4. Title

#### 4.1 Cytotoxicity and anticancer activity

The cytotoxicity of the prepared nanocomplexes has been demonstrated and tested for their anticancer activity against Caco2, Vero, and MCF-7 cell lines. The obtained results revealed that complex 1 had the best recorded anticancer activity against Caco2 cells with inhibition percentage of 72.13 (Figure 8B). The IC50 (μg) (the value which corresponds to the concentration required for 50% inhibition cell viability) for the noncytotoxic doses against human primary dermal fibroblasts cells were recorded as 2.482 μg/ml. The IC50 for these structures were recorded as 0.3772 μg/ml for compound 1 on Caco2 cells. In spite of the potency of the sample as anticancer agents, the superior selectivity index values against Caco2 cells than noncancerous cells were recorded with a value of 46.6.

On the other hand, the other tested compounds have shown moderate activities against all cells; the anticancer activity is less than that recorded for 1.

cells which are already present in the culture, which undergo G2/M arrest, resulting

Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocomplexes by Green Chemistry and Their Applications…

The chitosan played an important role in the synthesis of the composite nanofiber. The amino group has been used to stabilize metal nanoparticles [33], so we suggested that the free NH2 ligands of chitosan might bind to the nanoparticles

The formation of the CS-stabilized NPs was further investigated by FTIR spectroscopy. The FTIR spectra of the CS-NP nanofiber and CS nanofiber attributed a broad band at the range of 3350–3510 cm<sup>1</sup> corresponding to the amine and hydroxyl groups. For the nanocomposite, there is a change in the shape and frequencies of the bands in this region, indicating participation of the NH2 group in the reaction. Although there is some difference in the two figures, both of them showed

the basic characteristic peaks for CS at 3422 cm<sup>1</sup> (O▬H stretch) and 2960– 2970 cm<sup>1</sup> (C▬H stretch), which indicated that the CS can adsorb on the formed

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is widely used to investigate the thermal decomposition of a polymer. The TGA thermograms of pristine CS nanofiber, CS-NP composite nanofiber, at a heating rate of 20°C/min under nitrogen

atmosphere are investigated. Chitosan's nanofiber weight change between 28.27 and 100°C is associated with the loss of adsorbed and bound water. Chitosan polymer degradation started at 100°C and continued up to 333.80°C, with a 75.5% polymer

4.3 Chitosan-nanocomplex 2 composite nanofibers

Flow cytometric analysis of compound 1, against Caco2 cell line.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83558

nanoparticles in the preparation process [34, 35].

in cells with 8n DNA.

and stabilized them.

4.3.1 FTIR

Figure 9.

4.3.2 TGA

29

weight loss [36, 37].

#### 4.2 Flow cytometry

Flow cytometric analyses of propidium iodide-stained nuclei cells were performed to investigate whether treatment could induce cell cycle perturbations in human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma. Cell cycle parameters were compared for Caco2 cells that had been incubated for 24 h with 1 ml of IC50 concentrations of sample 1 with untreated (control) cells. As shown in Figure 9, following 24 h incubation with treatment, there was an increase in the proportion of cells in the G2/M phase (51.10%, for treatment 1).

Also, an additional peak was observed, consistent with aneuploid cells which contain more than 4n DNA. This peak may represent a population of cells that has escaped mitotic arrest and continued to replicate as multinuclear cells without dividing (i.e., endoreduplication), or it may be due to a small fraction of tetraploid

#### Figure 8.

Cytotoxicity and anticancer activity of the prepared compounds against human primary dermal fibroblasts and Caco2 cell lines, respectively.

Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocomplexes by Green Chemistry and Their Applications… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83558

#### Figure 9.

ranging from 3.2 to 44.9 nm (Figure 5). Electron microscopy analysis allowed confirming visually the observed stability of the obtained nanocomplex.

Figure 7.

Green Chemistry Applications

4. Title

4.2 Flow cytometry

Figure 8.

28

Caco2 cell lines, respectively.

G2/M phase (51.10%, for treatment 1).

4.1 Cytotoxicity and anticancer activity

noncancerous cells were recorded with a value of 46.6.

against all cells; the anticancer activity is less than that recorded for 1.

Flow cytometric analyses of propidium iodide-stained nuclei cells were performed to investigate whether treatment could induce cell cycle perturbations in human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma. Cell cycle parameters were compared for Caco2 cells that had been incubated for 24 h with 1 ml of IC50 concentrations of sample 1 with untreated (control) cells. As shown in Figure 9, following 24 h incubation with treatment, there was an increase in the proportion of cells in the

Also, an additional peak was observed, consistent with aneuploid cells which contain more than 4n DNA. This peak may represent a population of cells that has escaped mitotic arrest and continued to replicate as multinuclear cells without dividing (i.e., endoreduplication), or it may be due to a small fraction of tetraploid

Cytotoxicity and anticancer activity of the prepared compounds against human primary dermal fibroblasts and

Correlation of all results obtained for the complexes under study gives us information regarding the suggested structure of the complexes to be as in Figure 6. The fully optimized geometries of the ligand and its metal complexes were shown in

The cytotoxicity of the prepared nanocomplexes has been demonstrated and tested for their anticancer activity against Caco2, Vero, and MCF-7 cell lines. The obtained results revealed that complex 1 had the best recorded anticancer activity against Caco2 cells with inhibition percentage of 72.13 (Figure 8B). The IC50 (μg) (the value which corresponds to the concentration required for 50% inhibition cell viability) for the noncytotoxic doses against human primary dermal fibroblasts cells were recorded as 2.482 μg/ml. The IC50 for these structures were recorded as 0.3772 μg/ml for compound 1 on Caco2 cells. In spite of the potency of the sample as anticancer agents, the superior selectivity index values against Caco2 cells than

On the other hand, the other tested compounds have shown moderate activities

Flow cytometric analysis of compound 1, against Caco2 cell line.

cells which are already present in the culture, which undergo G2/M arrest, resulting in cells with 8n DNA.

#### 4.3 Chitosan-nanocomplex 2 composite nanofibers

The chitosan played an important role in the synthesis of the composite nanofiber. The amino group has been used to stabilize metal nanoparticles [33], so we suggested that the free NH2 ligands of chitosan might bind to the nanoparticles and stabilized them.

#### 4.3.1 FTIR

The formation of the CS-stabilized NPs was further investigated by FTIR spectroscopy. The FTIR spectra of the CS-NP nanofiber and CS nanofiber attributed a broad band at the range of 3350–3510 cm<sup>1</sup> corresponding to the amine and hydroxyl groups. For the nanocomposite, there is a change in the shape and frequencies of the bands in this region, indicating participation of the NH2 group in the reaction. Although there is some difference in the two figures, both of them showed the basic characteristic peaks for CS at 3422 cm<sup>1</sup> (O▬H stretch) and 2960– 2970 cm<sup>1</sup> (C▬H stretch), which indicated that the CS can adsorb on the formed nanoparticles in the preparation process [34, 35].

#### 4.3.2 TGA

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is widely used to investigate the thermal decomposition of a polymer. The TGA thermograms of pristine CS nanofiber, CS-NP composite nanofiber, at a heating rate of 20°C/min under nitrogen atmosphere are investigated. Chitosan's nanofiber weight change between 28.27 and 100°C is associated with the loss of adsorbed and bound water. Chitosan polymer degradation started at 100°C and continued up to 333.80°C, with a 75.5% polymer weight loss [36, 37].

## Green Chemistry Applications

The CS-NP composite nanofiber exhibited a three-step degradation pattern. The first step occurred between 24.68°C and 100.86°C, which is due to water evaporation. The second and the major mass loss were observed between 100°C and 261.34°C, with a 40.42% polymer weight loss. The third step occurred between 261.34 and 367.43°C, with a 19.95% polymer weight loss with total loss of 71.27% at 367.43°C.

4.3.5 Antimicrobial activity

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83558

dressing for skin injuries.

5. Conclusion

injuries.

Author details

Rania H. Taha1,2

31

Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

provided the original work is properly cited.

The ability of prepared La nanoparticle-coated nanofibers to cease the growth of microbes known for its human pathogenicity has been investigated. La nanoparticlecoated nanofibers succeeded to locally cease the growth of all tested microbes. Each disc succeeded to stop the growth of tested microbes at the boundaries between the disc and the plates'surfaces, forming clear zones with 7 mm diameter. It is worth mentioning that La nanoparticle-coated nanofibers showed the same pattern of antimicrobial activity against all tested microbes. The ability of prepared nanoparticle-

Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocomplexes by Green Chemistry and Their Applications…

nanofiber hybrid to affect the microbes locally is definitely promising for biomedical applications. These results would support the coexistence of the

microbes and their antimicrobial agent at the same location and hence improve the overall microbe drug interaction process. Moreover, this kind of antimicrobial agent localization would prevent the probability of its migration to other sites inside the body that would help to avoid the expected subsidiary complications. It would be recommended that these nanoparticle-coated nanofibers are used as wound

La(III) nanocomplexes with different organic ligands were synthesized and characterized by different techniques. In addition to the nanosize was proved by different techniques also. All prepared metal complexes were screened against different human cell lines. It was found that we were able to identify new potent and selective anticancer compounds. Also, one of these nanocomplexes was tested as wound dressing which is recommended to be used as local chemotherapy for skin

1 Chemistry Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia

2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science (Girls), Al-Azhar University,

\*Address all correspondence to: mhmd\_mosad@yahoo.com; rania@azhar.edu.eg

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
