Preface

Earthquakes may be regarded as one of the deadliest natural hazards on Earth. Literally, within a few seconds, hundreds (in some cases thousands) of lives could be lost. Earthquakes are particularly disastrous when they affect communities that are exposed and vulnerable. How are these cities and communities dealing with earthquakes? Are they prepared to mitigate the impact of them? This book attempts to answer these and other questions about earthquake preparedness.

Organized into four sections, the thirteen chapters of this book describe the current state-of-the-art of themes related to earthquakes, including preparedness, vulnerability, resilience and risk assessment.

Chapter 1 in Section 1 provides an introduction to the volume. Section 2 includes Chapters 2 and 3, both of which deal with earthquake preparedness. Chapter 2 presents a conceptual model for designing earthquake early warning messages that are delivered via mobile phone apps. The chapter uses America's West Coast as a case study. Chapter 3 presents the results of a study conducted in Mexico City regarding risk perception and how knowledgeable the participants were in relation to earthquake prediction. Section 3 includes Chapters 4–6, each of which includes a case study of a community affected by earthquakes. Chapter 4 discusses the longterm effects of the 2010 earthquake in Chile on the country's rural male population. Chapter 5 describes the lessons learned from the 2015 earthquake in Nepal. Chapter 6 presents a methodology for assessing lifeline interactions for the case of the 2011 earthquake in Japan.

Section 4 includes Chapters 7–10 and deals with different approaches to building community resilience. Chapter 7 presents a methodology to build resilience in countries prone to disasters. Chapter 8 puts forth a methodology of community-based resilience reconstruction based on the experiences gained after the 2011 earthquake in Japan. Chapter 9 addresses how corporations can contribute to community resilience, again using the Japan earthquake as an example. Chapter 10 presents the role of placemaking as a tool for post-disaster regeneration and resilience, and applies it to three case studies following the 2010 and 2011 earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand.

Finally, Section 5 deals with the 'hard' science of the study of earthquakes. Chapter 11 puts forward a probabilistic framework for assessing seismic scour effects on bridge structures in rural areas. Chapter 12 discusses large earthquakes generating landslides and tsunamis. Chapter 13 presents the state-of-the-art of the kinematics of slow-slip events.

Written by international experts in their respective fields, this book provides comprehensive information on a wide range of issues related to earthquakes. It is hoped that it will become a valuable resource for academic researchers, postgraduate students involved in research on seismic risk, NGOs, and key decision-makers involved in disaster management systems at national, regional and local levels.

**II**

**Chapter 6 71**

Resilience **85**

**Chapter 7 87**

**Chapter 8 107**

**Chapter 9 131** Corporate Contributions to Community Resilience after the Great East Japan

**Chapter 10 157**

Risk Assessment **183**

**Chapter 11 185**

**Chapter 12 203**

**Chapter 13 221**

The Role of Placemaking as a Tool for Resilience: Case Studies from Post-

Multi-Hazard Assessment of Seismic and Scour Effects on Rural Bridges

Resilience Science for a Resilient Society in Natural Disaster Prone Countries

Methodology for Community-Based Resilient Reconstruction

Lifeline Interrelationships during the Tohoku Earthquake: Management of

Disaster Analysis Reports Using Text Mining

*by Yasuko Kuwata*

*by Yoshiyuki Kaneda*

*by Mikiko Ishikawa*

Earthquake Disaster *by Rui Fukumoto*

**Section 5**

Earthquake Christchurch, New Zealand

with Unknown Foundations

Kinematics of Slow-Slip Events

*by Jonas Eliasson*

*by Chi-Yu King*

*by Diane Brand, Hugh Nicholson and Natalie Allen*

*by Xuan Guo, Zhaohua Dai and ZhiQiang Chen*

Earthquake-Generated Landslides and Tsunamis

**Section 4**

Many people have made this book possible. I gratefully acknowledge the assistance provided by Ms. Ivana Barac, author service manager, the technical staff, and all the authors who contributed to the volume.

> **Dr. Jaime Santos-Reyes** National Polytechnic Institute, Systems Engineering Department, SEPI-ESIME, Zac., Mexico City, Mexico

> > **1**

Section 1

Introductory Chapter

Section 1 Introductory Chapter

**3**

**Figure 1.**

**Chapter 1**

*Jaime Santos-Reyes*

ing (**Figure 1**):

**1. Earthquake trends 1998–2017**

Introductory Chapter:

Earthquakes - Impact, Community

Earthquakes may be regarded as one of the most devastating and terrifying natural forces on earth. Past earthquake disasters (including tsunamis triggered by earthquakes) have demonstrated that literally within a few or a fraction of seconds, many people can be killed or injured; further, the psychological impact on communities can last for years. Furthermore, due to its force of destruction, any physical

But what are the trends? In the UNISDR report [1], some of the key conclusions relevant to earthquakes during a 20-year period (i.e., 1998–2017) were the follow-

*(a) Number of earthquake disaster occurrence and other types of natural disasters in the 20-year period between 1998 and 2017. (b) Number of affected people by earthquakes and other natural disasters. (c) Deaths caused by earthquakes and other types of natural disasters. (d) Economic losses caused by earthquakes and* 

*other natural disasters, during the same time period, in US\$.*

Vulnerability, and Resilience

infrastructure could be (and have been) damaged or destroyed.

## **Chapter 1**
