**4.2 Infrastructures and development**

The major infrastructures like road, hydropower, irrigation, water supply, housing, tourism and communication are associated with socioeconomic development of the developing country. Monsoon floods, landslides, and siltation-damaged infrastructures impede the developmental activities and affects transportation facility, electricity supply, industry, business, markets, and other allied activities. Furthermore, more extreme events associated with climate change forebodes great threat on infrastructures with increased instances of drainage congestion, scouring, inundation, slope instability, land subsidence, erosion, and collapse of structures. The existing roads, bridges, water supply and sanitation, settlement, hydropower and irrigation are affecting seasonally due to flooding, landslides, and debris deposits cause large impacts on socioeconomic development of the country. The degradation of key natural resources land, water, and forests and impacts on agriculture and livestock farming, agricultural production, transportation, infrastructure, forest-based industries, and hydropower, are associated with intensifies disasters such as landslides, floods, soil erosion drought and storms.
