**2. Energy efficiency**

Energy management aims to ensure the judicious and efficient use of energy in order to maximize profit by minimizing energy costs, thus increasing the competitiveness on the market.

Data obtained in the electronic document management system (EDMS) energy management process, although it does not directly lead to energy savings, has a key role to play in identifying savings potential and adopting the most appropriate measures to increase energy efficiency. EDMS is a software program that manages the creation, storage, and control of documents electronically, managing the electronic information within an organization workflow. The implementation of the EDMS allows knowledge of the energy used in each process and provides the premises for achieving an annual energy savings of up to 10% [1–5].

Energy costs are an important element in the cost structure of most products, resulting from production processes. Reducing the energy used ultimately leads to lower production costs and, implicitly, to increased product competitiveness.

Achieving the goals of energy management requires:


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*Integration of Advanced Technologies for Efficient Operation of Smart Grids*

• Reducing costs and reducing greenhouse gas emissions

• An overall approach to monitoring and reducing energy needs in any type of

Energy management uses engineering and economic principles to control the energy costs used to provide the necessary services in buildings and industry. Energy cost reductions can come from energy efficiency improvements, and savings can come from changing traditional energy sources with more efficient sources. In this sense, the energy policy implemented within the unit is of particular importance.

• No explicit policy (no delegation of responsibilities on the energy side and no

• Unformulated action directions (occasional tasks and only low-cost measures)

• Incoherent policy (assigning tasks but without responsibilities and only short-

• Policy assumed but unmatched by top management (clear allocation of tasks and budget with the same implementation regime as other investments)

• Active involvement of top management (integrating with other forms of management within the unit with the advantage of investing in energy efficiency

The main benefits for operators implementing the principles of energy manage-

• Improving economic competitiveness by reducing production costs and reduc-

• Reducing the risk of accidents by identifying the weaknesses of the processes

In 2011, International Standardization Organization (ISO) has developed the internationally accepted energy management system (EnMS) standard [1]. Based on this, an organization can develop and implement its own energy policy that sets goals, tasks, and action plans that address legal requirements and existing informa-

The standard has a principle "plan-realization-control-action (plan-do-check-

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83570*

Five categories of energy policies are met:

and reducing carbon footprint)

ing the intensity of energy used

• Improved advertising and image

• Improving energy security

**2.1 Energy management standard**

tion relative to significant energy uses.

act (PDCA))" (**Figure 1**).

• Improving the quality of environmental factors

investment to increase energy efficiency)

organization

term recovery)

ment are:

• Ensuring the safety of power supply to energy installations

*Integration of Advanced Technologies for Efficient Operation of Smart Grids DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83570*

*Green Energy Advances*

supporting technology.

**2. Energy efficiency**

tiveness on the market.

to 10% [1–5].

place at the end of production chain.

These requirements are driving next-generation engineers toward seamless communication with physical systems with the help of artificial intelligence, turning them into dialog enablers between future smart society and its fundamentally

Ensuring the power quality requires an entire investigation chain, from production, transport, distribution to the public network, and distribution to the user. The transfer of energy through this transformation chain cannot provide an ideal quality of the supplied energy. In this respect, the user, on the basis of careful technical and economic analysis, must accept the quality of the electricity provided by the public supply system (within acceptable risk limits) or adopt measures that require investment to achieve an accepted power quality level for the processes which take

Energy management aims to ensure the judicious and efficient use of energy in order to maximize profit by minimizing energy costs, thus increasing the competi-

Data obtained in the electronic document management system (EDMS) energy management process, although it does not directly lead to energy savings, has a key role to play in identifying savings potential and adopting the most appropriate measures to increase energy efficiency. EDMS is a software program that manages the creation, storage, and control of documents electronically, managing the electronic information within an organization workflow. The implementation of the EDMS allows knowledge of the energy used in each process and provides the premises for achieving an annual energy savings of up

Energy costs are an important element in the cost structure of most products, resulting from production processes. Reducing the energy used ultimately leads to lower production costs and, implicitly, to increased product competitiveness.

• Increasing energy efficiency and reducing energy needs in order to reduce

• Achieving good communication between compartments, specific energy

• The development and ongoing use of an energy monitoring system used, the reporting of these values, and the development of specific energy optimiza-

• Finding the best ways to increase money savings resulting from investments in energy efficiency of specific production processes by applying the best avail-

• Developing the interest of all employees in the efficient use of energy and educating them through specific awareness programs to reduce energy losses

issues, and their accountability regarding energy management

Achieving the goals of energy management requires:

able technology (BAT) solutions known worldwide

• Ensuring the safety of power supply to energy installations

costs without reducing production levels

tion strategies used

**96**


Energy management uses engineering and economic principles to control the energy costs used to provide the necessary services in buildings and industry. Energy cost reductions can come from energy efficiency improvements, and savings can come from changing traditional energy sources with more efficient sources. In this sense, the energy policy implemented within the unit is of particular importance. Five categories of energy policies are met:


The main benefits for operators implementing the principles of energy management are:


#### **2.1 Energy management standard**

In 2011, International Standardization Organization (ISO) has developed the internationally accepted energy management system (EnMS) standard [1]. Based on this, an organization can develop and implement its own energy policy that sets goals, tasks, and action plans that address legal requirements and existing information relative to significant energy uses.

The standard has a principle "plan-realization-control-action (plan-do-checkact (PDCA))" (**Figure 1**).

#### **Figure 1.** *Energy management system.*

Verification includes process monitoring and measurement and the underlying characteristics of operations to determine energy performance against energy policy and its objectives [2, 6–11]. It also includes reporting on the results obtained during the verification.

Action concerns the adoption of measures to continue to perform as planned within the EnMS.

The activity considered is based on an online and offline measurement and processing system. Energy management practically integrates technical issues, legal/regulatory issues and managerial aspects across the entire energy contour and for all energy operators.

The objective is to operate the system under maximum safety and economic efficiency and ensure the security of electricity supply. Technical issues consist of identifying disturbances that cause deviations from normal operating parameters.

The legal/regulatory aspects consist of establishing the framework for the evaluation and monitoring processes, setting the standards and indicators that characterize the functioning of the system being analyzed and setting the reference levels for the parameters to be monitored. Managerial aspects consist of developing strategies/policies to monitor operating parameters that ensure clear and effective determination of responsibility for deviations from standard regulatory levels and thus achieve performance targets.

Strategies/policies are addressed both to energy operators and to electrical/electrical receiver manufacturers.

An important component of the management of implementation and monitoring of the operating parameters of the analyzed system is the strategies/policies of training and education of the employees.

In general, the management of any activity/project has multiple approaches:


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*Integration of Advanced Technologies for Efficient Operation of Smart Grids*

• Top-down approaches, based on the information from the literature and its own experience (case studies, research), the management consults/studies and develops decisions and strategies for implementing the project, hierarchically applied from top to bottom. These projects have shorter implementation times.

• Mixed approaches. This approach is often the most effective way to achieve the

Improving the energy management of a company, based on the analysis of the current management and the experience of the management team, ensures the continuity of the process and the achievement of some performing actions

Management projects must fit into the enterprise's asset, production, and ancillary activity policy and require a clear and concise definition of the benefits of the company (distribution operator, user, equipment manufacturer, energy service provider). From an economic point of view, benefits have to be quantified in money. It is worth noting the triangle that should be considered permanently during implementation: cost, time, and benefits. Keeping an optimal balance between these three elements contributes to the success of the project. Regardless of the approach, energy management requires the clear definition of goals, objectives, strategies, policies, and implementation plans with deadlines and responsibilities, as part of the plan-do-check-act (PDCA) of the legislation and regulations under consideration. Management involves the implementation of the PDCA using the possibilities offered by the development of computer systems and control/control systems based on electronic circuits. Also, the electronic control/control circuits have a significant

When implementing energy management projects where control systems based

It was possible to track real-time (online) and offline analysis of the analyzed phenomena, and it was possible to obtain the data necessary for carrying out the

The experience resulting from the analysis of many energy management pro-

• There can be achieved energy and money savings of 5, 12, or 15%, in very short time, with minimal costs or even without costs, only by applying aggres-

• Energy and money savings of up to 30% can be achieved, with low and average costs, with a short depreciation period; the application of such measures is

• By realizing high-cost investments in modern technologies and equipment, savings of 50–70% can be achieved, with depreciation periods of up to 5–6 years.

grams implemented in different sectors of activity has shown that:

on power electronics are widely used, both benefits and a number of negative effects can occur. The benefits are primarily determined by accurate measurement of energy performance through the improvement of methods and especially of measuring instruments through the development of information technology [16]. In this way, the conditions were created for the monitoring of the electrical process voltages (electrical voltages and currents) over a long period of time and for the

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83570*

project implementation goal.

in the field [12–14].

**2.2 Management projects**

impact on energy efficiency [15].

accuracy of measurements.

sive energy management.

forecasting activities.

frequent.

*Integration of Advanced Technologies for Efficient Operation of Smart Grids DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83570*


Improving the energy management of a company, based on the analysis of the current management and the experience of the management team, ensures the continuity of the process and the achievement of some performing actions in the field [12–14].

### **2.2 Management projects**

*Green Energy Advances*

during the verification.

*Energy management system.*

for all energy operators.

thus achieve performance targets.

training and education of the employees.

trical receiver manufacturers.

within the EnMS.

**Figure 1.**

Verification includes process monitoring and measurement and the underlying characteristics of operations to determine energy performance against energy policy and its objectives [2, 6–11]. It also includes reporting on the results obtained

Action concerns the adoption of measures to continue to perform as planned

The activity considered is based on an online and offline measurement and processing system. Energy management practically integrates technical issues, legal/regulatory issues and managerial aspects across the entire energy contour and

The objective is to operate the system under maximum safety and economic efficiency and ensure the security of electricity supply. Technical issues consist of identifying disturbances that cause deviations from normal operating parameters. The legal/regulatory aspects consist of establishing the framework for the evaluation and monitoring processes, setting the standards and indicators that characterize the functioning of the system being analyzed and setting the reference levels for the parameters to be monitored. Managerial aspects consist of developing strategies/policies to monitor operating parameters that ensure clear and effective determination of responsibility for deviations from standard regulatory levels and

Strategies/policies are addressed both to energy operators and to electrical/elec-

An important component of the management of implementation and monitoring of the operating parameters of the analyzed system is the strategies/policies of

In general, the management of any activity/project has multiple approaches:

• Approaches from simple to complex. Start with case studies, disseminate

• Bottom-up approaches, starting from the technical aspects and phenomenology and reaching the management of the decision-making activity, with aspects of financing, implementation, monitoring, and corrective measures. There is bottom-up pressure on the management to get the decision to implement the project. Typically, these projects have longer implementation times.

information among specialists, then go through pilot project.

**98**

Management projects must fit into the enterprise's asset, production, and ancillary activity policy and require a clear and concise definition of the benefits of the company (distribution operator, user, equipment manufacturer, energy service provider). From an economic point of view, benefits have to be quantified in money.

It is worth noting the triangle that should be considered permanently during implementation: cost, time, and benefits. Keeping an optimal balance between these three elements contributes to the success of the project. Regardless of the approach, energy management requires the clear definition of goals, objectives, strategies, policies, and implementation plans with deadlines and responsibilities, as part of the plan-do-check-act (PDCA) of the legislation and regulations under consideration.

Management involves the implementation of the PDCA using the possibilities offered by the development of computer systems and control/control systems based on electronic circuits. Also, the electronic control/control circuits have a significant impact on energy efficiency [15].

When implementing energy management projects where control systems based on power electronics are widely used, both benefits and a number of negative effects can occur. The benefits are primarily determined by accurate measurement of energy performance through the improvement of methods and especially of measuring instruments through the development of information technology [16]. In this way, the conditions were created for the monitoring of the electrical process voltages (electrical voltages and currents) over a long period of time and for the accuracy of measurements.

It was possible to track real-time (online) and offline analysis of the analyzed phenomena, and it was possible to obtain the data necessary for carrying out the forecasting activities.

The experience resulting from the analysis of many energy management programs implemented in different sectors of activity has shown that:


The main barriers to the promotion of energy-efficient products of a technical, economic, financial, and managerial nature are shown in **Figure 2**.

Although some of the barriers shown in **Figure 2** are objective in nature, many are due to insufficient knowledge of the problem, insufficient awareness, and implications for increasing energy efficiency, especially through the reduction of environmental pollution. New technologies or methods for increasing energy efficiency are not immediately adopted, in most cases, by cost-benefit analysis. An in-depth study of energy savings and product quality enhancements can provide arguments for implementing new technologies and gaining economic benefits.

An important barrier lies in personal and institutional inertia, especially in smaller companies. Also, market conditions and unconvincing marketing can be barriers to making products with new features that incorporate less energy.

An important role is the package of regulations that must ensure the promotion of new energy-efficient technologies. The complexity of the integration process associated with interruption during assembly, commissioning, and calibration results in operators being detained, especially in enterprises that require high production reliability, and who are reluctant to assume the risks of using new technologies. Compliance with the new regulations on the conditions of the use of new technologies, especially those relating to environmental compliance and security conditions, leads to delays in adopting them. When deciding on the implementation of new technologies, the investments needed to rehabilitate an installation and adopt new technology with new production capacity must be compared. In some cases, the relatively long recovery of investment in new technologies also limits decision-making on their implementation. Unlike large users, individual users or

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*Integration of Advanced Technologies for Efficient Operation of Smart Grids*

ting them into operation and using these technologies.

**3. Power quality management in smart grids**

fluctuations, and increase in voltage gaps).

At the user's level (prosumer):

• Efficient energy use systems

• Automation of user equipment

• Wide use of power electronics

• Intelligent buildings

At generation level:

At network level:

• Energy production from local sources

small and medium businesses do not have information, technical and managerial capabilities, and data on efficient funding schemes to conduct a detailed analysis, which limits their access to new technologies. Also, there may be difficulties in put-

Monitoring the quality of electrical energy in a node of the electrical network is intended to determine the characteristics of the voltage and current curves as well as the variations in the frequency of the voltage in the network in relation to a set of standardized technical indicators. The monitoring of the quality indicators of the electricity and the adoption of the measures necessary to maintain them at the level stipulated by the quality standards fall within the obligation of the network

Wide implementation of renewable energy sources can have a negative impact on the quality of electricity (voltage variations, harmonic disturbances, voltage

The development of smart grids and micro-grids leads to increased electricity production in low-voltage (low-power generation) networks and changing user type (intelligent user systems, electric vehicle charging stations, etc.) which can lead to the emergence of important electromagnetic disturbances that could lead to

The implementation of smart grids requires measures adopted at the level of each operator in the power system to ensure the required objectives [11, 17–22].

lowering the level of electricity quality in the nodes of this network.

• Adaptive production with a focus on renewable energy sources

• Power quality (PQ ) and network monitoring (PM—power monitoring)

• Power management in the system (EMS—energy management system)

• Environmental pollution control for conventional sources

• Station automation (SA—substation automation)

• Asset management in the system and their monitoring

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83570*

operators.

**Figure 2.** *Barriers in energy-efficient solutions promoting.*

small and medium businesses do not have information, technical and managerial capabilities, and data on efficient funding schemes to conduct a detailed analysis, which limits their access to new technologies. Also, there may be difficulties in putting them into operation and using these technologies.
