**3.3 Victims: main structure and frequency of traumatic health related effects**

It seems that after huge earthquakes, a large number of victims and injuries are occurred. According to experts, many numbers of victims need emergency medical care at the same time [7–10]. Nature and structure of the injuries can be very diverse [7, 13]. Injuries to the musculoskeletal system, extensive burns, prolonged compression syndrome due to prolonged compression of individual limbs or parts of the body, injuries to large blood vessels predominate [7–10]. Significant percentage of victims may be in a state of shock [7, 10, 27], with acute respiratory and cardiovascular insufficiency, in need of urgent respiratory and cardiovascular resuscitation [7, 10], neuropsychiatric disorder due to the experienced mental stress and others. According to scientific research [7, 10], by severity, medical losses are divided into the following groups: lightly injured (40%), moderately severely and severely injured (60%), of which 20% need specialized medical care.

#### **3.4 Pollution from different origin as health risk factor**

Creating a severe hygienic-epidemiological situation on the territory of the outbreak of traumatic defeat is defined as a big health risk factor. Prerequisite for this is the pollution of the territory from the destruction of water supply and sewerage systems, difficulties in finding the corpses of dead people and animals, the appearance of rodents, insects etc. The appearance of diseases of infectious and non-infectious origin is possible, as well as the appearance of epidemics typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever A and B, salmonellosis, hepatitis, cholera etc [7–10].

*Natural Hazards - Impacts, Adjustments and Resilience*

**3.2 Secondary disasters due to earthquakes**

[2, 7–10, 13, 19–21, 23–26]:

*Primary data from USGS, 2005* г*.)*

**Figure 2.**

well [7, 10, 19].

cological injuries etc [7, 10].

and suffocation [7, 10, 13, 19, 23–26].

around the world for many years [1, 7–13].

Analysis of primary and secondary statistical data shows that occurrence of secondary defeats after an earthquake is a common effect. This increases number of risks factors and character of injuries among the affected population. According to analysis some of possible secondary disasters after earthquakes are

*Victims and financial losses (USD) due to some of the most destructive earthquakes in XX century (resources:* 

1.*An* o*utbreak of chemical contamination* by industrial poisons. Observed in the area of the incident due to the destruction of chemical enterprises, warehouses with agricultural or industrial poisons. The chemicals produce not only acute intoxication but also long-term heath effect and cancer diseases as

2.Occurrence *of explosions and fires* due to destruction of flammable or explosive objects as petrol station after large magnitude earthquakes. They can develop dangerous additional consequences as fire burn, chemical burn, traumas, toxi-

3.Destruction of buildings and severe *air pollution* with fine dust particles in large enough areas because of an earthquake leading to casualties, poisoning

4.*An* o*utbreak of nuclear damage* such as Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident, 2011 due to the large earthquake and tsunami is a real possible consequences. Radiation as danger risk factor produce some particular health problems, which can be acute, or chronic, somatic or genetic, stochastic and

non-stochastic diseases, and long-term effects [7, 10, 13, 23–26].

5.*A tsunami* is generated when undersea earthquakes occurs. Fukushima 2011 and Haiti 2010 are significant examples and it is shows that many health problems influence not only primary effected county, but also much more people

**58**
