**5. Drives to voluntary certification: Comerc/Sinerconsult**

In 2008, while the severity of the climate change became increasingly clear, no companies or customers in Brazil seemed aware of the issue, apparently believing that a country with plentiful natural resources has no reason for concern. At the time, they underestimated the fact that the strong presence of hydro power plants was built in the 1960s and 1970s, and could not be considered under the Kyoto Protocol and its eventual outcomes. Ironically, if electric power plants of any age could be considered, Brazil could expect that Amazon Forest will be listed as a contribution to efforts to combat climate change.

They also disregarded the fact that the new run-of-river hydroelectrical plants developed since the 1990s would increasingly require backup from thermal plants to ensure safety and to meet operational requirements during years of unfavorable rainfall. The same mistake was made when evaluating the intermittence of wind and solar power plants (solar plants still incipient at that time).

The idea of volunteer certification was inspired by the Conference of Parties (COP), which strived for consensual decisions—a daunting challenge given the diversity of political regimens and the cultural structures of each party. A tonguein-cheek remark—we all know how hard it is to reach consensus when allocating parking spaces in a condo homeowners' meeting, so one can only wonder about the chances when discussions involve such disparate parties. Time showed that volunteering was the winning idea in COP 21.

In a pioneering initiative in Brazil, Comerc and Sinerconsult launched certificates for avoided emissions based on the consumption of renewable energy (incentivized energy as it is called in Brazil). Our priority at the time was to create a process that was easy enough to be understood by the players, while robust enough and equipped with safeguards to ensure ethics, reliability, transparency, traceability, and coherence. All the information used is based on official data from energy contracts and their validation, as explained in the next section.

The measurement presented in the certificates, that is, tons of CO2 avoided, might not be easily understood among lay audiences, so an indicator of equivalent reforestation was added, making it easier for the general audience to understand the dimensions of the avoided emissions by comparing it to a certain number of trees planted.

Obviously, reforestation figures could be very different numbers depending on tree types, harvest period, and spacing. For clarity, the certificate established a standard reforestation model, using calculations for avoided emissions approved for a project in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in Brazil. This way, every calculation for equivalent number of trees follows the same conceptual basis, coherent with the Unite Nation International Panel of Climate Change (IPCC).

Although this methodology was created many years before the Paris Agreement, the conceptual directives defined do not conflict with the new adopted principles. Finally, it is necessary to point out that the GHG Protocol, one of the most important references in certifications around world, known to adopt conservative positions in the linkage of power plants and consuming units, adopted from 2017 a similar assumption as the Comerc-Sinerconsult model. The contract is the originating fact in establishing the environmental quality of the energy provided, to a consumer.

### **6. Methodology for modeling voluntary-certified avoided emission**

By law, in Brazil, small power plants using renewable resources and with low environmental impact have a financial incentive in the form of discounted energy transport rates (TUSD—Distribution System Usage Tariffs, in the Portuguese

**137**

*Voluntary Certification of Carbon Emission in Brazil - The Experience of an Electricity Trader*

acronym). In other words, they pay a lower tariff for using the grid systems when

The legislation establishes that the Regulatory Agency in Electricity Industry (ANEEL—National Electric Energy Agency, in the Portuguese acronym) must stipulate a tariff reduction of no less than 50% for transport of energy that comes from small hydro power plants, photovoltaic farms, wind power plants, and biomass-fueled thermal plants (in special sugarcane bagasse), as well some qualified

It must be detached that the benefits are allowed also for final customers. The generation facilities pay 50% of transport tariff from their site until the gravity center of the electric system and the customers pay 50% from gravity center to its location. This is in line with the ideas of Hoffman [7] discussed in Section 2.

All eligible plants for these rebates are environmentally friendly and are considered carbon neutral. Consequently, identifying a plant that has discounts is similar to identifying a source of zero emissions. Here, it is possible to identify a two-way match. The problem remains as how to ensure that the energy actually comes from a

To solve this issue, the information provided by the Electric Energy Trading Chamber (CCEE, in Portuguese acronym) is fundamental. The CCEE is the organization responsible (officially) for the supervision and control of electric energy trades among distributors, traders, free consumers, and generators in Brazilian market. In short, CCEE is a clearing house for electricity contracts in Brazil.

Transactions based on incentivized energy are eligible for discounted transport

The Regulation Agency (ANEEL) established that CCEE is the entity responsible to assure that the energy traded with discounts comes from a source eligible by law for this kind on incentives. Since January 2009, the CCEE has consistently published an index known as the "discount matrix," with the correlation between consumers

As related by de Almeida Prado et al. [5], the information provided from CCEE uses criterion of governance that gives confidence to stakeholders about the "quality" of energy used in each unit of consumption. The information could be checked by anyone to ensure about its reliability. All the figures are traceable and auditable and the rules are stable in time line. If a block of energy is tradable from an incentivized source and deserves the discount, we can assure that this amount of energy

Thus, this methodology indirectly uses an official source to determine what percentage of the power consumed by a specific consumer actually comes from a GHG neutral source. One should remember that there is always the possibility that a given power plant will be unable to produce all of the energy sold. In such situations, the generator or trader must purchase energy from third parties to honor its agreements and provide the energy it sold but is unable to deliver. If this "replacement" energy comes from other sources such as a nonincentivized, the consumer loses the right to the discount, in same proportion to the "not green" amount of energy supplied. The loss of this discount is made official by the CCEE and this procedure avoids that incorrect subsidizes could damage other stakeholders [5]. The proposed methodology uses an indirect but official inspection tool, which identifies the proportionality of the energy with incentives and therefore from sources that have zero emissions or are GHG neutral. This methodology determines how much

tariffs, so the subsidize is allocated to tariffs of all other consumers that do not use renewable of small plants [5]. For this reason, it is very important the perfect identification of whom is eligible for the discounts, because the bigger they are, the more they impact other consumers. The regulator is quite worried about the

the energy that was consumed is provided by an incentivized source.

cogeneration, all of plants with capacity smaller than 30 MW.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81185*

set of incentivized power plants.

fiscalization of subsides.

and incentivized energy.

comes from a GHG neutral source [5].

#### *Voluntary Certification of Carbon Emission in Brazil - The Experience of an Electricity Trader DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81185*

acronym). In other words, they pay a lower tariff for using the grid systems when the energy that was consumed is provided by an incentivized source.

The legislation establishes that the Regulatory Agency in Electricity Industry (ANEEL—National Electric Energy Agency, in the Portuguese acronym) must stipulate a tariff reduction of no less than 50% for transport of energy that comes from small hydro power plants, photovoltaic farms, wind power plants, and biomass-fueled thermal plants (in special sugarcane bagasse), as well some qualified cogeneration, all of plants with capacity smaller than 30 MW.

It must be detached that the benefits are allowed also for final customers. The generation facilities pay 50% of transport tariff from their site until the gravity center of the electric system and the customers pay 50% from gravity center to its location. This is in line with the ideas of Hoffman [7] discussed in Section 2.

All eligible plants for these rebates are environmentally friendly and are considered carbon neutral. Consequently, identifying a plant that has discounts is similar to identifying a source of zero emissions. Here, it is possible to identify a two-way match. The problem remains as how to ensure that the energy actually comes from a set of incentivized power plants.

To solve this issue, the information provided by the Electric Energy Trading Chamber (CCEE, in Portuguese acronym) is fundamental. The CCEE is the organization responsible (officially) for the supervision and control of electric energy trades among distributors, traders, free consumers, and generators in Brazilian market. In short, CCEE is a clearing house for electricity contracts in Brazil.

Transactions based on incentivized energy are eligible for discounted transport tariffs, so the subsidize is allocated to tariffs of all other consumers that do not use renewable of small plants [5]. For this reason, it is very important the perfect identification of whom is eligible for the discounts, because the bigger they are, the more they impact other consumers. The regulator is quite worried about the fiscalization of subsides.

The Regulation Agency (ANEEL) established that CCEE is the entity responsible to assure that the energy traded with discounts comes from a source eligible by law for this kind on incentives. Since January 2009, the CCEE has consistently published an index known as the "discount matrix," with the correlation between consumers and incentivized energy.

As related by de Almeida Prado et al. [5], the information provided from CCEE uses criterion of governance that gives confidence to stakeholders about the "quality" of energy used in each unit of consumption. The information could be checked by anyone to ensure about its reliability. All the figures are traceable and auditable and the rules are stable in time line. If a block of energy is tradable from an incentivized source and deserves the discount, we can assure that this amount of energy comes from a GHG neutral source [5].

Thus, this methodology indirectly uses an official source to determine what percentage of the power consumed by a specific consumer actually comes from a GHG neutral source. One should remember that there is always the possibility that a given power plant will be unable to produce all of the energy sold. In such situations, the generator or trader must purchase energy from third parties to honor its agreements and provide the energy it sold but is unable to deliver. If this "replacement" energy comes from other sources such as a nonincentivized, the consumer loses the right to the discount, in same proportion to the "not green" amount of energy supplied. The loss of this discount is made official by the CCEE and this procedure avoids that incorrect subsidizes could damage other stakeholders [5].

The proposed methodology uses an indirect but official inspection tool, which identifies the proportionality of the energy with incentives and therefore from sources that have zero emissions or are GHG neutral. This methodology determines how much

*Green Energy Advances*

**5. Drives to voluntary certification: Comerc/Sinerconsult**

and solar power plants (solar plants still incipient at that time).

contracts and their validation, as explained in the next section.

ent with the Unite Nation International Panel of Climate Change (IPCC).

**6. Methodology for modeling voluntary-certified avoided emission**

By law, in Brazil, small power plants using renewable resources and with low environmental impact have a financial incentive in the form of discounted energy transport rates (TUSD—Distribution System Usage Tariffs, in the Portuguese

contribution to efforts to combat climate change.

teering was the winning idea in COP 21.

In 2008, while the severity of the climate change became increasingly clear, no companies or customers in Brazil seemed aware of the issue, apparently believing that a country with plentiful natural resources has no reason for concern. At the time, they underestimated the fact that the strong presence of hydro power plants was built in the 1960s and 1970s, and could not be considered under the Kyoto Protocol and its eventual outcomes. Ironically, if electric power plants of any age could be considered, Brazil could expect that Amazon Forest will be listed as a

They also disregarded the fact that the new run-of-river hydroelectrical plants developed since the 1990s would increasingly require backup from thermal plants to ensure safety and to meet operational requirements during years of unfavorable rainfall. The same mistake was made when evaluating the intermittence of wind

The idea of volunteer certification was inspired by the Conference of Parties (COP), which strived for consensual decisions—a daunting challenge given the diversity of political regimens and the cultural structures of each party. A tonguein-cheek remark—we all know how hard it is to reach consensus when allocating parking spaces in a condo homeowners' meeting, so one can only wonder about the chances when discussions involve such disparate parties. Time showed that volun-

In a pioneering initiative in Brazil, Comerc and Sinerconsult launched certificates for avoided emissions based on the consumption of renewable energy (incentivized energy as it is called in Brazil). Our priority at the time was to create a process that was easy enough to be understood by the players, while robust enough and equipped with safeguards to ensure ethics, reliability, transparency, traceability, and coherence. All the information used is based on official data from energy

The measurement presented in the certificates, that is, tons of CO2 avoided, might not be easily understood among lay audiences, so an indicator of equivalent reforestation was added, making it easier for the general audience to understand the dimensions of the avoided emissions by comparing it to a certain number of trees planted. Obviously, reforestation figures could be very different numbers depending on tree types, harvest period, and spacing. For clarity, the certificate established a standard reforestation model, using calculations for avoided emissions approved for a project in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in Brazil. This way, every calculation for equivalent number of trees follows the same conceptual basis, coher-

Although this methodology was created many years before the Paris Agreement, the conceptual directives defined do not conflict with the new adopted principles. Finally, it is necessary to point out that the GHG Protocol, one of the most important references in certifications around world, known to adopt conservative positions in the linkage of power plants and consuming units, adopted from 2017 a similar assumption as the Comerc-Sinerconsult model. The contract is the originating fact in establishing the environmental quality of the energy provided, to a consumer.

**136**

#### *Green Energy Advances*

of the energy consumed is eligible for a transport discount and reduces the emissions published by the government for that particular month by a proportional amount.

The outcome is supported by the reliability of two official sources, one the amount of GHG emitted by the grid, and another by the exact volume of electricity consumed that was generated from renewable, GHG neutral sources. This reliability extends to the period during which the data are calculated, as both indicators are calculated for each calendar month, avoiding any distortions related to the period of calculation of these indicators.

The method used to calculate these numbers is described below. It is based on the trading chamber (CCEE) "ME001" (energy consumed) and "EI002" (TUSD incentive discount) reports.

First, the weekly consumption of energy reported in ME001 (energy consumed) reports is added up to come up with the total for the month. The amount of energy traded at a given percent discount is added and divided by the total volume, to arrive at:

$$\text{TD} = \frac{\Sigma VE \ast D}{\Sigma VE} \tag{1}$$

where *TD* is the total discount, *VE* is the volume of energy, and *D* is the discount.

Consumption is then multiplied by the discount to arrive at the incentive that applies to the volume of energy:

$$\text{MIAE} = \sum \text{WE} \, \ast \, \text{TD} \tag{2}$$

where *MIAE* is the monthly incentive applicable energy and *WE* is the weekly consumption.

The difference between monthly consumption and the amount of incentivized energy is then used to calculate the GHG emissions avoided each month, reported as tons of CO2 equivalents. This is calculated as a specific emission factor such as tons of CO2eq/MWh:

$$\text{AE} \, = \begin{array}{c} \text{(TMC - IAEC)} \ast \text{EF} \end{array} \tag{3}$$

**139**

**9. Conclusion**

*Voluntary Certification of Carbon Emission in Brazil - The Experience of an Electricity Trader*

 75 21,279.70 121,787.44 75 76,900.86 440,117.14 120 66,334.57 358,203.24 192 111,248.36 778,738.53 385 344,337.79 2,410,364.53 474 528,496.53 3,699,475.71 326 550,516.87 3,853,618.09 996 473,668.40 3,315,678.82 1130 701,854.64 4,912,982.48 Σ 3773 2,874,637.72 19,890,966

**Year Number of certificates Ton CO2eq Number of equivalent trees**

As discussed above, climate change is increasingly becoming a serious issue in light of the severe effects it might produce in human life. The pioneering Comerc-Sinerconsult initiative is not the only option available today. There are other initiatives, for example, from the Brazilian Society for Wind Power (Abeeolica, in the Portuguese acronym), and from associations of sugar and alcohol producers, and even international entities, for example, GHG Protocol and the International REC

It is clear that ongoing regulatory follow-up must be part of all joint activities undertaken by certificate sponsors, who should be open to include enhancements

Since 2017, Comerc developed similar concepts for the certification of energy efficiency. The emission factors in this case are obviously not the same as those utilized in corporate inventories neither the conserved energy is defined by the Chamber of Energy Commercialization (CCEE). However, the methodologies developed were maintained regarding ethics, reliability, transparency, and coherence. Comerc also maintained the equivalence with reforestation for a clearer presentation of figures to a nonexpert audience. The first certificates were already checked and will be expanded quickly as the energy efficiency actions are more valued in Brazil. As the concepts from the Paris Agreement become consolidated, it will be possible to develop new activities with the "potential" commercialization of certificates and its utilization for the neutralization of events or transferences among companies of the same group. Any such steps will be developed with the caution that

In the authors' opinions, voluntary certification represents a path of no return

The references presented in the Section 2 section indicate that consumers may exert pressure on the supply chain in different markets. This perception is aligned with Comerc experience in Commercial Relations and Marketing: more than 900

and committed to the continuous improvement of the project.

characterized the creation of the certificates.

for public projects and policies related to climate change.

corporations receive the emission certificates today.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81185*

*Figures of Comerc Sinerconsult certificates (2009–2017).*

**8. Next steps**

**Table 1.**

Standard.

where *AE* is the avoided emissions, *TMC* is the total monthly consumption, *IAEC* is the incentive applicable energy consumption, and *EF* is the emission factor.

The procedures described herein abide by the generally accepted principles for calculating inventory, which are relevance, universality, precision, transparency, and consistency. All of them are connected with the good practices presently discussed in Paris Agreement. Calculating avoided GHG emissions is a simple and reliable process if one has access to the customer reports issued by the CCEE regarding electricity consumption, specifically ME001 and EI002. Such reports are available only for customers, but of course they can, if necessary, give open access to anyone charged with checking the figures [5].

### **7. Results**

The results obtained are substantial and represent a pioneering initiative in voluntary measures to reduce GHG emissions in Brazil. **Table 1** presents the results of 900 different companies, with more than 1600 consumer units that have been using this methodology since 2009.

*Voluntary Certification of Carbon Emission in Brazil - The Experience of an Electricity Trader DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81185*


#### **Table 1.**

*Green Energy Advances*

calculation of these indicators.

incentive discount) reports.

applies to the volume of energy:

*TD*=\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

to anyone charged with checking the figures [5].

using this methodology since 2009.

arrive at:

discount.

consumption.

tons of CO2eq/MWh:

of the energy consumed is eligible for a transport discount and reduces the emissions published by the government for that particular month by a proportional amount. The outcome is supported by the reliability of two official sources, one the amount of GHG emitted by the grid, and another by the exact volume of electricity consumed that was generated from renewable, GHG neutral sources. This reliability extends to the period during which the data are calculated, as both indicators are calculated for each calendar month, avoiding any distortions related to the period of

The method used to calculate these numbers is described below. It is based on the trading chamber (CCEE) "ME001" (energy consumed) and "EI002" (TUSD

First, the weekly consumption of energy reported in ME001 (energy consumed) reports is added up to come up with the total for the month. The amount of energy traded at a given percent discount is added and divided by the total volume, to

∑*VE* ∗ *D*

where *TD* is the total discount, *VE* is the volume of energy, and *D* is the

Consumption is then multiplied by the discount to arrive at the incentive that

MIAE=∑WE ∗ TD (2)

where *MIAE* is the monthly incentive applicable energy and *WE* is the weekly

The difference between monthly consumption and the amount of incentivized energy is then used to calculate the GHG emissions avoided each month, reported as tons of CO2 equivalents. This is calculated as a specific emission factor such as

AE = (TMC − IAEC) ∗ EF (3)

where *AE* is the avoided emissions, *TMC* is the total monthly consumption, *IAEC* is the incentive applicable energy consumption, and *EF* is the emission factor. The procedures described herein abide by the generally accepted principles for calculating inventory, which are relevance, universality, precision, transparency, and consistency. All of them are connected with the good practices presently discussed in Paris Agreement. Calculating avoided GHG emissions is a simple and reliable process if one has access to the customer reports issued by the CCEE regarding electricity consumption, specifically ME001 and EI002. Such reports are available only for customers, but of course they can, if necessary, give open access

The results obtained are substantial and represent a pioneering initiative in voluntary measures to reduce GHG emissions in Brazil. **Table 1** presents the results of 900 different companies, with more than 1600 consumer units that have been

<sup>∑</sup>*VE* (1)

**138**

**7. Results**

*Figures of Comerc Sinerconsult certificates (2009–2017).*

### **8. Next steps**

As discussed above, climate change is increasingly becoming a serious issue in light of the severe effects it might produce in human life. The pioneering Comerc-Sinerconsult initiative is not the only option available today. There are other initiatives, for example, from the Brazilian Society for Wind Power (Abeeolica, in the Portuguese acronym), and from associations of sugar and alcohol producers, and even international entities, for example, GHG Protocol and the International REC Standard.

It is clear that ongoing regulatory follow-up must be part of all joint activities undertaken by certificate sponsors, who should be open to include enhancements and committed to the continuous improvement of the project.

Since 2017, Comerc developed similar concepts for the certification of energy efficiency. The emission factors in this case are obviously not the same as those utilized in corporate inventories neither the conserved energy is defined by the Chamber of Energy Commercialization (CCEE). However, the methodologies developed were maintained regarding ethics, reliability, transparency, and coherence. Comerc also maintained the equivalence with reforestation for a clearer presentation of figures to a nonexpert audience. The first certificates were already checked and will be expanded quickly as the energy efficiency actions are more valued in Brazil.

As the concepts from the Paris Agreement become consolidated, it will be possible to develop new activities with the "potential" commercialization of certificates and its utilization for the neutralization of events or transferences among companies of the same group. Any such steps will be developed with the caution that characterized the creation of the certificates.

### **9. Conclusion**

In the authors' opinions, voluntary certification represents a path of no return for public projects and policies related to climate change.

The references presented in the Section 2 section indicate that consumers may exert pressure on the supply chain in different markets. This perception is aligned with Comerc experience in Commercial Relations and Marketing: more than 900 corporations receive the emission certificates today.

No one of these initiatives are easy to control, the visited literature indicates the need to take care of the metrics calculation, so that it is possible to offer reliability to the stakeholders in the use the data of these voluntary initiatives, for commercial planning, company records, environmental compliance reports, or commercial and marketing policy actions.

The methodology described by the authors brings in their control, mechanisms very robust and criteria that offer security and reliability in the figures obtained.

The methodology proposed by Comerc-Sinerconsult was the pioneer in Brazil for this type of action. Given the theme's importance, innumerous other initiatives have arisen since the first certificates were emitted in 2009. It is important to note that the GHG Protocol, important reference that internationally had very strict criteria for the accounting of GHG emissions in interconnected grids began to use criteria similar to the Comerc-Sinerconsult since 2017. It demonstrates how important voluntary initiatives are, because they promote learning by the need to create and develop pioneering criteria and end up transforming the market in an evolutionary sense. The very transformation of a set of mandatory rules originating in Kyoto seems to find more appropriate conditions for its success now with the voluntarism of the Paris Agreement.

This chapter presented the pioneering initiative led by Comerc and Sinerconsult, creating the first avoided emission certificates in Brazil. Since 2009, we have reported almost 3 million tons of equivalent CO2 that are no longer released into the atmosphere due to the commercialization of renewable energy from small-scale projects with low or no environmental impacts. This volume of emissions is equivalent to a reforestation of approximately 20 million of trees and involved the participation of 900 companies with more than 1600 consumer units, all of them Comerc clients purchasing renewable energy or undertaking energy efficiency actions.

New perspectives are open now with the Paris Agreement that priories volunteer initiatives. The authors believe that in short time new markets of certification will result from similar initiatives. The path probably will be the commercialization of certificates and its utilization for the neutralization of events or transferences among companies of the same group. Any such steps must be developed with the caution that characterized the creation of the certificates here described.

## **Author details**

Fernando Amaral de Almeida Prado1 \* and Edvaldo Avila2

1 Sinerconsult Consultoria Treinamento e Participações Limitada, São Paulo, Brazil

2 Comerc Energia, São Paulo, Brazil

\*Address all correspondence to: fernando@sinerconsult.com.br

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**141**

*Voluntary Certification of Carbon Emission in Brazil - The Experience of an Electricity Trader*

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*Voluntary Certification of Carbon Emission in Brazil - The Experience of an Electricity Trader DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81185*
