Contents


Preface

Modern spectroscopy techniques are used for the analysis of materials, such as the elemental, molecular, and chemical compositions, atomic structure, perfection of surfaces of solids, surface layers, and phase boundaries. These techniques employ electromagnetic radiation that is typically classified by the wavelength region of the spectrum. Spectroscopy techniques are used as a tool for studying the structures of atoms and molecules, as a large number of wavelengths emitted by different materials makes it possible to investigate their structures in detail, including the electron

The book is divided into seven chapters, which are mainly focused on the experimental as well as theoretical aspects. These chapters include an introduction to atomic spectroscopy, vibrational Raman spectroscopy, vibrational zero-point energy of organic compounds, analysis of light absorption phenomenon, and discrimination by infrared spectroscopy. All the authors are experts and active in their fields and therefore this book provides the latest information about these topics. The contents of the book provide fundamental knowledge necessary for the advanced study in the field of modern spectroscopic techniques and applications. Proper references have been provided at the end of each chapter, which can lead the readers to the best sources in the literature and help them read more detail about the topic.

I am indebted to all the authors for helping me to complete this project and also many thanks to the entire IntechOpen publishing team for making this project possible. Furthermore, I am thankful to Ms. Dolores Kuzelj, the Author Service Manager, for her pleasant and cooperative behavior during the publishing process of this book. I hope that this book will help the readers acquire further knowledge about modern spectroscopic techniques and their applications in different areas.

> **Maaz Khan** PINSTECH,

Islamabad, Pakistan

**Marwa El-Azazy**

Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

**Gustavo Morari do Nascimento** Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil

Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences,

configurations of the ground and various excited states.
