2.3 Hypothesis

instructors and students to participate in experimental practical nursing class and

Before starting those practical experiments, we had been developing the measuring system for individual traits [12], regarding human information processing. This system is simulated interactive communication between an instructor (A) and a learner (B) with using ICT (a) ! (b) ! (c) ! (d) (Figure 4). In the field of educational technology studies, they call this interaction as learning process. When the learner responses to the instructor (A) after the information or instruction for assignments from the instructor (A) conveyed to her or him, the one session of activity has been considered as coming into effect of learning (Figure 5).

From this theory of learning processing, we predicted that language information

processing might be the same as each other (Figure 5, ①). Then, instead of the instruction or assignment, we decided to use questionnaires of YGPI (Yatabe-Guilford Personality Inventory), which is consisted of 120 short sentences and 12 factors (10 of 120 each), and more, they are composed of two main factors, emotional and non-emotional factors. Subjects are required to choose responses to questionnaires among "yes," "no," or "either," comparing with their daily activities

or behavior. The system also measures their response time from the start of presenting the questionnaire to subjects' replies (Figure 5, ② and ③). Card has

agree to investigate their problems and solutions continuously [16].

2.2 Measuring system

Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering

Figure 4. Learning processing.

Figure 5.

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Human information processing.

As questionnaires would be the same between those presented by sound voice and letters, differences of their response time should be the same, except the duration of comprehension for problem solving (τc2) and decision making of intention (τc3), which are considered working as high-order functions. Hence, response time, which is measured in this study, is not the same as simple reaction time but same as complex reaction time. According to the theory of information processing by Card [17, 18], reaction time for encoding by perceptive organs (τc1) is correlated with the number of words, because of cycling for processing with each elements of the word.

The results of our exploratory experiments (over 100 subjects aged from 13 to 64) have been shown, however, that the system of encoding might not be the same among subjects. Especially, encoding system [19] for letters might be different individually, and the results of preliminary experiments which have been conducted in the same conditions (age, sex, history of education, and environment of experiments) have imprecated the individual differentiation of cognitive system, included encoding.

From these perspectives, we had introduced the model of human information processing (Figure 5) into our research. Specifically, it was predicted that there might be individual differences of information processing, depending on contents of questionnaires, between emotional and non-emotional factors [4] because of the encoding system or image schema system (Figure 5; A2, V2) [20], which is concerning with conceptualization. Those might have effects on their comprehension (Figure 5; A3, V3) or decision making (Figure 5; A4, V4) strongly.

Consequently, the model of information processing had been reviled to Figure 6 which shows two types of cycle: (4) and (5). Along with previous examinations, the criteria would be decided for discriminating each other by analyzing correlation coefficient between response time and duration of reading (listening) or the

Figure 6. Model of language information processing system.
