**1.1 Related works**

*Natural Hazards - Impacts, Adjustments and Resilience*

and discourage to evacuate [1, 3, 6].

before a cyclone landfalls.

ation order.

causes extensive damage to properties and seasonal crops [2]. Following the great Bhola cyclone (1970) and cyclone Gorky (1991) caused death toll of 500,000 and 138,000 people, respectively [3]. The huge death tolls in 1970 is attributed to the inefficient cyclone tracking system, improper early warning and issuance of evacu-

In order to increase the awareness and reduce the death tolls, GoB developed early warning system and cyclone preparedness program (CPP). Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) and Storm Warning Centre (SWC) are

involved in weather forecasting and warning. Warning is passed as special weather bulletin via fax, teleprinter, telephone etc. to radio, television, press media/news agency, CPP, disaster preparedness programme (DPP) for necessary action and messages to the prime minister's office, ministry of disaster management and relief (MoDMR), directorate of relief, concern ministries, airport, seaport, naval base etc. Fishermen get messages from the seaport at least one/two days advance [5]. CPP volunteers circulate warning via hand siren, megaphone (e.g., miking), signal light and flags [5], while local stakeholders claimed that siren and flag do not remain active in maximum cases. Besides, most of the poor coastal residents do not have access to online newspapers, radio, television and they do not get the warning in proper time and this miscommunication of information makes them vulnerable

As a part of preparedness, GoB, NGOs and development partners constructed more than 2500 MPCSs in 19 coastal districts of Bangladesh including the study area Barguna [7, 8]. Few shelters have been extended with the killas as a shelter for livestock. Approximately 200 raised earthen platforms called killa have been constructed in the cyclone prone areas and one killa can accommodate 300–400 livestock. Most of the killas have been found are full of bushes and become a habitat for snakes and harmful insects due to lack of maintenance [9]. The CPP was established in 1972 was collaborated with Bangladesh Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief (MoDMR) and the Bangladesh Red Crescent Society (BDRCS) with 49,365 trained volunteers and 16,455 of those are women [9]. Those volunteers are dedicatedly involved to disseminate cyclone warning signal, assist people to move in MPCSs, rescue distressed people and provide first aid to the injured people [1]. The capacity of MPCSs varies from 400 to 1600 people [8]. Sometimes small capacity and inadequate facilities for women discourage the people to be evacuated there. Community people are encouraged to be evacuated in MPCSs as safer places

The conventional evacuation systems include early warning, notice for evacuation, miking by volunteers, and cyclone shelters preparedness. Emergency medical and food supply are ensured by the local authority with the support of central authorities. When early warning about devastating cyclones is disseminated, the community people need to be evacuated in MPCSs. Generally, rescue operation is conducted after disasters which cannot save some lives from disasters. Current system cannot ensure evacuation of all vulnerable community people because the evacuation is a volunteer/self-evacuation process. During cyclone SIDR 90% of vulnerable people were warned but only 10% people evacuated [1]. Therefore,

While evacuation order is issued, most vulnerable people should evacuate to MPCSs. Many people stay in their houses to protect their properties, e.g., domestic animals. In MPCSs, maintaining a manual register to confirm the name and number of people is very difficult during disasters. Therefore, the shelter authority cannot immediately identify the missing people in the community before the disaster. Therefore, a system should be developed to ensure rescue of all people before a disaster hits a specific area in the era of information and technology. Recently,

community people should be rescued before a disaster occurs.

**40**

As discussed above evacuation and rescue response depends on different factors. Manual evacuation through warning messages cannot be assured successfully. In the era of information and technology, technological interventions are noticed for disaster mitigation and evacuation responses. Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global Service for Mobile Communication (GSM) web services are together referred as Smart Life Tracking and Rescuing (SLTR) system are being used for the disaster management in India. This GPS and GSM web services are effective to identify the affected areas and possible routes to reach the location [11]. Wireless sensor networks are also used for detecting disaster, providing alert signals and completing rescue operations immediately [12, 13].

Sensor using internet of things (IoT) is being used in vehicular tunnels, and it detects the vehicle where an accident occurs [14]. A server that receives location of mobile phone user in the affected area with their environmental condition is also provided. After that automated voice inquiries store their responses and forward to emergency assistance agencies, are also displayed in electronic map and involved in rescue operation [15]. Requesting rescue by a user terminal is controlled by an informing server and a rescue centre through mobile communication network. When informing, server provides signal to rescue centre and they become able to detect the position of user terminal and evacuation can be maintained successfully [16]. Twitter can also be used for rescue operation considering some disadvantages [17].

During disaster and/or rush hour, traffic congestion can be created in the road for evacuation and this problem can be managed through contraflow evacuation method. This type of technology helps to evacuate the distress people safely without making any congestion in the road [18]. Using of Doppler Radar for cyclone wind field monitoring and identifying location of tornadoes is prescribed in some cases [19]. For effective and reliable network management in disaster prone area collaborative rescue robots are used [20].

Now-a-days, smart devices are being used for the detection of the mobility of vehicles and people by identifying the Media Access Control (MAC) of such devices, e.g., smartphones, Wi-Fi scanners. Abbott-Jard et al. [21] studied the travel time using Bluetooth scanners by detecting MAC of smartphones within its communication range and the vehicle is detected while it passes through the range of a detector. Wi-Fi Scanners are also being used for the detection of vehicles using smart devices [22–26]. Shiravi et al. [26] used Wi-Fi scanners for travel time estimation with combination of Bluetooth and Bluetooth increases the reliability of data. Similar applications are noticed in different existing studies [22, 25].

Despite the application of GPS and GSM for disaster management in different parts of the world, Wi-Fi scanners are not still being used for the detection of people in MPCSs in order to promote the early rescuing of people to reduce death tolls. From this point of view this research focused on developing disaster resilient method for successful disaster evacuation and reducing death toll by detecting human mobility in the cyclone shelters.
