**Acknowledgements**

This work was in part supported by Grants from Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Kakenhi, Grant Nos. 16H04981, 18 K14520 and 19H03049; Sumitomo Grant No. 180959.

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**Author details**

Tapas Chakraborty1

\*, Sipra Mohapatra1

\*Address all correspondence to: tchakraborty83@gmail.com

provided the original work is properly cited.

1 South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, Ainan, Japan

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

2 College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, India

, Chimwar Wanglar2

and Dipak Pandey1

*Applied Molecular Cloning: Present and Future for Aquaculture*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88197*

*Applied Molecular Cloning: Present and Future for Aquaculture DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88197*

*Synthetic Biology - New Interdisciplinary Science*

diagnosis.

ments for aquaculture betterment.

**Acknowledgements**

Sumitomo Grant No. 180959.

imply necessarily that it is responsible for or even involved in a disease. Effective use of these techniques will reduce economic losses as well as risk of infection among wild fish species. Taking advantage of the numerous tissue specific sequence information available in the database, predictions of gene function by bioinformatics tools such as *in silico* and *in vitro* can be employed to identify candidate genes responsible for diseases or disease resistance that will reduce labor and cost of diagnosis and treatment. *In silico* approaches use computational tools to analyze raw DNA sequence data to simulate and predict the function and structural features of protein. In addition, the use of *in vitro* organoid models that refer to growing stem cells in 3D to generate cellular units that mimic an organ in both structure and function, is advancing rapidly. This method can also be applied in fish to study organ development, reproductive enhancement, fast tract selective breeding, disease and drug interactions as well. The new diagnostic techniques like, droplet digital PCR, Hybrid fusion FISH might improve the credibility and cost effectiveness of disease

Genome editing though has the advantage over traditional selective breeding and a trait can be introduced in a single generation without disrupting a favorable genetic background. Many traits of great significance in aquaculture could be targets for improvement by genome editing, including growth and reproductive performance, disease resistance, feed conversion efficiency, and tolerance to environmental stressors (temperature, salinity and oxygen). Keeping the animal welfare issues of "genetically modified organisms" in mind, fish that carry more muscle mass have also been produced by the disruption of a single gene (Myostatin, an inhibitor of skeletal muscle growth) in Common carp, Tilapia, Red sea bream and Japanese anchovy [74, 75, 82, 91]. But still the key question is whether the precise natural genome modifications will find greater public acceptance and make a way to commercial aquaculture. The long-term impacts of these non-transgenic GMOs on wild biodiversity and environment are an uncharted area too. So, in the coming era, we must rethink to what extent we can and should use these molecular advance-

This work was in part supported by Grants from Ministry of Education, Culture,

Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Kakenhi, Grant Nos. 16H04981, 18 K14520 and 19H03049;

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