Synthesis Methods

*Synthesis Methods and Crystallization*

[15] Marzouki R, Abd-Rabboh HSM, Baker AH, Ghazwani SA, Zid MF, Hamdy MS. Synthesis, characterisation and the photocatalytic performance of europium oxide/ceria nanocomposite. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2019. DOI: 10.1080/03067319.2019.1694671

[16] Abd-Rabboh HSM, Marzouki R, Alassaf A, Loghbi M, Hamdy MS. Removal of malachite green dye from contaminated aqueous solutions using WO3/Eu2O3-visible-lightassisted photocatalysis. International

Journal of Environmental

Analytical Chemistry. 2019. DOI: 10.1080/03067319.2019.1683551

**6**

**9**

**Chapter 2**

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

pharmaceutical compounds.

the polarizing microscope.

crystals.

Chemistry

Synthesis Methods in Solid-State

The synthesis of single crystal is an area of intense activity in the materials science. The obtaining of the single crystal with sufficient dimension for X-ray diffraction depends on several factors including the chemical composition, crystal structure of the reagents, and physical parameters (temperature and pressure). In this context, this chapter is dedicated to the description of the most common synthesis methods of single crystal in the solid-state chemistry: solid-state method, hydrothermal, and slow evaporation at room temperature. Same other materials can be obtained at high pressure. There are also some physical techniques to grow single

**Keywords:** synthesis, single crystal, hydrothermal, evaporation, crystal growth

Synthesis is the most important step in solid-state chemistry research and in materials science. The samples may be prepared as single crystals, polycrystalline powder, or a thin film. Glass and amorphous samples are from another class of materials. In this chapter, we discuss only the methods of synthesis of single

The discovery of new materials passes necessarily by the X-ray single crystal method. Usually, the polycrystalline powder and thin film are designed for the known materials, where their structures have been determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction. It is possible to determine the crystal structure of the polycrystalline samples, but generally it shows some difficulty. However, powder XRD is generally dedicated to materials that cannot be prepared as single crystals like some

The four most adopted methods of synthesis of single crystals are solid-state, hydrothermal, slow evaporation at room temperature, and flux methods. Here, we discuss also the crystal structure prediction method at high pressure. Each method is controlled by several controllable and/or uncontrollable parameters. The parameters influence the obtaining of phase, morphology, and size of single crystals. The most important criterion in determining the crystal structure is the size of the single crystal and the crystallinity. These two parameters may be checked before the X-rays single crystal diffraction by using the binocular magnifying glass and

*Youssef Ben Smida, Riadh Marzouki, Savaş Kaya,* 

*Sultan Erkan, Mohamed Faouzi Zid* 

crystal, each technique is specific for specific materials.

*and Ahmed Hichem Hamzaoui*
