Preface

Simulation and modeling is an approach used when everything fails. Simulation and modeling applications range from nuclear reactions to transport systems. Hence, there are two types of simulation approaches: discrete simulation approaches and continuous simulation approaches. The process interaction approach, event scheduling approach, activity scanning approach, and three-phase approach all belong to the first family. In the process interaction approach the computer program emulates the flow of an object through the system. The transaction flow approach is a simpler version of the process interaction approach. The event scheduling approach advances time to the moment when something happens next. The third approach, the activity scanning approach, is based on two phases: the first phase executes after a fixed amount of time, the second phase executes after the satisfaction of some condition. The fourth approach is the three-phase approach, and as the name is suggests it has three phases: A, B, and C.

To handle concurrent discrete event dynamic systems, Petri nets were developed by Carl Adam at the beginning of the 1960s as a theory for discrete parallel systems. Such an idea is reflected in the chapter "Petri net models optimized for simulation."

Simulation and modeling needs imagination and innovations to be developed from scratch. Yet, simulation is needed, hence the question: why do we simulate? Simulation allows experimentation rather than direct, costly, time-consuming experimentation. Simulation allows time control that the user can use to compress and expand the time element. Simulation experiments can be replicated to answer questions like: why did this happen? Simulation allows the user to explore possibilities. Simulation also allows the user to explore different possibilities while identifying constraints, predicting obstacles, and playing with what-if scenarios. Simulation is used to train pilots as well as medical professionals in new technology.

In this book three chapters tackle three simulation arenas:

The chapter titled "Petri net models optimized for simulation" presents two Petri net-based formalisms analyzed for profiting from their respective advantages of modeling, simulation, and decision-making support: a set of alternative Petri nets and a compound Petri net. These formalisms, as well as the transformation algorithms between them, are detailed and an illustrative example. Among the main advantages of these formalisms, their intuitive application for modeling discrete event systems in the process of being designed, as well as the compactness that may present the resulting model, in the case of a compound Petri net, which lead to efficient decision making, can be mentioned.

The chapter titled "Simulation modeling for ship traffic flow in entrance channels" uses process interaction-based simulation model for ship operation (PI-SMSO) using Java language to help designers to determine the dimensions of entrance channels. The PI-SMSO component simulates ships in and out of a one- or two-way traffic channel, or a one-way channel with a ships-passing anchorage, as well as ships discharging/loading at berths. Finally, we apply the PI-SMSO to a Chinese

coal-import terminal to explore its possible bottlenecks by evaluating the performance of the entrance channel system, and determine the available improvement strategies according to the simulated port performance.

The chapter titled "The proposal for modeling methodology for Enterprise Content Management (ECM) systems—modeling tools selection" presents content management as one of the strategic directions of ICT development in modern enterprises. This trend is spurred by the increasing amount of data and explicit knowledge (that is, content) whose characteristic features are a lack of structure and multimediality. A dynamically growing market of ECM platforms, defined as the set of components and technologies used for managing content in any given area of the company, has emerged. Researchers focusing on ECM agree that the current aspect of content management is much more recognizable in business practice than in the theoretical and methodological ECM toolkit as a separate discipline of IS. This chapter presents the main elements of the author's methodology of modeling an enterprise that is preparing for ECM platform implementation. The working name of this methodology is Enterprise Content Management Modeling Method (ECM3). The modeling methodology is understood as a set of assumptions and perspectives of building the enterprise model, analytical tools to create it, and stages of the completion of the analytical process. The chapter presents the assumptions of methodology, selected analytical tools, as well as practical examples from actual ECM implementation.

Each chapter in this book explores one aspect of the simulation and modeling arena, reflecting the power of simulation and implementation of the concept, while using different approaches to solve a different problem—hence, reflecting multifaceted applications of simulation.

**Evon Abu-Taieh**

Section 1

Introduction

Faculty of Computer and Information Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,

## **Asim Abdel El Sheikh Ahmed**

The Onyx Link Foundation, Newport, Wales, UK

Section 1 Introduction

**3**

**Chapter 1**

and Modeling

*Evon Abu-Taieh*

**1. Introduction**

Introductory Chapter: Simulation

The influx of data in the world today needs analysis that no method can handle.

Some reports estimated the influx of data to reach 163 zettabytes by 2025 and hence the need for simulation and modeling theory and practice. Simulation and modeling tools and techniques are of most importance in this day and age. While simulation carries the needed work, tools of visualizing the results help in decisionmaking process. Simulation ranges of simple queue to molecular dynamics include seismic reliability analysis, structural integrity assessment, games, reliability engineering, and system safety. This book will introduce simulation and modeling

to practitioners, researchers, and novice users to the world of imagination.

second distinguishing feature of simulation.

the simulation topic is worth investigating.

**3. Distinguishing features of simulation**

**2. Simulation in research**

Simulation and modeling programs are not like any other computer program. Section 1 can look at the amount of research being conducted in the scientific community, and the facts are reflected in Section 2. Section 3 shows the distinguishing factors of simulation. Section 4 presents classical simulation approaches and their handling of the time elements which is one of the distinguishing factors of simulation. Section 5 sheds light on the reasons why we simulation. Section 6 explains furthermore the different uses of simulation especially in training. Section 7 discusses the answer of proof of correctness or validation and verification question that is the

Simulation is a very important topic in the research community. According to the IEEE digital library in the year 2014, scientific journals and magazines published 9478 scientific research papers. In the year 2015, 10,371 scientific research papers were published, while in the year 2016, 11,133 scientific papers were published in journals and magazines. According to the same source in the year 2017, 12,206 scientific research papers were published. Hence, in the 4 years (2014–2017), 43,188 scientific research papers were published. The number indicates how rich the simulation topic is with undiscovered topics and many unsolved problems. Hence,

There are four distinguishing characteristics that differentiate simulation from any computer program: time use simulation is an indexing variable, simulation

## **Chapter 1**

## Introductory Chapter: Simulation and Modeling

*Evon Abu-Taieh*

## **1. Introduction**

The influx of data in the world today needs analysis that no method can handle. Some reports estimated the influx of data to reach 163 zettabytes by 2025 and hence the need for simulation and modeling theory and practice. Simulation and modeling tools and techniques are of most importance in this day and age. While simulation carries the needed work, tools of visualizing the results help in decisionmaking process. Simulation ranges of simple queue to molecular dynamics include seismic reliability analysis, structural integrity assessment, games, reliability engineering, and system safety. This book will introduce simulation and modeling to practitioners, researchers, and novice users to the world of imagination.

Simulation and modeling programs are not like any other computer program. Section 1 can look at the amount of research being conducted in the scientific community, and the facts are reflected in Section 2. Section 3 shows the distinguishing factors of simulation. Section 4 presents classical simulation approaches and their handling of the time elements which is one of the distinguishing factors of simulation. Section 5 sheds light on the reasons why we simulation. Section 6 explains furthermore the different uses of simulation especially in training. Section 7 discusses the answer of proof of correctness or validation and verification question that is the second distinguishing feature of simulation.

## **2. Simulation in research**

Simulation is a very important topic in the research community. According to the IEEE digital library in the year 2014, scientific journals and magazines published 9478 scientific research papers. In the year 2015, 10,371 scientific research papers were published, while in the year 2016, 11,133 scientific papers were published in journals and magazines. According to the same source in the year 2017, 12,206 scientific research papers were published. Hence, in the 4 years (2014–2017), 43,188 scientific research papers were published. The number indicates how rich the simulation topic is with undiscovered topics and many unsolved problems. Hence, the simulation topic is worth investigating.

## **3. Distinguishing features of simulation**

There are four distinguishing characteristics that differentiate simulation from any computer program: time use simulation is an indexing variable, simulation

objective is to achieve correctness, simulation is computational intensive, and there is no typical use of simulation [1]. As time is an indexing variable, the use of such variable can be discrete or continues. Such use of the time variable is reflected in the approaches and method of simulation.

The second feature is reflected in the discussion of validation and verification of the simulation program. The section lists ways of validation and verification. To achieve correctness is a major goal of any simulation program; furthermore, the proof of correctness is a challenge of simulation.

The third feature is also another challenge in simulation world. Simulation major feature is the time indexing variable, which is a challenge on its own. Another element that makes simulation computational intensive is animation. Animation in relation with time variable is very challenging to master in any simulation program.

The fourth feature is distinguishing of simulation; there is no typical use of simulation. Simulation is colored with its use. The uses of simulation range from transport systems to molecule interactions. Hence, simulation is colored from within its use.

## **4. Classical simulation approaches**

Simulation and modeling is an approach used when everything fails. Simulation and modeling applications range from nuclear reactions to transport systems. Hence, there are two types of simulation approaches: discrete simulation approaches and continuous simulation approaches. Process interaction approach, event scheduling approach, activity scanning approach, stock and flow approach, and threephase approach all belong to the first family. In process interaction approach, the computer program emulates the flow of an object through the system. Transaction flow approach is a simpler version of process interaction approach. Event scheduling approach advances time to the moment when something happens next. The third approach, activity scanning approach, is based on two phases: the first phase is the execution after a fixed amount of time, and the second phase is the execution after the satisfaction of some condition. The third approach is a three-phase approach; as the name is suggesting, it has three phases: A, B, and C. To better understand the simulation approaches, **Figure 1** reflects the flow charts of each of them.

**5**

*Introductory Chapter: Simulation and Modeling DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83663*

Simulation."

technology.

chemical materials.

simulation in mathematics.

phenomena.

**6. Simulation uses in training**

**5. Why simulate?**

To handle concurrent discrete event dynamic systems, Petri nets were developed by Carl Adam in the beginning of the 1960s, a theory for discrete parallel system. Such idea is reflected in the chapter "Petri Net Models Optimized for

Simulation and modeling needs imagination and innovations to be developed

Simulation is used to train people in a number of arenas for many reasons: either the training situation is too dangerous to conduct or too delicate or too expensive. A study by Abu-Taieh and Abutayeh [2], they listed 12 areas where simulation is used for vocational training: to train pilots, many simulators are used. Rather than using the real plane to teach the pilot to fly, a simulator is used to train the pilot. Another use is to conduct chemical experiments by simulating the experiments. As such, the experimenter is in a safe environment while knowledge is transferred on handling

Another training arena is physics experiments. Simulators are used to conduct physics experiments. To teach things like motion, energy, power, sound, heat, electricity, magnets, circuits, light, and radiation, a simulator is used to teach their

Mathematics, algebra, number theory, mathematical functions, trigonometry, data analysis, graphs, trees, networks, enumerative combinations, iteration, and recursion are hard topics to understand and visualize. Simulation is used as an explanatory tool and a visualizing method. Nelson [4] listed five reasons to use

Simulation is used to study environmental and ecological systems. Since such arena is overwhelmed with variables that no mathematical formula can solve, simulation is used to study, visualize, understand, and explain environmental

To study, understand, and explain cosmology and astrophysics, many computer-

Simulators are also used in civil engineering, interior design, and architectural engineering designs. Since real-life experimentation is lengthy and expensive, simulators in such arena save time, money, and effort by delivering virtual product which can be altered rather than delivering real-life product. In Marshall

based simulators are used. Simulation in this case enhances the understanding of cosmology and astrophysics by visualization. Simulators are also used to train medical students in surgery training. Such concept is used to train novice surgeons

to gain expertise and self-confidence before conducting the real surgery.

attributes and to visualize the experiments as seen in [3].

from scratch. Yet, simulation is needed and hence the question "why do we simulate?" Simulation allows experimentation rather than direct, costly, timeconsuming experimentation. Simulation allows time control where the user can compress and expand time element. Simulation experiments can be replicated, so as to answer questions like "why did this happen?" Simulation allows the user to explore possibilities. Simulation allows the user to explore different possibilities while identifying constrains and predict obstacles. Playing with what-if scenarios, simulation is used to train pilots as well as medical professionals in the case of new

**Figure 1.**

*Flow charts of the three classical simulation approaches [1].*

To handle concurrent discrete event dynamic systems, Petri nets were developed by Carl Adam in the beginning of the 1960s, a theory for discrete parallel system. Such idea is reflected in the chapter "Petri Net Models Optimized for Simulation."

## **5. Why simulate?**

*Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory*

approaches and method of simulation.

**4. Classical simulation approaches**

simulation program.

within its use.

proof of correctness is a challenge of simulation.

objective is to achieve correctness, simulation is computational intensive, and there is no typical use of simulation [1]. As time is an indexing variable, the use of such variable can be discrete or continues. Such use of the time variable is reflected in the

The second feature is reflected in the discussion of validation and verification of the simulation program. The section lists ways of validation and verification. To achieve correctness is a major goal of any simulation program; furthermore, the

The third feature is also another challenge in simulation world. Simulation major feature is the time indexing variable, which is a challenge on its own. Another element that makes simulation computational intensive is animation. Animation in relation with time variable is very challenging to master in any

The fourth feature is distinguishing of simulation; there is no typical use of simulation. Simulation is colored with its use. The uses of simulation range from transport systems to molecule interactions. Hence, simulation is colored from

Simulation and modeling is an approach used when everything fails. Simulation

and modeling applications range from nuclear reactions to transport systems. Hence, there are two types of simulation approaches: discrete simulation approaches and continuous simulation approaches. Process interaction approach, event scheduling approach, activity scanning approach, stock and flow approach, and threephase approach all belong to the first family. In process interaction approach, the computer program emulates the flow of an object through the system. Transaction flow approach is a simpler version of process interaction approach. Event scheduling approach advances time to the moment when something happens next. The third approach, activity scanning approach, is based on two phases: the first phase is the execution after a fixed amount of time, and the second phase is the execution after the satisfaction of some condition. The third approach is a three-phase approach; as the name is suggesting, it has three phases: A, B, and C. To better understand the

simulation approaches, **Figure 1** reflects the flow charts of each of them.

**4**

**Figure 1.**

*Flow charts of the three classical simulation approaches [1].*

Simulation and modeling needs imagination and innovations to be developed from scratch. Yet, simulation is needed and hence the question "why do we simulate?" Simulation allows experimentation rather than direct, costly, timeconsuming experimentation. Simulation allows time control where the user can compress and expand time element. Simulation experiments can be replicated, so as to answer questions like "why did this happen?" Simulation allows the user to explore possibilities. Simulation allows the user to explore different possibilities while identifying constrains and predict obstacles. Playing with what-if scenarios, simulation is used to train pilots as well as medical professionals in the case of new technology.

## **6. Simulation uses in training**

Simulation is used to train people in a number of arenas for many reasons: either the training situation is too dangerous to conduct or too delicate or too expensive. A study by Abu-Taieh and Abutayeh [2], they listed 12 areas where simulation is used for vocational training: to train pilots, many simulators are used. Rather than using the real plane to teach the pilot to fly, a simulator is used to train the pilot. Another use is to conduct chemical experiments by simulating the experiments. As such, the experimenter is in a safe environment while knowledge is transferred on handling chemical materials.

Another training arena is physics experiments. Simulators are used to conduct physics experiments. To teach things like motion, energy, power, sound, heat, electricity, magnets, circuits, light, and radiation, a simulator is used to teach their attributes and to visualize the experiments as seen in [3].

Mathematics, algebra, number theory, mathematical functions, trigonometry, data analysis, graphs, trees, networks, enumerative combinations, iteration, and recursion are hard topics to understand and visualize. Simulation is used as an explanatory tool and a visualizing method. Nelson [4] listed five reasons to use simulation in mathematics.

Simulation is used to study environmental and ecological systems. Since such arena is overwhelmed with variables that no mathematical formula can solve, simulation is used to study, visualize, understand, and explain environmental phenomena.

To study, understand, and explain cosmology and astrophysics, many computerbased simulators are used. Simulation in this case enhances the understanding of cosmology and astrophysics by visualization. Simulators are also used to train medical students in surgery training. Such concept is used to train novice surgeons to gain expertise and self-confidence before conducting the real surgery.

Simulators are also used in civil engineering, interior design, and architectural engineering designs. Since real-life experimentation is lengthy and expensive, simulators in such arena save time, money, and effort by delivering virtual product which can be altered rather than delivering real-life product. In Marshall

et al. [5], healthcare delivery is discussed using simulation. Other uses of simulation are to design, understand, test, and visualize computers and communication networks as seen in [6, 7].

To learn financial planning and to model marketing simulation is used, namely, in Crystal Ball and Analytica, among others. Business modeling, risk analysis, cost/ benefit analysis, and risk management are also taught using simulators. In military training, virtual reality (VR) and virtual augmented reality (VAR) are used. Simulators like mission rehearsal exercise (MRE).

A published research [8, 9] classified 56 simulation environment according to their 22 uses: air traffic control and space systems, supply chain management, business process reengineering and workflows, transportation systems, complex system design evaluation, aerospace, computer and communication networks, oil and gas, computer performance evaluation, construction, education and training, financial modeling, healthcare systems, parcels and parcel handling(queue), manufacturing systems, de-bottlenecking, military/combat systems, what-if scenarios, satellite and wireless communications systems, robotic and mechanical systems, service systems, and decision and risk analysis.

## **7. Validation, verification, and testing (VV&T) in simulation**

This section is an answer to the second distinguishing feature of simulation. VV&T in simulation is the most important quest. There is no point in simulating the wrong model and no point in simulating the model incorrectly. Validation answers to the question "Are we building the right model?" Verification answers to the question "Are we building the product right?" These two questions have been raised back in 1995 when Balci [10] published a research paper listing 15 simulation VV&T principles, as follows:


**7**

*Introductory Chapter: Simulation and Modeling DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83663*

*credibility.*

*simulation results.*

and verification in simulation.

of simulation.

**8. Conclusion**

**Acknowledgements**

*M&S results.*

12.*Successfully testing each submodel (module) does not imply overall model* 

14.*Simulation model validity does not guarantee the credibility and acceptability of* 

15.*A well-formulated problem is essential to the acceptability and accreditation of* 

In the same paper, Balci [10] divided the V&V techniques into two categories: V&V techniques for simulation models and V&V techniques for object-oriented simulation models. The V&V techniques for simulation models were further divided into four subcategories: informal, static, dynamic, and formal. V&V techniques for object-oriented simulation models were divided into three subcategories: conventional, adaptive, and specific. The informal subcategory included 8 V&V techniques, and the static subcategory included 19 techniques. The dynamic subcategory included 50 techniques. The formal subcategory included eight techniques. The adaptive subcategory included 15 techniques, while the specific subcategory included 31 techniques. In total, Balci listed more than 130 validation and verification techniques; as such, this only reflects the importance of validation

Some published work like [8, 9, 11, 12] discussed the validation and verification quest. The first two sources listed the different methods and tools for VV&T, and the third source developed a method from within the system development life cycle

Playing the virtual world with time element is a joy and challenge. Hence, simulation to simulators is an open-ended question. This chapter showed the importance of simulation from academic and scientific point of view and then the distinguishing elements of simulation. Two distinguishing features stood out: time element and the correctness of the simulation program. Time element handling is reflected in Section 4. Correctness of the simulation program is discussed in Section 7. In the overall picture, simulation and modeling is like an addictive game that one can never get tired of.

I would like to acknowledge the efforts and support of Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University College of Computer and Information Sciences Dean Prof. Auhood Alfaries and the University of Jordan for their moral support and encouragement. Also, I would to acknowledge the Publisher **intechopen.com** and their people (Dajana Pemac, Author Service Manager, and Danijela Vladika), for the

opportunity and their support, patience, and hard work.

13.*Double validation problem must be recognized and resolved properly.*


*Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory*

Simulators like mission rehearsal exercise (MRE).

systems, and decision and risk analysis.

*judged with respect to those objectives.*

principles, as follows:

networks as seen in [6, 7].

et al. [5], healthcare delivery is discussed using simulation. Other uses of simulation are to design, understand, test, and visualize computers and communication

To learn financial planning and to model marketing simulation is used, namely, in Crystal Ball and Analytica, among others. Business modeling, risk analysis, cost/ benefit analysis, and risk management are also taught using simulators. In military training, virtual reality (VR) and virtual augmented reality (VAR) are used.

A published research [8, 9] classified 56 simulation environment according to their 22 uses: air traffic control and space systems, supply chain management, business process reengineering and workflows, transportation systems, complex system design evaluation, aerospace, computer and communication networks, oil and gas, computer performance evaluation, construction, education and training, financial modeling, healthcare systems, parcels and parcel handling(queue), manufacturing systems, de-bottlenecking, military/combat systems, what-if scenarios, satellite and wireless communications systems, robotic and mechanical systems, service

**7. Validation, verification, and testing (VV&T) in simulation**

1.*V&V must be conducted throughout the entire M&S life cycle.*

*model or simulation is absolutely correct or absolutely incorrect.*

10.*Errors should be detected as early as possible in the M&S life cycle.*

11.*Multiple response problem must be recognized and resolved properly.*

4.*V&V requires independence to prevent developer's bias.*

5.*VV&A is difficult and requires creativity and insight.*

*simulation is verified, validated, and accredited.*

7.*Complete simulation model testing is not possible.*

8.*VV&A must be planned and documented.*

9.*Type I, II, and III errors must be prevented.*

This section is an answer to the second distinguishing feature of simulation. VV&T in simulation is the most important quest. There is no point in simulating the wrong model and no point in simulating the model incorrectly. Validation answers to the question "Are we building the right model?" Verification answers to the question "Are we building the product right?" These two questions have been raised back in 1995 when Balci [10] published a research paper listing 15 simulation VV&T

2.*The outcome of VV&A should not be considered as a binary variable where the* 

3.*A simulation model is built with respect to the M&S objectives, and its credibility is* 

6.*Credibility can be claimed only for the prescribed conditions for which the model or* 

**6**


In the same paper, Balci [10] divided the V&V techniques into two categories: V&V techniques for simulation models and V&V techniques for object-oriented simulation models. The V&V techniques for simulation models were further divided into four subcategories: informal, static, dynamic, and formal. V&V techniques for object-oriented simulation models were divided into three subcategories: conventional, adaptive, and specific. The informal subcategory included 8 V&V techniques, and the static subcategory included 19 techniques. The dynamic subcategory included 50 techniques. The formal subcategory included eight techniques. The adaptive subcategory included 15 techniques, while the specific subcategory included 31 techniques. In total, Balci listed more than 130 validation and verification techniques; as such, this only reflects the importance of validation and verification in simulation.

Some published work like [8, 9, 11, 12] discussed the validation and verification quest. The first two sources listed the different methods and tools for VV&T, and the third source developed a method from within the system development life cycle of simulation.

## **8. Conclusion**

Playing the virtual world with time element is a joy and challenge. Hence, simulation to simulators is an open-ended question. This chapter showed the importance of simulation from academic and scientific point of view and then the distinguishing elements of simulation. Two distinguishing features stood out: time element and the correctness of the simulation program. Time element handling is reflected in Section 4. Correctness of the simulation program is discussed in Section 7. In the overall picture, simulation and modeling is like an addictive game that one can never get tired of.

## **Acknowledgements**

I would like to acknowledge the efforts and support of Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University College of Computer and Information Sciences Dean Prof. Auhood Alfaries and the University of Jordan for their moral support and encouragement. Also, I would to acknowledge the Publisher **intechopen.com** and their people (Dajana Pemac, Author Service Manager, and Danijela Vladika), for the opportunity and their support, patience, and hard work.

*Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory*

## **Author details**

Evon Abu-Taieh Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

\*Address all correspondence to: abutaieh@gmail.com

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**9**

*Introductory Chapter: Simulation and Modeling DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83663*

[1] Abu-Taieh EM, Rahman El Sheikh AA, Abu-Tayeh JM, Abdallat HA. History of simulation. In: Khosrow-Pour M, editor. Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology. 2nd ed. Hershey, PA: IGI Global; 2009. pp. 1769- 1776. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60566-026-4.

[8] Abu-Taieh EM, Rahman El Sheikh AA. Discrete event simulation process validation, verification, and testing. In: Dasso A, Funes A, editors. Verification, Validation and Testing in Software Engineering. Hershey, PA: IGI Global; 2007. pp. 177-212. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-

59140-851-2.ch008

[9] Abu-Taieh E, El Sheikh A. Commercial simulation packages: A comparative study. International Journal

of Simulation. 2007;**8**(2):66-76

DOI: 10.1145/224401.224456

[12] Abu-Taieh EM, Rahman El Sheikh AA, Abu Tayeh J. Relay race methodology (RRM): An enhanced life cycle for simulation system development. In: El Sheikh A et al., editors. Simulation and Modeling: Current Technologies and Applications. Hershey, PA: IGI Global; 2008. pp. 156- 174. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-59904-198-8.

ch005

[10] Balci O. Principles and techniques of simulation validation, verification, and testing. In: Alexopoulos C and Kang K, editors. Proceedings of the 27th conference on Winter simulation (WSC '95). Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society; 1995. pp. 147-154.

[11] Abu-Taieh EM, Rahman El Sheikh AA. A road map for the validation, verification and testing of discrete event simulation. In: Khosrow-Pour M, editor. Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology. 2nd ed. Hershey, PA: IGI Global; 2009. pp. 3306-3313. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60566-026-4.ch526

[2] Abu-Taieh EM, Abutayeh JM. Simulation environments as vocational and training tools. In: Management Association, editor. Gaming and Simulations: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools and Applications. Hershey, PA: IGI Global; 2011. pp. 854-866. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60960-195-9.ch317

[3] Maghsoodlou S, Afzali A. Simulation

development and achievements. Physics and Chemistry of Classical Materials: Applied Research and Concepts;2014.

[4] Nelson BL. Using simulation to teach probability. In: Proceeding of the 2002 Winter Simulation Conference; San Diego, CA, USA; 2002. p. 1815

[5] Marshall DA, Burgos-Liz L, IJzerman MJ, Crown W, Padula WV, Wong PK, et al. Selecting a dynamic simulation modeling method for health care delivery research—Part 2: Report of the ISPOR dynamic simulation modeling emerging good practices task force. Value in Health. 2015;**18**(2):147-160

[6] Al-Bahadili H, Issa G, Sabri A. Enhancing the performance of the DNDP algorithm. The International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Networks. 2011;**3**(2):113-124

[7] Al-Bahadili H. Enhancing the performance of adjusted

2010;**6**(4):1992-1995

probabilistic broadcast in MANETs. The Mediterranean Journal of

Computers and Networks (MEDJCN).

in classical nanomaterials: New

**References**

ch278

235

*Introductory Chapter: Simulation and Modeling DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83663*

## **References**

*Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory*

**8**

**Author details**

Evon Abu-Taieh

provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

\*Address all correspondence to: abutaieh@gmail.com

[1] Abu-Taieh EM, Rahman El Sheikh AA, Abu-Tayeh JM, Abdallat HA. History of simulation. In: Khosrow-Pour M, editor. Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology. 2nd ed. Hershey, PA: IGI Global; 2009. pp. 1769- 1776. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60566-026-4. ch278

[2] Abu-Taieh EM, Abutayeh JM. Simulation environments as vocational and training tools. In: Management Association, editor. Gaming and Simulations: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools and Applications. Hershey, PA: IGI Global; 2011. pp. 854-866. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60960-195-9.ch317

[3] Maghsoodlou S, Afzali A. Simulation in classical nanomaterials: New development and achievements. Physics and Chemistry of Classical Materials: Applied Research and Concepts;2014. 235

[4] Nelson BL. Using simulation to teach probability. In: Proceeding of the 2002 Winter Simulation Conference; San Diego, CA, USA; 2002. p. 1815

[5] Marshall DA, Burgos-Liz L, IJzerman MJ, Crown W, Padula WV, Wong PK, et al. Selecting a dynamic simulation modeling method for health care delivery research—Part 2: Report of the ISPOR dynamic simulation modeling emerging good practices task force. Value in Health. 2015;**18**(2):147-160

[6] Al-Bahadili H, Issa G, Sabri A. Enhancing the performance of the DNDP algorithm. The International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Networks. 2011;**3**(2):113-124

[7] Al-Bahadili H. Enhancing the performance of adjusted probabilistic broadcast in MANETs. The Mediterranean Journal of Computers and Networks (MEDJCN). 2010;**6**(4):1992-1995

[8] Abu-Taieh EM, Rahman El Sheikh AA. Discrete event simulation process validation, verification, and testing. In: Dasso A, Funes A, editors. Verification, Validation and Testing in Software Engineering. Hershey, PA: IGI Global; 2007. pp. 177-212. DOI: 10.4018/978-1- 59140-851-2.ch008

[9] Abu-Taieh E, El Sheikh A. Commercial simulation packages: A comparative study. International Journal of Simulation. 2007;**8**(2):66-76

[10] Balci O. Principles and techniques of simulation validation, verification, and testing. In: Alexopoulos C and Kang K, editors. Proceedings of the 27th conference on Winter simulation (WSC '95). Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society; 1995. pp. 147-154. DOI: 10.1145/224401.224456

[11] Abu-Taieh EM, Rahman El Sheikh AA. A road map for the validation, verification and testing of discrete event simulation. In: Khosrow-Pour M, editor. Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology. 2nd ed. Hershey, PA: IGI Global; 2009. pp. 3306-3313. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60566-026-4.ch526

[12] Abu-Taieh EM, Rahman El Sheikh AA, Abu Tayeh J. Relay race methodology (RRM): An enhanced life cycle for simulation system development. In: El Sheikh A et al., editors. Simulation and Modeling: Current Technologies and Applications. Hershey, PA: IGI Global; 2008. pp. 156- 174. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-59904-198-8. ch005

**11**

Section 2

Simulation Use
