**4. Micro-grid**

Intelligent "power" grids are characterized by the widespread use of modern technologies, IT procedures for system management, and extended automation and the use of current energy management systems, a high-quality power supply service

**103**

**Figure 3.**

*Energy and information transfer into a micro-grid.*

*Integration of Advanced Technologies for Efficient Operation of Smart Grids*

determined by the specific requirements of the electricity market.

the information required for micro-network management [22–28].

taken into account in the determination programs of losses.

energy efficiency and minimum energy prices for users.

by the possibility of self-correcting the effects of defects. Within "smart" electricity networks, a particular attention is paid to communication systems that need to provide data and order transmission for optimal network operation with high

Although under the electricity market, the minimization of energy losses in electrical networks is not a preoccupation with the need to ensure the requirements of users and producers; the existence of detailed information on the state of the system can provide the conditions for choosing an energy transmission structure so as to ensure the minimization of energy losses in the conditions of the restrictions

The operation of renewable energy sources with uncontrollable generated power and the wider availability of micro-networks using local energy sources determine that two-way power circuits can be drawn on the lines of the power system to be

Micro-grid development plays an important role in reducing energy losses by limiting the power flow on power lines, while the micro-network is powered by its own sources (wind and solar). The operation of a micro-network with the optimal use of local power sources requires a reliable communication network to acquire all

As an example of communication circuits, **Figure 3** shows a micro-circuit diagram with circuits that include information on operating parameters, purchased energy prices, and power source supervisory control to provide users with high

In principle, micro-processing management, based on information on the state of internal sources and the price of electricity on the energy market, must provide the users of the micro-network with the lowest electricity offered. In this respect, it

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83570*

quality energy, and reduced losses.

#### *Integration of Advanced Technologies for Efficient Operation of Smart Grids DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83570*

*Green Energy Advances*

• Automation of distribution

electricity provided to end users are:

loading

sufficient)

electricity;

**4. Micro-grid**

• Reactive power control systems;

• Control of voltage curve distortion;

• Control of unbalanced load-limiting systems

• Micro-grid insularity

• Management of distribution systems

At the level of communication systems:

• Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI)

• Ensuring the security of the communication circuits

to monitor the voltages in the representative nodes)

the accepted limits of the quality of the electric power [15]:

• Self-configuring the network to ensure continuity in the feed;

• Ensuring robustness against physical and computer attacks;

The main issues to be monitored in smart grids to ensure the required quality of

• The direction of power flow in the transmission and distribution networks

• The value of the power factor in all the nodes of the electric network

• Voltage level in all nodes of the power grid (in classical systems it is sufficient

• System unbalance (especially in low-voltage networks) and neutral conductor

• The voltage curve distortion level in all nodes of the electrical network (in classical systems, monitoring at the common point of coupling of the users is

The data obtained from the monitoring shall transmit information for the adoption of measures to frame the voltages of the nodes of the electrical network within

• Correlation of the sources of generation with the possibilities of storage of

Intelligent "power" grids are characterized by the widespread use of modern technologies, IT procedures for system management, and extended automation and the use of current energy management systems, a high-quality power supply service

• The development of communication platforms

**102**

by the possibility of self-correcting the effects of defects. Within "smart" electricity networks, a particular attention is paid to communication systems that need to provide data and order transmission for optimal network operation with high energy efficiency and minimum energy prices for users.

Although under the electricity market, the minimization of energy losses in electrical networks is not a preoccupation with the need to ensure the requirements of users and producers; the existence of detailed information on the state of the system can provide the conditions for choosing an energy transmission structure so as to ensure the minimization of energy losses in the conditions of the restrictions determined by the specific requirements of the electricity market.

The operation of renewable energy sources with uncontrollable generated power and the wider availability of micro-networks using local energy sources determine that two-way power circuits can be drawn on the lines of the power system to be taken into account in the determination programs of losses.

Micro-grid development plays an important role in reducing energy losses by limiting the power flow on power lines, while the micro-network is powered by its own sources (wind and solar). The operation of a micro-network with the optimal use of local power sources requires a reliable communication network to acquire all the information required for micro-network management [22–28].

As an example of communication circuits, **Figure 3** shows a micro-circuit diagram with circuits that include information on operating parameters, purchased energy prices, and power source supervisory control to provide users with high quality energy, and reduced losses.

In principle, micro-processing management, based on information on the state of internal sources and the price of electricity on the energy market, must provide the users of the micro-network with the lowest electricity offered. In this respect, it

**Figure 3.** *Energy and information transfer into a micro-grid.*

can use the additional possibilities offered by the "smart" receivers whose load can be changed without affecting the user's "comfort," the energy stored in the battery of the electric cars in the area, as well as the local electrical storage facilities.
