**2. Conclusion**

*Recent Advancements in the Metallurgical Engineering and Electrodeposition*

structure with only BCC [105].

properties, and readily forms alloys [110, 111].

Chromium, on the other hand, is generally used in metallurgy to impart corrosion resistance, and it also has good strengthening effect of forming stable metal carbides at the grain boundaries of its alloying counterpart [112, 113]. Chromium has excellent mechanical properties such as high corrosion and wear resistance. Therefore, in alloying, it finds a good match with Ni to form Ni-Cr alloys when used with Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al for making landing gear, wind turbine, engine components, and many other industrial and mechanical components where high wear-resistance is needed such as in aerospace applications. The structure of Ni-Cr alloys depends on the percentage composition of nickel or chromium, and the temperature. It is noteworthy that Ni-Cr alloys will be dominated by the π phase, which tends to be

structure [103]. Another typical example is the AlxCoCrFeNi (molar percentage, 2 ≥ x ≥ 0) system prepared by arc melting [104]. The CoCrFeNi as-cast alloy has a solid-solution phase of pure FCC. The AlxCoCrFeNi system changes the crystal structure from FCC to FCC + BCC phases by increasing the Al molar percentage from 0 to 2 and finally to a single BCC phase [104]. A typical TaNbHfZr alloy has a

Alloy design is a novel means of maximizing and synergizing metal counterparts in HEA multi-material systems. The design encompasses several considerations such as atomic radius, solid solution solubility, powder stoichiometry, processing technique, and the processing conditions or parameters chosen. Thus, HEAs possess dynamic and exceptional properties, such as high hardness and strength profiles, good oxidation and corrosion resistance, and high-temperature softening resistance, which are crucial in prospective engineering applications. HEAs fabricated by SPS have been reported to possess excellent densification properties, as well as high strength and hardness profile. Mohanty et al. [106] research output on a multicomponent equiatomic AlCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy developed by spark plasma sintering established a high mechanical strength. The sintered samples at the optimum temperature of 1273 K displayed the highest microhardness. Fang et al. [85] also researched the mechanical behavior of Al0.5CrFeNiCo0.3C0.2 high entropy alloy. They recorded a compressive strength of 2131 MPa and a Vickers microhardness of 617 HV of the Al0.5CrFeNiCo0.3C0.2 high entropy alloy. Zhao et al. [107] fabricated HEAs on a carbon steel substrate via spark plasma sintering, which are considered as excellent coating materials due to their high hardness, good wear, and corrosion resistance. The microstructure evolved from FCC to FCC + BCC mixed structure. AlxCrFeCoNiCu (x = 0, 1, 2, 3) coating has an average hardness of approximately 682 HV0.2, which is the highest hardness in all the HEA coatings. Compared with AISI 52100 steel, spark plasma sintered Al2CrFeCoNiCu and Al3Cr-FeCoNiCu HEA coatings show exceptional sliding wear resistance and extremely low friction coefficient in comparison with AISI 52100 steel. Al3CrFeCoNiCu HEA coating wear resistance is approximately four times better than that of bearing steel, showing a promising application as a wear-resistant material According to Chen et al. [108], research outputs of several literature studies indicate that the addition of Ni to Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al is beneficial to the improved mechanical performances of the HEA, making the HEA a good material for high-temperature applications. Nickel is the fifth most common element on earth's crust. As a high-profile element with a good property suited for diverse applications especially that of the aerospace industry, there is no substitute for Ni without reducing performance or increasing cost. The biggest use of nickel is in alloying, particularly with chromium and other metals to produce stainless and heat-resisting steels constituting 65% production [109]. Another 20% is mostly used for highly specialized industrial, aerospace, and military applications. With characteristic melting point of 1453°C, Ni has reliable corrosion and oxidation

**158**

From the open literature above, the authors agreed that the current market material (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al) used in high-temperature applications such as gas turbine and turbine engine in the aerospace industry experience several failures such as high-temperature oxidation and corrosion, limited hardness, and wear resistance. It is confirmed that spark plasma sintering is a potential way to fabricate HEAs which possess properties such as improved microhardness, compressive/ tensile strength, tribology, thermal properties, and corrosion resistance properties for low and high-temperature applications as generally agreed by all the authors. Also, it is generally accepted by the authors that SPS processing parameters play a significant role in the mechanical properties of the final developed alloys. The authors concluded that HEAs are the potential replacement for nickel-based superalloys in high-temperature applications. Furthermore, the authors agreed that it is possible to simulate the SPS process by means of finite element modeling. However, SPS simulation of thermal distribution and stress distribution analysis for the development of HEAs are limited in the open literature. Thus, this paper exposes the influence of spark plasma sintering parameters on the mechanical properties of the synthesized alloy.
