**6. Autonomous system of diagnostics of environmental and operating parameters named Multi-DOF**

Multi-node harvesting systems for simultaneous energy recovery from many sources, including:

• Multi-node harvesting structures based on miniature harvester machines with magnetostrictive cores

**55**

**Figure 21.**

*Activation of harvester by physical phenomenon.*

*Energy Harvester Based on Magnetomechanical Effect as a Power Source for Multi-node Wireless…*

In the field of low-power technology, the definition of harvester as a single microprocessor power supply (μC) was adopted, which after wireless feeding sends data in accordance with its operating algorithm (program code) to the receiving and processing unit. A single harvesting system is a node in a larger structure managed from a central site. Individual configurations of harvester can allow tuning the harvesting power supply to specific phenomena that trigger its operation. **Figure 21** shows a schematic diagram of a harvesting structure consisting of several harvest-

Harvesters which in their principle of work use cross effects, more and more often are based on magneto-mechanical phenomena. It is assumed that even in the case of low power and efficiency, they can be a valuable source of power supply. Multi-node harvesting structure can be used in structural health monitoring (SHM) applications to recover an electric power from the wasted energy generated mostly from vibrations. Magnetic harvester also might be used as a power source in SHM systems which are monitoring large mechanical structures. Our latest system presents this solution. It uses 14 MEMS sensors which designated 14 degrees of freedom (DOF) (3D accelerometer, 3D gyroscope, 3D magnetometer, barometric pressure sensor, microphone, temperature T, humidity R, light intensity). The structure of the system was shown in the **Figure 22**. The software designed by authors allows to monitor the parameters provided by 14 sensors via web page or

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85987*

**Figure 20.**

ers activated as a result of an external stimulus.

*View of a single electronic wireless node powered from a harvesting source.*


*Energy Harvester Based on Magnetomechanical Effect as a Power Source for Multi-node Wireless… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85987*

#### **Figure 20.**

*A Guide to Small-Scale Energy Harvesting Techniques*

Thanks to the observations made, it was found that the use of solutions based on the SURPS system developed under the author's guidance enables the transmission of energy over long distances without using cables but only through inaudible mechanical vibrations. However, the location of the harvester in different types of construction cannot be arbitrary. It is closely related to the medium in which the transmission takes place, as well as the length of the ultrasonic

*View and frequency response of the system for simultaneous power transmission through the wall of a hermetic* 

A prototype of a simultaneous supply and data transmission system to the microprocessor sensory system was also created by the hermetic tank wall as a result of ultrasound wave stimulation, which is shown in **Figure 19**. Although its structure is similar, the frequency responses differ due to the different resonant frequency of the piezoelectric harvester. In this case, the actuator was a broadband magnetostrictive actuator. Behind the harvester, a piezoelectric cone transducer with a natural

**6. Autonomous system of diagnostics of environmental and operating** 

Multi-node harvesting systems for simultaneous energy recovery from many

• Multi-node harvesting structures based on miniature harvester machines with

micro-electro-mechanical systems' (MEMS) sensors for SHM applications

• Wireless monitoring of the parameters of the harvesting node using

• Microprocessor systems powered from harvesting sources

• Autonomous monitoring system Multi-DOF

**54**

carrier wave.

**Figure 19.**

frequency of 38 kHz is placed.

magnetostrictive cores

sources, including:

(**Figure 20**)

**parameters named Multi-DOF**

*glass container with a wall thickness of about 10 mm.*

*View of a single electronic wireless node powered from a harvesting source.*

In the field of low-power technology, the definition of harvester as a single microprocessor power supply (μC) was adopted, which after wireless feeding sends data in accordance with its operating algorithm (program code) to the receiving and processing unit. A single harvesting system is a node in a larger structure managed from a central site. Individual configurations of harvester can allow tuning the harvesting power supply to specific phenomena that trigger its operation. **Figure 21** shows a schematic diagram of a harvesting structure consisting of several harvesters activated as a result of an external stimulus.

Harvesters which in their principle of work use cross effects, more and more often are based on magneto-mechanical phenomena. It is assumed that even in the case of low power and efficiency, they can be a valuable source of power supply.

Multi-node harvesting structure can be used in structural health monitoring (SHM) applications to recover an electric power from the wasted energy generated mostly from vibrations. Magnetic harvester also might be used as a power source in SHM systems which are monitoring large mechanical structures. Our latest system presents this solution. It uses 14 MEMS sensors which designated 14 degrees of freedom (DOF) (3D accelerometer, 3D gyroscope, 3D magnetometer, barometric pressure sensor, microphone, temperature T, humidity R, light intensity). The structure of the system was shown in the **Figure 22**. The software designed by authors allows to monitor the parameters provided by 14 sensors via web page or

**Figure 21.** *Activation of harvester by physical phenomenon.*

in service mode. The software is designed to support such systems as ADIS16488 module and other components of one of the most precise Analog Devices iMEMS 2016 (IMU). In order to process data received from the 14DOF sensors, which include not only measuring the certain physical value but also monitoring the level of recovered energy, the proper microprocessors had to be chosen (an important factor is a power consumption).

**Figure 23** shows three typical sources of low-frequency energy harvesting: mechanical shock wave (**Figure 23A**), low-frequency mechanical resonance (**Figure 23B**), and energy transmission though ultrasonic resonant vibrations (**Figure 23C**). Properly selected conditioning circuit provides the harvesting system with a useful current and voltage capabilities. The creation of a wireless node to measure certain physical quantities and to monitor the level of recovered energy

#### **Figure 22.**

*The structure of a wireless harvesting system with a 14DOF block.*

**57**

configurations [X].

**Figure 24.**

*software.*

mission system.

**7. Conclusions and final remarks**

*Energy Harvester Based on Magnetomechanical Effect as a Power Source for Multi-node Wireless…*

requires selection of an appropriate hardware platform such as a microprocessor and wireless transmission system. The use of smart materials in wireless power transmission turned out to be effective. For this purpose, a SURPS system for simultaneous power and data transmission was developed. It ensured transmission through various media (solid, liquid) and with various transmitter-receiver

*Prototyping of the multi-DOF wireless sensor platform: main communication station and the Multi-DOF* 

After matching the sensor-microprocessor configuration with a suitable energy harvester, the whole packets, together with a wireless communication system, were placed in the nodes. Due to the fact that every node is equipped with the same wireless communication system, different types of sensors can be easily substituted or put together by the user, thanks to the dedicated software shown in **Figure 24**.

Properly selected conditioning circuit provides the harvesting system with a certain current and voltage output. The creation of a wireless node to measure certain physical quantities and to monitor the level of recovered energy requires selection of an appropriate hardware platform such as a microprocessor and wireless trans-

The essence of EH is to create new concepts of current generators, using cross effects, including more often magnetomechanical phenomena. The use of smart materials for wireless power transmission (and information) proved to be practical, and the results obtained during the research indicated the high efficiency of this method. A technique for powering the microprocessor system from harvester machines combined with various configurations at carrier frequencies depending on the

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85987*

#### **Figure 23.**

*Energy-harvesting sources and their power requirements: (A) mechanical impact, (B) low-frequency mechanical resonance, and (C) energy transmission by ultrasonic vibration.*

*Energy Harvester Based on Magnetomechanical Effect as a Power Source for Multi-node Wireless… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85987*

**Figure 24.**

*A Guide to Small-Scale Energy Harvesting Techniques*

*The structure of a wireless harvesting system with a 14DOF block.*

factor is a power consumption).

in service mode. The software is designed to support such systems as ADIS16488 module and other components of one of the most precise Analog Devices iMEMS 2016 (IMU). In order to process data received from the 14DOF sensors, which include not only measuring the certain physical value but also monitoring the level of recovered energy, the proper microprocessors had to be chosen (an important

**Figure 23** shows three typical sources of low-frequency energy harvesting: mechanical shock wave (**Figure 23A**), low-frequency mechanical resonance (**Figure 23B**), and energy transmission though ultrasonic resonant vibrations (**Figure 23C**). Properly selected conditioning circuit provides the harvesting system with a useful current and voltage capabilities. The creation of a wireless node to measure certain physical quantities and to monitor the level of recovered energy

*Energy-harvesting sources and their power requirements: (A) mechanical impact, (B) low-frequency* 

*mechanical resonance, and (C) energy transmission by ultrasonic vibration.*

**56**

**Figure 23.**

**Figure 22.**

*Prototyping of the multi-DOF wireless sensor platform: main communication station and the Multi-DOF software.*

requires selection of an appropriate hardware platform such as a microprocessor and wireless transmission system. The use of smart materials in wireless power transmission turned out to be effective. For this purpose, a SURPS system for simultaneous power and data transmission was developed. It ensured transmission through various media (solid, liquid) and with various transmitter-receiver configurations [X].

After matching the sensor-microprocessor configuration with a suitable energy harvester, the whole packets, together with a wireless communication system, were placed in the nodes. Due to the fact that every node is equipped with the same wireless communication system, different types of sensors can be easily substituted or put together by the user, thanks to the dedicated software shown in **Figure 24**.

Properly selected conditioning circuit provides the harvesting system with a certain current and voltage output. The creation of a wireless node to measure certain physical quantities and to monitor the level of recovered energy requires selection of an appropriate hardware platform such as a microprocessor and wireless transmission system.
