**8. Conclusion**

In this chapter, the methods of synthesis of crystalline materials and their stages are discussed. These methods are the most adopted and the most common in solid-state chemistry. Each synthesis method brings back to crystalline materials of different sizes returning to the synthesis conditions. The change of one of the parameters such as temperature, pressure, and reactional environment can influence the crystallinity and the size of the sample obtained. For this, the control of these parameters is essential in the synthesis of crystallized materials and in their reproducibility.

**21**

*Synthesis Methods in Solid-State Chemistry DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93337*

**Author details**

Saudi Arabia

Youssef Ben Smida1

Mohamed Faouzi Zid4

University, Sivas, Turkey

riadh.marzouki@hotmail.fr

Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey

provided the original work is properly cited.

\*Address all correspondence to: rmarzouki@kku.edu.sa;

, Riadh Marzouki2,3,4\*, Savaş Kaya5

and Ahmed Hichem Hamzaoui1

1 Laboratory of Valorization of Useful Materials, National Center of Materials Sciences Research, Techno Park Borj Cedria, Carthage University, Soliman, Tunisia

2 Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha,

3 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia

5 Department of Pharmacy, Health Services Vocational School, Sivas Cumhuriyet

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

4 Laboratory of Materials, Crystal Chemistry and Applied Thermodynamics, LR15ES01, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia

6 Yildizeli Vocational School, Chemical and Chemical Company Technology,

, Sultan Erkan6

,

*Synthesis Methods in Solid-State Chemistry DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93337*

*Synthesis Methods and Crystallization*

• growth from melt

• flux growth

**8. Conclusion**

reproducibility.

• high-temperature solution growth

• electrolytic reduction of fused salts

• chemical vapor transport

• hydrothermal synthesis

• high-pressure synthesis

It is well-known that there is a remarkable correlation between stability and energy. Stable states have low energy values. For the processes, final energy values of solids must be lower from the free energy of initial state of the systems. It should be noted that crystal formation process forms from two steps. First step is the formation of a new nucleus. Second step is the growth of the nucleus formed to form a particle of appreciable size. Crystals may contain some defects. In terms of the determination of crystal properties, these defects are quite important. In addition to these defects, distortion of lattice also may be possible. This condition is called as dislocation. Many important properties of crystals are due to the regions and numbers of these dislocations. Crystal growths can be via the following types:

In high-temperature solution growth, the constituents of the crystals are dissolved in a suitable solvent and then when the solution becomes over saturated, crystallization occurs. In flux growth, crystals like ceramics and ferrites have been grown by the slow cooling of a solution in a molten flux. Chemical transport reactions are widely considered in the preparation of single crystals like magnetite.

In this chapter, the methods of synthesis of crystalline materials and their stages are discussed. These methods are the most adopted and the most common in solid-state chemistry. Each synthesis method brings back to crystalline materials of different sizes returning to the synthesis conditions. The change of one of the parameters such as temperature, pressure, and reactional environment can influence the crystallinity and the size of the sample obtained. For this, the control of these parameters is essential in the synthesis of crystallized materials and in their

**20**
