**1. Introduction**

Materials science, also known as materials science and engineering, is a multidisciplinary field that deals with the discovery and design of new materials [1]. Always new materials open the door to new technologies, whether they are in chemical, civil, construction, nuclear, agricultural, aeronautical, biomedical, electrical, or mechanical engineering [2, 3]. The materials science engineering includes the study of the relations between the synthesis, forming, properties, structure, and performance of materials that enable an engineering function. The materials properties of interest can be electrical, mechanical, optical or magnetic; the engineering function can affect industries involved in electronics, communications, transportation, manufacturing, medicine, recreation, environment, and energy [4].

Metallurgy is the art and science of making metals and alloys in shapes and with characteristics suitable for practical use [5]. It is an applied science based on a clear understanding of the structures and properties of metals and their alloys. Metallurgy has long occupied the dominant position as the most important engineering materials; steel being by far the most important over the last few centuries. However, increasingly in many areas other materials such as ceramics, plastics and composites are challenging this position. The relatively recent development of materials science and engineering is a merger of metallurgy with others like glass and ceramic technology, mineralogy, physical and inorganic chemistry, solid-state physics, and polymer science in modern techniques to include all structural and functional materials, thus making it one of the widest of study disciplines [1].

### **2. What is metallurgy?**

Metallurgy is the science and technology to extract metals from their ores economically, refining them and preparing them for the end use [6]. It studies the microstructure of a metal, the structural features that are control to observation under a microscope. Microstructure determines mechanical properties of the metal, including their elastic and plastic behavior when applying the force. Chemical composition is the relative content of a particular element within an alloy, usually expressed as a percent weight. Composition, as well as thermal and mechanical processing, will determine microstructure. Metals and their alloys are widely used in our daily lives. They are used for different purposes such as making machines,

bridges, motor vehicles, railways, buildings structure, ships, aircrafts, agricultural tools, etc. Therefore, real economic growth can come from increasing quality and quantity of the metal production in that country [7].

Naturally, most metals occur in the combined state as minerals and they are reactive. Only a few metals like gold, silver, platinum and mercury, etc. are found as Free State in the earth's crust. Metals that have a low reaction show little convergence to air, moisture, carbon dioxide, or non-metals found in nature [8]. Materials that occurring naturally in which a metal or its compound occurs is called a mineral. A mineral from which a metal can be economically extracted is called an ore. The main active components found in nature, especially in the atmosphere are oxygen and carbon dioxide. In the earth's crust, silicon and sulfur are present in large quantities. Seawater also contains large amounts of chloride ions (obtained from dissolved salts). Most active metals are high electrically positive and therefore exist as different ions [9]. For this reason, most of the important ores of these metals occur as different components such as oxides, silicates, carbonates, and halides.
