loss of "physical integrity", or risk of serious injury or death, to self or others, and (b) an intense negative emotional response.
