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**Chapter 4**

**Abstract**

farming.

**1. Introduction**

Aquaculture

*and Dipak Pandey*

Applied Molecular Cloning:

*Tapas Chakraborty, Sipra Mohapatra, Chimwar Wanglar* 

With the grim picture of millions of people living in poverty and hunger, there is also an international alarm over future world food supply. This global concern of food scarcity has established the need to not only increase the production of traditional staples but also fisheries and aquaculture. Genetically, physiologically and phenotypically, fish are the most diverse group of livings. Similar to mammals, molecular biology is being extensively used in aquaculture, be it in disease management, or growth and reproduction enhancement. In this chapter we aim to discuss the molecular methodologies applied to uplift and attain sustainability in aqua

**Keywords:** aquaculture, fish, disease diagnosis, genome editing, genomic marker

Agriculture, livestock (bird, cattle, pig, etc.) farming and fish rearing are traditionally used to cater the nutritional requirement since ages. Evidence of agriculture, including meat farming, can be found as far back as the end of the Pleistocene Era, roughly around 12,000 years ago. In contrast, fish have only been farmed in aquaculture setting for over 2000 years [1]. Our world roughly comprises of 70% water and majority of them are unutilized due to inadequate knowledge and resources. Additionally, the availability of terrestrial space of agriculture and livestock farming are now on a decline. The lower FCR values of various aquaculturable species (e.g., cobia 0.96–1.50:1) than various terrestrial animals (e.g., cattle 5.15–6.95:1; poultry 2.13–2.61:1) [2, 3] are not only important for reducing the production cost but also have less environmental burden to bear. However, aquaculture, the farming of fish and aquatic plants, is the fastest growing food sector in the world, recently (since 1970s) growing exponentially to meet the increasing population and declining wild fish stock availability. The aquaculture industry's contribution to the total food supply has increased dramatically since 2000–2012 by 6.2% [4], and it is expected that by 2030, 60% of the total fish supply intended for direct human consumption will be produced by the aquaculture industry [5]. With the development of new and environment friendly Silvofisheries (fish integrated with mangroves), Aquaponics and IMTA

Present and Future for
