**2.2 Literature review**

The building design code for earthquake was first developed in Japan to consider 10% of dead weight as the lateral load. The code procedure developed based on understanding of severe damages in strong earthquakes around the globe [4]. Seismic risk mitigation is dependent on understanding exposure and vulnerability apart from seismic hazard for which effective design provisions are required for built environment to sustain the next event [5]. The present codes include the cyclic behavior through simpler procedures for performance-based design of building structures with reduced vulnerability [6–9]. TEC-2007 has been upgraded to

**Figure 1.** *Scheme for performance-based design method for standardization.*

handled by Institute of Seismological Research (ISR) and mitigation measures are suggested by Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA). The understanding of local seismic hazard of Ahmedabad city is done and there seems to be under-estimation of hazard in BIS zoning map (refer **Figure 3**). Hence, the three hazard levels suggested for Ahmedabad city will be used to check the performance of building using capacity-spectrum method (CSM, FEMA-440) and displacementcoefficient method (DCM, ASCE-41). The equivalent static analysis results are

shown in **Table 2**.

**Figure 3.**

**Table 2.**

**215**

X dir. = 0.9 Y dir. = 1.0 (with infill)

Building information:

Hazard information:

No. of stories: 15 Full height: 45 m

*Natural Hazards - Impacts, Adjustments and Resilience DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94303*

performance evaluation guidelines in India.

*Response spectrum for different hazard levels as per IS 1893–2016.*

*Equivalent static analysis as per IS-1893-2016.*

31461.54 kN DL = 100% LL = 25%

Location: Ahmedabad city Distance from fault: 250 kms Time period (X,Y): (0.9,1.0)s Base shear: refer **Table 2**

PSHA maps: 0.22 g (NDMA) Seismic micro-zonation: 0.18 g (ISR)

Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is the governing body that regulates the professional minimum standards to be followed in India. The codes that are applicable for seismic design of buildings are IS 1893 (P1)-2016 and IS 13920–2016. The building is designed using these provisions and the capacity of building at structure level is noted for comparison with design standards of US (ACI-318) and Europe (EC-8). This can be a significant evaluation criterion in terms of performance evaluation, as the design and evaluation standards are different due to lack of

The nonlinear static analysis (NSA) is a simpler means to evaluate performance

**Time period (s) Weight (W) Acceleration (***Ah***) Base Shear (***VB***)**

BIS ISR NDMA 0.058 0.065 0.079

1636 kN 2054 kN (+25%) 2485 kN (+52%)

and behavior of buildings under multiple excitations, (4 Mw – 7 Mw). The capacity spectrum method (CSM) is much debated as the demand-capacity are compared in one graph where hazard may be a partial information. Displacement

**3.2 Performance evaluation using seismic design codes and ASCE-41**

BIS hazard zone: III (0.16 g) Attenuation: 1.5–2 (ISR)

**Figure 2.** *Plan and section sizes of building (20 m* � *16 m).*

TBEC-2018 for design of new buildings with taller stature [10]. Also, the design of buildings with FIB Model Code 2010 is considered to upgrade the force-based provisions of EC-8 to displacement-based procedure [11]. Various studies have suggested competence of EC-8 towards better design of buildings compared to Indian and ACI codes [12]. SIRCO tool is developed to simulate and estimate seismic risk in Portugal to plan, prevent and respond to future earthquakes [13]. Engineering parameters are identified to rate the world-wide seismic code quality index and formally 166 countries have some form of seismic code with 510 revisions since 1900 [14]. Optimum solution technique is proposed to reduce computational efforts towards performance-based design using displacement procedure [15].

The above literatures do not focus towards mapping of performance of building and its elements using design codes and design tools to move towards standardization in performance-based design. The effectiveness of code provisions for building design and detailing are put under the lens, in-order to plan structures for the future H-V-E model in seismic prone regions.
