Infrared Irradiation, an Excellent, Alternative Green Energy Source DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83805

with electric muffle furnace and has a fast heating rate the gold-plates improve the energetic efficiency; and in general, the ashing process is completed within 30 min, among others [47].

As a complement, in Table 6, several reactions are summarized as described in a previous report [1]. The included processes, in general involve short reaction times, good to excellent yields, the use of a catalyst and solventless conditions, and consequently a green approach is offered.

Table 6. Miscellaneous reactions.

Another example, using NIR, is the photocatalytic decomposition of

yields, and short time reaction.

E = Entry, Ref = Reference.

Green Chemistry Applications

Multicomponent reaction.

Table 4.

2.6 Miscellaneous reactions

activated by MIR [46].

E = Entry, Ref = Reference.

Reduction-oxidation reactions.

Table 5.

42

2,4-dichlorophenol in aqueous solution with Cu2(OH)PO4 microcrystals [39], or the photo-oxidation of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran in aerated toluene [40]. Other oxidation processes are presented in Table 5, developed without solvent, excellent

E Reaction Ref. 17 [37]

An interesting set of miscellaneous reactions is commented in this separated section. In this sense, the production of peptides by mean N-phosphoamino acid and amino acid in aqueous solution and irradiated with MIR was reported [43]. Also, the alpha-alumina powders were described by mean Pechini synthesis using MIR [44]. In other studies, SnO2 nanoparticles were generated applying medium infrared irradiation [45]. The hexagonal form of boron nitride was employed to produce protective coatings using liquid polyborazylene as a boron source and was

In a current research, the preparation of botanical samples enriched with organic

E Reaction Ref. 1 [41]

2 [42]

matter by mean heating of focused far infrared light by dry ashing method is reported. In the dry process, the NIR was focused by reflection through the goldplated layer; consequently, the energy efficiency was improved and a argon atmosphere was employed to avoid the loss of elements caused by sample combustion at high temperatures, 500°C, in short times of carbonization. It is important to note that this device shows several advantages as the instrument size is small compared

Recently, several nucleophilic aromatic substitutions have been reported by Luna-Mora and coworkers; the authors inform about the preparation of N-(5- R1 amino-2-nitrophenyl) acetamides and 5-R<sup>1</sup> amino-2-nitroanilines by means of a comparative study among MH, NIR, US, MW, and the combination of NIR-US here is concluded that the best process was when the NIR-US process is employed offering the best yields and short reaction times, Entry 5.

yields, using NIR as the activating mode of reaction, with short reaction times in the

Balam-Villareal in 2016 informed about the formation of C-C bond by means of a Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reaction, Entry 3, employing new sulfur-containing palladacycles as catalyst and aryl iodides with electron-donating and electronwithdrawing groups. Thus the NIR strategy, has similar behavior that the MH in relation to the yields obtained, but the time reaction was diminished by three times. Another example, corresponding to C-C bond formation, implicates the use of

Related to Table 7, several interesting commentaries are performed:

arylhydrazones containing the benzothiazole moiety as a contribution to the Mizoroki-Heck reaction, employing palladium ligands, Entries 4 and 5. The authors report that the reaction was performed using near infrared irradiation. The products were obtained from good to excellent yields, reducing the reaction time. In the same report, it was reported the use of this arylhydrazones in the Suzuki-Miyaura

cross-coupling reaction with NIR as alternative source, water as solvent,

alternative to perform this kind of reaction, Entry 6.

1 Oryza sativa L. p-Coumaric acid, 3-vinyl-1-oxybenzene, 4-

others

others

among others

among others

hydroxybenzoic acid

2.8 Natural product extraction

4 Camellia sinensis var. sinensis

7 Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae

8 Lycium barbarum Linn

9 Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch

12 Rhododendron

45

mucronulatum Turcz

that the FIR can be also used [1] (Table 8).

diminishing the time of reaction, and the products were obtained with good yields. Continuing with the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction type, the use of imidazolehydrazone as ligand was recently informed; the reaction was developed in short reaction times, improving the yields, all this result afforded by the use of NIR as the activating mode of reaction, with water as the solvent, offering a new ecological

Currently, it is well known that several methods are available to extract the secondary metabolites present in vegetable species, but recently, it was reported

E Vegetable specimen Extracted compounds Ref.

5 Puerariae radix Polyphenols compounds, isoflavonoids compounds [62]

10 Lycium chinensis Mill Mannitol, sucrose, glucose, and fructose [67] 11 Grape seeds Catechin, epicatechin, and procyanidin B2 [68]

Rutin, farrerol, syringic acid, vanillic acid, and 4-

coumaric acid, isofeluric acid, sesamol, and tocopherol

Polyphenolic compounds, caffeine, ()-epicatechin, among

Danshensu, protocatechuic acid, protocatechuic aldehyde,

Quercetin, rutin, and gentisic acid [65]

Liquiritin, glycyrrhetic acid, and glycyrrhizin [66]

[55, 56]

[57]

[58]

[63]

[64]

[69]

[59–61]

hydroxybenzaldehyde, among others

2 Sesamum indicum L. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, o-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, p-

3 Arachis hypogaea L. 2-Methoxyphenol, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid, among

6 Morus alba L. p-Coumaric acid, benzoic acid, (+)-catechin, chlorogenic acid,

presence of a catalyst, with or without the presence of a base.

Infrared Irradiation, an Excellent, Alternative Green Energy Source

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83805
