IntechOpen Book Series Earthquakes Volume 2

Jaime Santos-Reyes is a lecturer at the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico. He obtained a PhD from Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, in 2001. Dr. Santos-Reyes' main research interests include safety management systems, technological and disaster risk, and systems failure in general. He has published more than twenty scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals. Four of his papers have been included in the "TOP

Hottest Articles" from Elsevier ScienceDirect. He serves as a reviewer for more than fifteen scientific journals, including those related to earthquakes, safety science, and emergency response. Currently, he is conducting research on topics associated with seismic risk (risk perception, earthquake early warning (EEW) systems, and communities' preparedness, among others) in the so-called Ring of Fire along the Pacific Coast of Mexico.

## **Editor of Volume 2:**

**Dr. Jaime Santos-Reyes** National Polytechnic Institute, Systems Engineering Department, SEPI-ESIME, Zac. Mexico City, Mexico.

**Book Series Editor:** Valentina Svalova Institute of Environmental Geoscience RAS, Russia

## Scope of the Series

The book series addresses the multi-disciplinary topic of earthquake hazards and risks, one of the fastest growing, relevant and applied fields of research and study practiced within the geosciences and environment. It also addresses principles, concepts and paradigms of the earthquake connected disciplines, as well as operational terms, materials, tools, techniques and methods including processes, procedures and implications. This book series aims to equip professionals and others with a formal understanding of earthquake hazards and risk topics, to clarify the similarities or differences in fundamental concepts and principles in the discipline, to explain the relevance and application of primary tools and practices in earthquake risk study, to direct geologists, engineers, architects, planners, teachers, students, and others interested in the earthquake discipline to authoritative and vetted sources, and last but not least, to capture the wide range of expanding disciplinary activities under a single umbrella of earthquake hazard, disaster and risk concept.

Contents

**Section 1**

and Resilience *by Jaime Santos-Reyes*

*Derek R. Lane and Nigel Haarstad*

Before the 2017 Earthquakes

*and Gabriel Gingras-Lacroix*

**Section 2**

**Section 3**

**Preface III**

Introductory Chapter **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

Preparedness **9**

**Chapter 2 11**

**Chapter 3 21**

Vulnerability **35**

**Chapter 4 37**

**Chapter 5 55**

Introductory Chapter: Earthquakes - Impact, Community Vulnerability,

The IDEA Model as a Conceptual Framework for Designing Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) Messages Distributed via Mobile Phone Apps *by Deanna D. Sellnow, Lucile M. Jones, Timothy L. Sellnow, Patric Spence,* 

Knowledge and Perception on Seismic Risk of Students in Mexico City

Earthquake Disasters and the Long-Term Health of Rural Men in Chile:

Impacts of the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake: Lessons Learnt from Nepal

*by Oscar Labra, Robin Wright, Danielle Maltais, Gilles Tremblay, Ray Bustinza* 

*by Tatiana Gouzeva, Diego Padilla-Pérez, Daniel Velázquez-Martínez,* 

*Vladimir Avalos-Bravo and José Lourdes Félix-Hernández*

A Case Study for Psychosocial Intervention

*by Shiva Subedi and Meen Bahadur Poudyal Chhetri*

## Contents



Preface

Earthquakes may be regarded as one of the deadliest natural hazards on Earth. Literally, within a few seconds, hundreds (in some cases thousands) of lives could be lost. Earthquakes are particularly disastrous when they affect communities that are exposed and vulnerable. How are these cities and communities dealing with earthquakes? Are they prepared to mitigate the impact of them? This book attempts

Organized into four sections, the thirteen chapters of this book describe the current state-of-the-art of themes related to earthquakes, including preparedness, vulner-

Chapter 1 in Section 1 provides an introduction to the volume. Section 2 includes Chapters 2 and 3, both of which deal with earthquake preparedness. Chapter 2 presents a conceptual model for designing earthquake early warning messages that are delivered via mobile phone apps. The chapter uses America's West Coast as a case study. Chapter 3 presents the results of a study conducted in Mexico City regarding risk perception and how knowledgeable the participants were in relation to earthquake prediction. Section 3 includes Chapters 4–6, each of which includes a case study of a community affected by earthquakes. Chapter 4 discusses the longterm effects of the 2010 earthquake in Chile on the country's rural male population. Chapter 5 describes the lessons learned from the 2015 earthquake in Nepal. Chapter 6 presents a methodology for assessing lifeline interactions for the case of the 2011

Section 4 includes Chapters 7–10 and deals with different approaches to building community resilience. Chapter 7 presents a methodology to build resilience in countries prone to disasters. Chapter 8 puts forth a methodology of community-based resilience reconstruction based on the experiences gained after the 2011 earthquake in Japan. Chapter 9 addresses how corporations can contribute to community resilience, again using the Japan earthquake as an example. Chapter 10 presents the role of placemaking as a tool for post-disaster regeneration and resilience, and applies it to three case studies following the 2010 and 2011 earthquakes in Christchurch, New

Finally, Section 5 deals with the 'hard' science of the study of earthquakes. Chapter 11 puts forward a probabilistic framework for assessing seismic scour effects on bridge structures in rural areas. Chapter 12 discusses large earthquakes generating landslides and tsunamis. Chapter 13 presents the state-of-the-art of the kinematics

Written by international experts in their respective fields, this book provides comprehensive information on a wide range of issues related to earthquakes. It is hoped that it will become a valuable resource for academic researchers, postgraduate students involved in research on seismic risk, NGOs, and key decision-makers involved in disaster management systems at national, regional and local levels.

to answer these and other questions about earthquake preparedness.

ability, resilience and risk assessment.

earthquake in Japan.

Zealand.

of slow-slip events.
