Nucleation and Crystal Growth

*Synthesis Methods and Crystallization*

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DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0565-z

of Molecular Catalysis A:

s13065-017-0305-1

**46**

**Chapter 4**

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

system [2].

crystal [3].

**49**

Nucleation

*and Shafirah Samsuri*

*Wan Nur Athirah Mazli, Mohd Afnan Ahmad*

of nucleation have been summarized in this chapter.

**Keywords:** homogeneous, heterogeneous, ice crystal

to the outward part of the cluster [1].

Nucleation is one of the processes that involves at the beginning of the certain process like freezing, melting, boiling, condensation and crystallization. This process normally occurs in the industry, where it is involving the thermodynamic phase that involves work, energy and temperature. The nuclei growth happens when the initial phase changes to the other phase. Unfortunately, the detail for the theory of nucleation is not well-known around the people who are working in the industry, even though there are many reports or writings available. Thus, few types of nucleation like homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation and the other theory

Crystallization is the process where the molecules or tiny ice crystal are attached to each other to produce bigger formation of molecule or ice layer. Large cluster is stable compared to the smaller cluster as most of the molecules are far from the surface of the solution. It starts to form at the center of the cluster and slowly spread

Besides, crystallization happens when there is phase change from the liquid to solid or crystalline form. This process happens when concentration of the solute already exceeds the equilibrium concentration or known as the supersaturated solution. The solution provides the driving force for the process and develops the growth of the particle but it not always develops the crystallization process because the supersaturated solution might be in metastable state. The process will happen when the limit of metastable has reached the limit and it depends on the kinetics

Nucleation is the process that happens in the crystallization process and it can be

divided into few categories [2]. Ice nuclei appear at the solid surface when the fusion of heat is transferred by the conduction toward the cooled surface. By this time, the thin film starts to grow thicker until the ice crystal layer is formed. Most of the nuclei are developed in the high supersaturation and it attaches to form the ice

Activated process is known as nucleation because there is a barrier that the growing nucleus needs to be defeated [4]. The nucleation phenomenon is widely known in most aspects of science. Besides, it normally occurs at the beginning of the form of the ice crystal, snow, volcanic and the rainfall [5]. The nucleation process can be divided into a few parts as a different process has different conditions.
