Resilience Science for a Resilient Society in Natural Disaster Prone Countries

*Yoshiyuki Kaneda*

## **Abstract**

Recently, many destructive natural disasters occurred in the world. Therefore, the damage reductions and disaster mitigation for resilient society are very important and significant. For the implementation of these issues, we propose the resilience science including science, engineering, medicine, and social science. In social science, there are sociology, economics, psychology, law, pedagogy, etc. After 2011 earthquake in East Japan in which severe tsunami damages in a broad area occurred, the reconstruction and restoration activities in each area have been done; however, the progress speeds are not so rapid generally. One of reasons in which delayed reconstruction and restoration occurred is the shortage of pre-recovery plan and concept of future community in each area. In this chapter, we propose the resilience science for resilient society. The resilience science is based on multidisciplinary research fields, and the resilient society is defined as the society equipped with redundancy, robustness, elasticity, and safety. Especially, human resource cultivation is very important in resilience science for the resilient society. For the bright future, the resilience science for the resilient society based on human resource cultivation is indispensable.

**Keywords:** resilience science, natural disaster, disaster mitigation, recovery, restoration, human resource cultivation, philosophy, bright future

## **1. Introduction**

The world experiences many natural disasters, such as tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tornados, hurricanes, floods, landslides, and droughts.

Attention has been particularly drawn to destructive tsunamis and earthquakes, such as the 2004 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami, the 2010 Chile earthquake, and the earthquake and tsunami of East Japan in 2011. Recently, destructive earthquakes and tsunamis occurred at Lombok Island, Sulawesi Island, and Sunda Strait in Indonesia.

As per my personal experience, people, buildings, environment, and societies in coastal areas suffered severe damage with disasters, tsunamis, and earthquakes.

Following what has happened after the Great East Japan earthquake in 2011, having the huge damage by the natural disasters, the rapid restoration and the revival could not be seen in the coastal areas.

Many reasons can be mentioned here, such as the lead times, the reconstruction budgets, and the time spent generating agreement for the restoration plans among the national government, local government, and people living in coastal areas.

Farther, for each individual, it is much far from attaining their ordinal mental and economic conditions back to their state before the disaster [1].

What is indispensable in advance of the coming mega earthquakes, tsunamis, and heavy rain/storm/landslide, etc. is more advanced, progressive countermeasures for disaster mitigation, restoration, and revival in coast regions. I would like to define the natural disasters and mitigation as follows:

1.Natural disasters are events beyond human assumptions:

	- Preparedness
	- Awareness
	- Science and technology
	- Early warning and proper evacuation/behavior
	- Knowledge and drill
	- Pre-reconstruction/resilience plan
	- Human resource cultivation

In this chapter, we will discuss certain measures for disaster mitigation, such as resilience science [2].

#### **1.1 Tsunami and earthquake damage in the world**

As I have already mentioned in a previous publication, "there are records of the 1575 Valdivia earthquake and tsunami in Chili, the 1700 Cascade earthquake and tsunami in Western Canada and Northwestern United States, the 1707 Hoei earthquake/tsunami in Southwest Japan, the 1755 Lisbon earthquake/tsunami in Portugal, the 1960 Chilean earthquake/tsunami, the 1964 Alaskan earthquake/tsunami, the 2004 Sumatra earthquake/tsunami, and the Great East Japan 2011 earthquake/tsunami (**Table 1**). In Japan, recently, many natural disasters included earthquakes and tsunamis have occurred and have caused serious damage [3] (**Figure 1**).

Based on the lessons we learned from the 2011 Great East Japan disaster, we discuss tsunami disasters and the recovery efforts.

**Table 2** shows the examples of tsunamis caused by great earthquakes in the history of Japan. These historical tsunamis caused enormous damages over wide areas, especially along the coast.

**89**

**Table 1.**

*After SSJ chronological scientific table, excerpt.*

*The destructive earthquakes and tsunamis.*

*Resilience Science for a Resilient Society in Natural Disaster Prone Countries*

**Year Earthquake/tsunami Area M** Meio earthquake Japan M8.2–8.4 Shaanxi province earthquake China M8.0 Catania earthquake Italy M7.4 Cascadia earthquake/tsunami US/Canada M9.0 Genroku earthquake Japan M7.9–8.2 Hoei earthquake Japan M8.6 Peru earthquake Peru M8.8 Ningxia earthquake China M8.0 Peru earthquake Peru M8.6 Lisbon earthquake/tsunami Portugal M8.5 Lebanon/Syria earthquake Lebanon/Syria M7.4 Yaeyama earthquake/tsunami Japan M7.4 Iran earthquake Iran M7.4 Messiah Italy earthquake Italy M6.9 Antakya earthquake Turkey M7.0 Szechwan earthquake China M7.5 Ansei earthquake Japan M8.4 Ansei Edo earthquake Japan M6.9 Chile/Peru earthquake Chile/Peru M8.8 Ecuador/Columbia earthquake Ecuador/Columbia M7.7 Nobi earthquake Japan M8.0 Sanriku earthquake/tsunami Japan M8.2 Alaska earthquake USA M8.6 Off Columbia earthquake Columbia M8.8 Messina earthquake Italy M7.1 Haiyuan earthquake China M8.5 Kanto earthquake Japan M7.9 Alaska earthquake USA M8.3–M8.7 Erzincan earthquake Turkey M7.8 Kamchatka earthquake Russia M9.0 Chile earthquake Chile M9.5 Alaska USA M9.2 Kobe earthquake Japan M7.3 Izmit earthquake Turkey M7.8 Chi-Chi earthquake Taiwan M7.7 Indian/Pakistan earthquake Indian/Pakistan M8.0 Bam earthquake Iran M6.8 Sumatra earthquake Indonesia M9.1 Wenchuan earthquake China M8.0 Haiti earthquake Haiti M7.3 Chile earthquake Chile M8.8 East Japan earthquake Japan M9.0

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85329*


*Earthquakes - Impact, Community Vulnerability and Resilience*

to define the natural disasters and mitigation as follows:

• Early warning and proper evacuation/behavior

edge, and information.

2.For disaster mitigation:

• Science and technology

• Knowledge and drill

• Pre-reconstruction/resilience plan

**1.1 Tsunami and earthquake damage in the world**

discuss tsunami disasters and the recovery efforts.

• Human resource cultivation

• Preparedness

• Awareness

resilience science [2].

especially along the coast.

and economic conditions back to their state before the disaster [1].

1.Natural disasters are events beyond human assumptions:

• Disasters are events caused by incomplete countermeasures.

Many reasons can be mentioned here, such as the lead times, the reconstruction budgets, and the time spent generating agreement for the restoration plans among the national government, local government, and people living in coastal areas. Farther, for each individual, it is much far from attaining their ordinal mental

What is indispensable in advance of the coming mega earthquakes, tsunamis, and heavy rain/storm/landslide, etc. is more advanced, progressive countermeasures for disaster mitigation, restoration, and revival in coast regions. I would like

• Disasters are various events caused by lack of common recognition, knowl-

• Disasters are events that can be reduced by research/technology, countermea-

In this chapter, we will discuss certain measures for disaster mitigation, such as

As I have already mentioned in a previous publication, "there are records of the 1575 Valdivia earthquake and tsunami in Chili, the 1700 Cascade earthquake and tsunami in Western Canada and Northwestern United States, the 1707 Hoei earthquake/tsunami in Southwest Japan, the 1755 Lisbon earthquake/tsunami in Portugal, the 1960 Chilean earthquake/tsunami, the 1964 Alaskan earthquake/tsunami, the 2004 Sumatra earthquake/tsunami, and the Great East Japan 2011 earthquake/tsunami (**Table 1**). In Japan, recently, many natural disasters included earthquakes and

Based on the lessons we learned from the 2011 Great East Japan disaster, we

**Table 2** shows the examples of tsunamis caused by great earthquakes in the history of Japan. These historical tsunamis caused enormous damages over wide areas,

tsunamis have occurred and have caused serious damage [3] (**Figure 1**).

sures, enlightenment/education, human resource cultivation, etc.

**88**

#### **Table 1.**

*The destructive earthquakes and tsunamis.*

#### **Figure 1.**

*Damages by 2011 East Japan earthquake (after associate professor Sakamoto of Nagoya University).*


#### **Table 2.**

*Historical tsunami in Japan.*

At the Sumatra 2004 earthquake and tsunami, they had 200,000 deaths. One of the coastal cities in Indonesia damaged by the tsunami is shown in **Figure 2**. At the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake, 20,000 died or got missing in the tsunami. One of the damaged cities along the coast and the destroyed bank of Kitakami River are shown in **Figure 3**.

From the lessons learned from historical earthquakes and tsunamis, restorations take a long time for severely damaged areas with large numbers of victims. In particular, in coastal cities and places where large numbers of people are impacted by

**91**

tsunamis.

**Figure 2.**

countries for many generations.

and its rapid restoration.

**earthquakes**

be the top priority.

Southwest Japan to the coastal region.

*Resilience Science for a Resilient Society in Natural Disaster Prone Countries*

large tsunamis, the restoration of cities and communities must first involve evacuation and then recovery as per the plans for reconstructing cities, and the recovery of damaged cities confront each other because of different opinions and methods;

We must discuss restoration from many points of view, such as those of safety, resilient and cozy cities, scenarios of the recurrence of natural disasters, economics, communities, legality, human resource cultivation, the future, and so on. For restoration, at first, we must reconstruct buildings and cities. In the process of reconstruction, cities must approach representatives from engineering, scientific,

Thanks to engineering, earthquake-resistant structured buildings will increase, the reconstruction of breakwaters will advance, and liquefaction damages will be reduced compared to that of the present. Further, research on earthquakes and tsunamis will progress, thanks to lessons learned from disasters of earthquakes and

However, the restoration of the coastal area is halfway down the road to recovery

Therefore, what are essential and indispensable for us are engineering, scientific and medical fields, as well as social science fields, such as sustainable economics, the mental recovery of people in damaged areas, sustainable communities, disaster mitigation education for communities, and plans for future regions, cities, and

In addition, the agriculture and fishery industries, so-called primary industries,

I will discuss later the integration of these fields, "resilience science," as a disaster mitigation science which is indispensable for the bright future in damaged areas

How can we reduce the damage caused by a tsunami or an earthquake? Many different measures are being implemented in each field. Among them, scenarios for tsunami and earthquake and the explicit danger based on scientific research must

For instance, for the Nankai Trough megathrust earthquake, **Figure 4** shows the simulation of tsunami propagation and inundation from the Nankai Trough in

from the catastrophic damages in the 2011 East Japan earthquake/tsunami.

hold the key to the rapid recovery from natural disasters and reconstruction.

**1.2 Disaster mitigation countermeasures in coastal area for tsunamis and** 

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85329*

therefore, it takes a long time to reach consensus.

and legal fields for newly constructed cities and communities.

*Damage by 2004 Sumatra tsunamis (after the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Japan).*

*Resilience Science for a Resilient Society in Natural Disaster Prone Countries DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85329*

*Earthquakes - Impact, Community Vulnerability and Resilience*

*Damages by 2011 East Japan earthquake (after associate professor Sakamoto of Nagoya University).*

**Year Earthquake/tsunami M Area**

 Tennmu earthquake/tsunami M<8.25 Nankai Trough Jyogan earthquake/tsunami M8.5 East Japan Ninna earthquake/tsunami M8–8.5 Nankai Trough Meio earthquake/tsunami M8.2–8.4 Nankai Trough Keicho-Bungo earthquake M7.0 Nankai Trough Keicho Sanriku earthquake/tsunami M8.1 East Japan Hoei earthquake/tsunami M8.6 Nankai Trough Genroku Edo earthquake M7.9–8.2 Kanto Area Yaeyama earthquake/tsunami M7.4 Ryukyu Trough Ansei earthquake/tsunami M8.4 Nankai Trough Meiji-Sanriku earthquake/tsunami M8.2 East Japan Kanto earthquake M7.9 Kanto Area Showa Sanriku earthquake/tsunami M8.1 East Japan Showa Tonankaki earthquake/tsunami M8.0 Nankai Trough Showa Nankai earthquake/tsunami M8.1 Nankai Trough Off Tokachi earthquake/tsunami M7.9 East Japan Central Sea of Japan earthquake/tsunami M7.7 Sea of Japan Hokkaido-Nansei-oki earthquake/tsunami M7.8 Sea of Japan East Japan M9.0 East Japan

At the Sumatra 2004 earthquake and tsunami, they had 200,000 deaths. One of the coastal cities in Indonesia damaged by the tsunami is shown in **Figure 2**. At the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake, 20,000 died or got missing in the tsunami. One of the damaged cities along the coast and the destroyed bank of Kitakami River are

From the lessons learned from historical earthquakes and tsunamis, restorations take a long time for severely damaged areas with large numbers of victims. In particular, in coastal cities and places where large numbers of people are impacted by

**90**

**Table 2.**

**Figure 1.**

shown in **Figure 3**.

*Historical tsunami in Japan.*

*After SSJ chronological scientific table, excerpt.*

**Figure 2.** *Damage by 2004 Sumatra tsunamis (after the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Japan).*

large tsunamis, the restoration of cities and communities must first involve evacuation and then recovery as per the plans for reconstructing cities, and the recovery of damaged cities confront each other because of different opinions and methods; therefore, it takes a long time to reach consensus.

We must discuss restoration from many points of view, such as those of safety, resilient and cozy cities, scenarios of the recurrence of natural disasters, economics, communities, legality, human resource cultivation, the future, and so on. For restoration, at first, we must reconstruct buildings and cities. In the process of reconstruction, cities must approach representatives from engineering, scientific, and legal fields for newly constructed cities and communities.

Thanks to engineering, earthquake-resistant structured buildings will increase, the reconstruction of breakwaters will advance, and liquefaction damages will be reduced compared to that of the present. Further, research on earthquakes and tsunamis will progress, thanks to lessons learned from disasters of earthquakes and tsunamis.

However, the restoration of the coastal area is halfway down the road to recovery from the catastrophic damages in the 2011 East Japan earthquake/tsunami.

Therefore, what are essential and indispensable for us are engineering, scientific and medical fields, as well as social science fields, such as sustainable economics, the mental recovery of people in damaged areas, sustainable communities, disaster mitigation education for communities, and plans for future regions, cities, and countries for many generations.

In addition, the agriculture and fishery industries, so-called primary industries, hold the key to the rapid recovery from natural disasters and reconstruction.

I will discuss later the integration of these fields, "resilience science," as a disaster mitigation science which is indispensable for the bright future in damaged areas and its rapid restoration.

## **1.2 Disaster mitigation countermeasures in coastal area for tsunamis and earthquakes**

How can we reduce the damage caused by a tsunami or an earthquake? Many different measures are being implemented in each field. Among them, scenarios for tsunami and earthquake and the explicit danger based on scientific research must be the top priority.

For instance, for the Nankai Trough megathrust earthquake, **Figure 4** shows the simulation of tsunami propagation and inundation from the Nankai Trough in Southwest Japan to the coastal region.

#### **Figure 3.**

*Damages by 2011 East Japan earthquake. (Above) Damaged Onagawa city in Miyagi Prefecture (after associate professor Sakamoto of Nagoya University). (Middle) Damaged Otsuchi city in Iwate Prefecture (after Mr. Satoshi Nagao). (Below) Damaged Kitakami River in Iwate Prefecture (after associate professor Sakamoto of Nagoya University).*

By examining this simulation based on a recurrence scenario, it is possible to imagine the expected damages of the coastal region and think of the effective countermeasures.

Experimental research is also as important as the simulation research, and it is possible not only to validate the expected damage but to verify the simulation.

As I have already introduced previously in the other publication, "Many tsunami researchers have inspected the damage of the 2004 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami and the 2011 East Japan earthquake and tsunami using field surveys and simulations.

In **Figure 5**, a tsunami simulation for Kesennuma, Miyagi Prefecture used the actual damage done in the 2011 East Japan earthquake and tsunami. **Figure 6**

**93**

*Resilience Science for a Resilient Society in Natural Disaster Prone Countries*

indicates how the sediment behavior in the city of Rikuzen-Takata, Iwate Prefecture would affect the environment on the shoreline and offshore around the bay" [3]. The behavior of sediments on-and offshore occurred due to environmental changes, such as damages to agriculture due to salt water and damages to fishery

*Tsunami simulation around the Nankai Trough (after Prof. T. Baba University of Tokushima).*

Restoration and revival in coastal areas will be delayed more due to environmen-

When a massive earthquake occurs, compound damages will be caused (**Figure 10**), and comparing to other ordinal sizes of earthquake, the restoration and revival can

Thus, we can say that the preparation of a city restoration plan and its revival

"**Figure 11** indicates the process of restoration in Kesennuma, Miyagi Prefecture after the 2011 East Japan tsunami and earthquake. From **Figure 11**, we can understand that restoration is not always rapid. Due to the severe damage in many areas

Natural disasters occur anytime and anywhere; recently, in 2015 in Nepal, M7.8 of destructive earthquake occurred. With that event, internationally it was recognized that the spread of disaster knowledge, rapid rescue, well-organized countermeasures, and restoration plans are very essential and significant issues in the case

In 2016, a destructive earthquake occurred in Kumamoto Prefecture with multiple shocks that generated huge seismic waves, which caused additional damages. Recently, multinatural disasters occurred in Indonesia such as 2018 Lombok Island earthquake, 2018 Sulawesi Island earthquake/tsunami, and 2018 Anak Krakatau volcano eruption and tsunami, which generated many victims

To revitalize communities in coastal areas damaged by tsunamis and earthquakes, we must promote sustainable economic activity, training of human

"Of course, before the tsunami struck the coastal area, strong motion and a long-period seismic wave from the huge earthquake will cause damage such as the collapse of buildings (**Figure 7**), liquefaction (**Figure 8**) and fires (**Figure 9**)" [3]. Measures to prevent liquefaction before the earthquake are very important as the recovery is very difficult for damage due to liquefaction. Different types of damages

in local areas like subsidence and elevation can be expected.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85329*

due to changes in nutrients.

be delayed for much longer time.

of such huge natural disasters.

(**Figures 12** and **13**).

plan are urgent matters in a coastal region.

of East Japan the restoration has been slow" [3].

tal damages and changes.

**Figure 4.**

*Resilience Science for a Resilient Society in Natural Disaster Prone Countries DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85329*

#### **Figure 4.**

*Earthquakes - Impact, Community Vulnerability and Resilience*

**92**

**Figure 3.**

*of Nagoya University).*

countermeasures.

*Damages by 2011 East Japan earthquake. (Above) Damaged Onagawa city in Miyagi Prefecture (after associate professor Sakamoto of Nagoya University). (Middle) Damaged Otsuchi city in Iwate Prefecture (after Mr. Satoshi Nagao). (Below) Damaged Kitakami River in Iwate Prefecture (after associate professor Sakamoto* 

By examining this simulation based on a recurrence scenario, it is possible to imagine the expected damages of the coastal region and think of the effective

Experimental research is also as important as the simulation research, and it is possible not only to validate the expected damage but to verify the simulation.

As I have already introduced previously in the other publication, "Many tsunami researchers have inspected the damage of the 2004 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami and the 2011 East Japan earthquake and tsunami using field surveys and simulations. In **Figure 5**, a tsunami simulation for Kesennuma, Miyagi Prefecture used the actual damage done in the 2011 East Japan earthquake and tsunami. **Figure 6**

*Tsunami simulation around the Nankai Trough (after Prof. T. Baba University of Tokushima).*

indicates how the sediment behavior in the city of Rikuzen-Takata, Iwate Prefecture would affect the environment on the shoreline and offshore around the bay" [3].

The behavior of sediments on-and offshore occurred due to environmental changes, such as damages to agriculture due to salt water and damages to fishery due to changes in nutrients.

Restoration and revival in coastal areas will be delayed more due to environmental damages and changes.

"Of course, before the tsunami struck the coastal area, strong motion and a long-period seismic wave from the huge earthquake will cause damage such as the collapse of buildings (**Figure 7**), liquefaction (**Figure 8**) and fires (**Figure 9**)" [3].

Measures to prevent liquefaction before the earthquake are very important as the recovery is very difficult for damage due to liquefaction. Different types of damages in local areas like subsidence and elevation can be expected.

When a massive earthquake occurs, compound damages will be caused (**Figure 10**), and comparing to other ordinal sizes of earthquake, the restoration and revival can be delayed for much longer time.

Thus, we can say that the preparation of a city restoration plan and its revival plan are urgent matters in a coastal region.

"**Figure 11** indicates the process of restoration in Kesennuma, Miyagi Prefecture after the 2011 East Japan tsunami and earthquake. From **Figure 11**, we can understand that restoration is not always rapid. Due to the severe damage in many areas of East Japan the restoration has been slow" [3].

Natural disasters occur anytime and anywhere; recently, in 2015 in Nepal, M7.8 of destructive earthquake occurred. With that event, internationally it was recognized that the spread of disaster knowledge, rapid rescue, well-organized countermeasures, and restoration plans are very essential and significant issues in the case of such huge natural disasters.

In 2016, a destructive earthquake occurred in Kumamoto Prefecture with multiple shocks that generated huge seismic waves, which caused additional damages.

Recently, multinatural disasters occurred in Indonesia such as 2018 Lombok Island earthquake, 2018 Sulawesi Island earthquake/tsunami, and 2018 Anak Krakatau volcano eruption and tsunami, which generated many victims (**Figures 12** and **13**).

To revitalize communities in coastal areas damaged by tsunamis and earthquakes, we must promote sustainable economic activity, training of human

#### **Figure 5.**

*Simulated tsunami damage at Onagawa city by 2011 East Japan earthquakes (after Prof. Arikawa Chuo University).*

resources, and environmental control innovations in technology and local characteristics.

For example, in Sendai regions seriously damaged by the East Japan earthquake and tsunami in 2011, some people and communities started to turn the troubles to their advantages by cultivating salty tomatoes or using hydroponic culture.

Through an intervention of a Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) project (**Figure 14**) between Banda Aceh, Indonesia, damaged by the Sumatra earthquake in 2004 and tsunami, and Higashimatsuyama, Sendai, Japan, damaged by the East Japan earthquake in 2011, great mutual empowerment and cooperation have been ongoing.

**95**

**Figure 6.**

disadvantageous situations.

*earthquake (after Prof. Takahashi Kansai University).*

in the next section.

*Resilience Science for a Resilient Society in Natural Disaster Prone Countries*

**Figure 15** shows a model of empowerment. Empowerment means the act of conferring legality or sanction or a formal warrant and procuring power even in

*The sediments behavior of Rikuzen-Takata city of Iwate Prefecture in Tohoku district by the East Japan* 

In Japan and many other countries, destructive natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and floods occur, but damage reduction measures are insufficient, and recovery is not always rapid and resilient.

For damage reduction and resilient recovery, we must construct and push resilience science and disaster mitigation forward. Resilience science will be explained

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85329*

*Resilience Science for a Resilient Society in Natural Disaster Prone Countries DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85329*

#### **Figure 6.**

*Earthquakes - Impact, Community Vulnerability and Resilience*

resources, and environmental control innovations in technology and local

*Simulated tsunami damage at Onagawa city by 2011 East Japan earthquakes (after Prof. Arikawa Chuo* 

their advantages by cultivating salty tomatoes or using hydroponic culture.

For example, in Sendai regions seriously damaged by the East Japan earthquake and tsunami in 2011, some people and communities started to turn the troubles to

Through an intervention of a Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) project (**Figure 14**) between Banda Aceh, Indonesia, damaged by the Sumatra earthquake in 2004 and tsunami, and Higashimatsuyama, Sendai, Japan, damaged by the East Japan earthquake in 2011, great mutual empowerment and cooperation have been ongoing.

**94**

characteristics.

**Figure 5.**

*University).*

*The sediments behavior of Rikuzen-Takata city of Iwate Prefecture in Tohoku district by the East Japan earthquake (after Prof. Takahashi Kansai University).*

**Figure 15** shows a model of empowerment. Empowerment means the act of conferring legality or sanction or a formal warrant and procuring power even in disadvantageous situations.

In Japan and many other countries, destructive natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and floods occur, but damage reduction measures are insufficient, and recovery is not always rapid and resilient.

For damage reduction and resilient recovery, we must construct and push resilience science and disaster mitigation forward. Resilience science will be explained in the next section.

#### **Figure 7.**

*Collapses of buildings in Kobe at 1995 Kobe earthquake (after Kobe damage database).*

#### **Figure 8.**

*Liquefaction damage in Chiba Prefecture at East Japan (after Funabashi city data in Chiba Prefecture).*

## **1.3 Resilience science as disaster mitigation science**

Resilience science and disaster mitigation science are synthetic sciences. These sciences are based on multiple disciplines and fundamental and advanced research fields.

These research fields are significant and important at each stage, such as before, during, and after the natural disaster.

In the context of disaster mitigation, I would like to propose the concept of resilience science and disaster mitigation science (**Figure 16**).

We define disaster mitigation science as follows:

Disaster science includes science, civil engineering, medical science, and social science.

Science includes many research fields, such as geophysics with seismology, geology, volcanology, meteorology, physics, mathematics, hydrodynamics, etc.

For understanding and elucidating the mechanisms of earthquakes, tsunamis, heavy rains, and other natural hazards, these research fields are quite fundamentally important and significant. Based on research fields, we can provide some scenarios of natural hazard occurrences such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and so on. Therefore, scenarios from science are very useful for the planning and preparation of countermeasures.

Many researches on the utilization of big data with real-time data have focused on disaster mitigation and restoration, especially for earthquakes, tsunamis, heavy rains, etc.

**97**

**Figure 9.**

social science approaches.

*Resilience Science for a Resilient Society in Natural Disaster Prone Countries*

Then, we discuss about engineering fields. There are many research fields such as architecture and civil engineering fields within structural design, structural mechanics, geotechnics, computer science with IT/AI, earthquake resistance structure and isolating countermeasures, tsunami and river engineering, etc. These engineering fields and technologies involve IT/AI, and countermeasures, finally, can lead to proper/rapid disaster mitigation for infrastructure and individual buildings, etc. As real-time monitoring systems, many observatories for early warning of earthquakes and tsunamis will be developed and deployed offshore, for instance, DONET and S-NET in Japan, MACHO in Taiwan, NEPTUNE in Canada, etc. For disaster mitigation, many technologies in engineering fields are mainly

*Fire damage at (a) 1995 Kobe earthquake (after Kobe database), (b) fire damage at 2011 East Japan* 

Actually, the reasons why only these fields and technologies in science, engineering, and medicine would be insufficient for disaster mitigation, restoration, and revival are that evacuation drills, education, reconstruction of communities damaged by natural hazard, and the mental health care of victims also require

In social sciences, there are many research fields, such as sociology, pedagogy, economics, medicine, informatics, psychology, public administration and politics,

focusing on countermeasures with hardware and software.

*earthquake (after JGSDF—Japan Ground Self-Defence Force).*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85329*

*Resilience Science for a Resilient Society in Natural Disaster Prone Countries DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85329*

#### **Figure 9.**

*Earthquakes - Impact, Community Vulnerability and Resilience*

*Collapses of buildings in Kobe at 1995 Kobe earthquake (after Kobe damage database).*

**1.3 Resilience science as disaster mitigation science**

resilience science and disaster mitigation science (**Figure 16**). We define disaster mitigation science as follows:

during, and after the natural disaster.

Resilience science and disaster mitigation science are synthetic sciences. These sciences are based on multiple disciplines and fundamental and advanced research fields. These research fields are significant and important at each stage, such as before,

In the context of disaster mitigation, I would like to propose the concept of

*Liquefaction damage in Chiba Prefecture at East Japan (after Funabashi city data in Chiba Prefecture).*

Disaster science includes science, civil engineering, medical science, and social

Science includes many research fields, such as geophysics with seismology, geol-

For understanding and elucidating the mechanisms of earthquakes, tsunamis, heavy rains, and other natural hazards, these research fields are quite fundamentally important and significant. Based on research fields, we can provide some scenarios of natural hazard occurrences such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and so on. Therefore, scenarios from science are very useful for the planning and preparation

Many researches on the utilization of big data with real-time data have focused on disaster mitigation and restoration, especially for earthquakes, tsunamis, heavy

ogy, volcanology, meteorology, physics, mathematics, hydrodynamics, etc.

**96**

rains, etc.

science.

**Figure 8.**

**Figure 7.**

of countermeasures.

*Fire damage at (a) 1995 Kobe earthquake (after Kobe database), (b) fire damage at 2011 East Japan earthquake (after JGSDF—Japan Ground Self-Defence Force).*

Then, we discuss about engineering fields. There are many research fields such as architecture and civil engineering fields within structural design, structural mechanics, geotechnics, computer science with IT/AI, earthquake resistance structure and isolating countermeasures, tsunami and river engineering, etc. These engineering fields and technologies involve IT/AI, and countermeasures, finally, can lead to proper/rapid disaster mitigation for infrastructure and individual buildings, etc.

As real-time monitoring systems, many observatories for early warning of earthquakes and tsunamis will be developed and deployed offshore, for instance, DONET and S-NET in Japan, MACHO in Taiwan, NEPTUNE in Canada, etc.

For disaster mitigation, many technologies in engineering fields are mainly focusing on countermeasures with hardware and software.

Actually, the reasons why only these fields and technologies in science, engineering, and medicine would be insufficient for disaster mitigation, restoration, and revival are that evacuation drills, education, reconstruction of communities damaged by natural hazard, and the mental health care of victims also require social science approaches.

In social sciences, there are many research fields, such as sociology, pedagogy, economics, medicine, informatics, psychology, public administration and politics,

**Figure 10.** *Compound disaster*

philosophy, and others. For instance, public administration or politics or law is justly deemed indispensable.

Moreover, pedagogy is very fundamentally important for disaster education and human resource development. It must be the ultimate countermeasure for disaster mitigation [4] against future natural disasters.

It is indispensable for disaster mitigation and for science, engineering, medicine, and social sciences in societal resilience and evolution. It is also needed in each field for continuous evolution and bright future.

To achieve disaster mitigation, restoration, and revival, collaboration and integration of the different fields, which are also needed in resilience science, will be conducted. The human resource cultivation must be the final countermeasure for societal resilience and evolution [5].

Again, I would like to propose the objectives of resilience science as shown in **Figure 16**, including the following details from (1) to (14) which I have already introduced before in the other publication [3]:


**99**

**Figure 11.**

*M. Sakamoto of Nagoya University).*

*Restoration of Kesennuma City of Miyagi Prefecture in Tohoku district during 4 years (after associate professor* 

*Resilience Science for a Resilient Society in Natural Disaster Prone Countries*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85329*

*Resilience Science for a Resilient Society in Natural Disaster Prone Countries DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85329*

*Earthquakes - Impact, Community Vulnerability and Resilience*

philosophy, and others. For instance, public administration or politics or law is

Moreover, pedagogy is very fundamentally important for disaster education and human resource development. It must be the ultimate countermeasure for disaster

It is indispensable for disaster mitigation and for science, engineering, medicine, and social sciences in societal resilience and evolution. It is also needed in each field

To achieve disaster mitigation, restoration, and revival, collaboration and integration of the different fields, which are also needed in resilience science, will be conducted. The human resource cultivation must be the final countermeasure for

Again, I would like to propose the objectives of resilience science as shown in **Figure 16**, including the following details from (1) to (14) which I have already

1.**Science:** Studying natural disaster scenarios, risk, and human resources

2.**Engineering:** Developing technology on measures, restoration correspond-

3.**Medical care:** Conducting disaster medical care, including methods for medi-

4.**Agriculture/fisheries:** Studying measures to restore agriculture and marine

5.**Sociology:** Investigating social disaster correspondence as it had occurred in the past and suggesting future social routes and disaster correspondence.

ence, damage reduction, and quick restoration of community.

products for local revival and reconstruction after a disaster.

cal treatment and measures for health promotion.

justly deemed indispensable.

**Figure 10.** *Compound disaster*

mitigation [4] against future natural disasters.

for continuous evolution and bright future.

introduced before in the other publication [3]:

societal resilience and evolution [5].

development.

**98**

#### **Figure 11.**

*Restoration of Kesennuma City of Miyagi Prefecture in Tohoku district during 4 years (after associate professor M. Sakamoto of Nagoya University).*


This resilience science focuses on rapid rescue, disaster mitigation, rapid recovery, and cultivation of human resources.

**101**

against many kinds of hazards.

*Empowerment model in JICA project.*

disaster mitigation and resilient society.

1.Personal continuity plan (PCP)

Varieties of continuity plan (CP) are defined below:

natural disasters [6].

**Figure 14.**

**Figure 13.**

**1.4 Resilient society**

*Resilience Science for a Resilient Society in Natural Disaster Prone Countries*

The cultivation of human resources is most important for disaster mitigation

*Indonesia Anak Krakatau volcano. The eruption of this volcano generated tsunami (after Reuters/Aflo).*

We will expand the concept of resilience science to countries that are prone to

For the realization of a resilient society, a continuity plan (CP) is indispensable.

Recently, according to the global warming, huge storm and flood occurred frequently in the world. Therefore, the compound natural disasters such as the earthquake, tsunami, volcanic eruption, storm, and flood within a short term might have been supposed easily. So, we have to consider the compound disasters for

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85329*

**Figure 12.** *Indonesia Sulawesi Island earthquake and tsunami damage (after Reuters/Aflo).*

*Resilience Science for a Resilient Society in Natural Disaster Prone Countries DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85329*

#### **Figure 13.**

*Earthquakes - Impact, Community Vulnerability and Resilience*

a society resilience against disasters.

information, and archiving the damage.

extralegal measures for revival plans.

between transmitters and recipients.

recovery, and cultivation of human resources.

*Indonesia Sulawesi Island earthquake and tsunami damage (after Reuters/Aflo).*

human science.

human resources.

mitigation science.

6.**Economics:** Developing damage reduction predictions and construction of a

7.**Geography:** Examining disaster geographical feature studies (local walks, virtual town walks using aerial photograph, satellite photos, and so on).

8.**Informatics:** Using disaster information systems (use of ICT and AI) and

10.**Literature/philosophy:** Exploring literature for information archives, communication techniques, and future hearsay technology. In philosophical education, people learn to think by themselves, to make judgments by themselves, and to act properly by themselves. Finally, philosophical education cultivates

11.**Art:** Healing damaged people and communities, carrying unambiguous

12.**Law:** Examining resilience law for effective legal action and examination of

13.**Psychology:** Applying research on communication and psychological effects

14.**Pedagogy:** Promoting human resource development for the leaders of disaster

This resilience science focuses on rapid rescue, disaster mitigation, rapid

9.**Public administration and politics:** Exploring administration and politics for

hybrid decreasing disaster economic system over a wide area supply chain and with a local supply based on damage predictions and creating an industry that resists disasters like that of business continuity plan (BCP)/data continuity plan (DCP).

**100**

**Figure 12.**

*Indonesia Anak Krakatau volcano. The eruption of this volcano generated tsunami (after Reuters/Aflo).*

**Figure 14.** *Empowerment model in JICA project.*

The cultivation of human resources is most important for disaster mitigation against many kinds of hazards.

We will expand the concept of resilience science to countries that are prone to natural disasters [6].

Recently, according to the global warming, huge storm and flood occurred frequently in the world. Therefore, the compound natural disasters such as the earthquake, tsunami, volcanic eruption, storm, and flood within a short term might have been supposed easily. So, we have to consider the compound disasters for disaster mitigation and resilient society.

## **1.4 Resilient society**

For the realization of a resilient society, a continuity plan (CP) is indispensable. Varieties of continuity plan (CP) are defined below:

1.Personal continuity plan (PCP)


After natural disasters, individuals and families are damaged mentally, economically, and environmentally.

As a result, people and families move to new areas.


**Figure 15.** *Assistance purpose (after JICA).*

**103**

*Resilience Science for a Resilient Society in Natural Disaster Prone Countries*

Therefore, PCPs and FCPs are important for the protection of individuals and

CCPs are indispensable for the resilient society and bright future. CCP is a CP that includes BCP and DCP, which utilize regional strengths such as resilient human

In a more expanded concept of CP, NCP, ACP, and ICP focus on a national, Asian, and international continuity plans (CP) (**Figure 17**). Natural disasters are occurring in anywhere without boundaries. This is the reason why that we propose

Finally, to hedge against social issues in the near future, such as depopulation, aging, and huge natural disasters, resilience science and disaster mitigation science must include cultivating academia, industries, and culture as indispensable con-

For individuals, families, local communities, the nation, Asia, and the world and

Recently, many natural disasters generated severe damages in the world. After these natural disaster damages, many people worked frantically for rescues, recov-

Actually, they are excellent and respective activities. However, the extent of progress is no always speedy in recoveries and reconstructions especially. So, we recognize that pre-reconstruction plans and human resource cultivation are signifi-

The lessons learned from 2011 East Japan earthquake are as follows:

finally the bright future, we must construct and realize a resilient society.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85329*

families from being broken and disappointed.

cepts and measures for a resilient society [7].

the expanded concept of CP.

**2. Conclusion**

**Figure 17.**

*Continuity program/plan.*

eries, and future societies.

1.Rapid evacuation from tsunami

2.Countermeasures against tsunami

4.Bonds with family and community

5.Speedy recoveries and reconstructions

6.Necessity of pre-reconstruction plans

3.Necessity of safety evacuation places and buildings

cant and important.

resources, environment, culture, industry, and community.

## **Figure 16.**

*Disaster mitigation science.*

*Resilience Science for a Resilient Society in Natural Disaster Prone Countries DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85329*

**Figure 17.** *Continuity program/plan.*

*Earthquakes - Impact, Community Vulnerability and Resilience*

3.Community continuity plan (CCP): BCP + DCP + Mentality

After natural disasters, individuals and families are damaged mentally, eco-

2.Family continuity plan (FCP)

4.National continuity plan (NCP)

6.International continuity plan (ICP)

As a result, people and families move to new areas.

5.Asian continuity plan (ACP)

nomically, and environmentally.

**102**

**Figure 16.**

**Figure 15.**

*Assistance purpose (after JICA).*

*Disaster mitigation science.*

Therefore, PCPs and FCPs are important for the protection of individuals and families from being broken and disappointed.

CCPs are indispensable for the resilient society and bright future. CCP is a CP that includes BCP and DCP, which utilize regional strengths such as resilient human resources, environment, culture, industry, and community.

In a more expanded concept of CP, NCP, ACP, and ICP focus on a national, Asian, and international continuity plans (CP) (**Figure 17**). Natural disasters are occurring in anywhere without boundaries. This is the reason why that we propose the expanded concept of CP.

Finally, to hedge against social issues in the near future, such as depopulation, aging, and huge natural disasters, resilience science and disaster mitigation science must include cultivating academia, industries, and culture as indispensable concepts and measures for a resilient society [7].

For individuals, families, local communities, the nation, Asia, and the world and finally the bright future, we must construct and realize a resilient society.

## **2. Conclusion**

Recently, many natural disasters generated severe damages in the world. After these natural disaster damages, many people worked frantically for rescues, recoveries, and future societies.

Actually, they are excellent and respective activities. However, the extent of progress is no always speedy in recoveries and reconstructions especially. So, we recognize that pre-reconstruction plans and human resource cultivation are significant and important.

The lessons learned from 2011 East Japan earthquake are as follows:


Especially, for the future society, speedy recoveries and reconstructions and pre-reconstruction plans are very important and indispensable.

Therefore, we propose the resilience science for resilient society.

The resilience science has multidisciplinary fields based on human resource cultivation for resilient society, which will lead to a bright future. Finally, against destructive natural disasters, we have to progress resilience science furthermore.

## **Author details**

Yoshiyuki Kaneda

Institute of Education, Research and Regional Cooperation for Crisis Management Shikoku (IECMS), Kagawa University, Takamatsu City, Kagawa, Japan

\*Address all correspondence to: kanedaykg@cc.kagawa-u.ac.jp

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**105**

*Resilience Science for a Resilient Society in Natural Disaster Prone Countries*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85329*

[1] Vogel C, Moser S, Kasperson R, Dabelko G. Linking vulnerability, adaptation, and resilience science to practice: Pathways, players, and partnerships. Global Environmental

[2] Olsson L, Jerneck A, Thoren H, Persson J, O'Byrne D. Why resilience is unappealing to social science:

of the scientific use of resilience. Science Advances. 2015;**1**(4):1-11

[3] Kaneda Y. Resilience science for a resilience society in seismogenic and tsunamigenic countries. Journal of Disaster Research. 2017;**12**(4):719-720

[4] Sakamoto M, Kaneda Y, Kumamoto K, Tanircan G, Puskulcu S. The comparative study on the disaster preparedness and evacuation behavior of school children in Turkey and Japan. In: Abstract of European Geosciences Union (EGU); 12-17 April 2015; Vienna,

[5] Kaneda Y, Shiraki W, Tokozakura E. Toward to disaster mitigation science—Research on the Nankai Trough seismogenic zone. In: Abstract of European Geosciences Union (EGU); 12-17 April 2015; Vienna, Austria; 2015

[6] Porter K, Beck J, Shaikhutdinov R, Au S, Mizukoshi K, Miyamura M, et al. Effect of seismic risk on lifetime property value. Earthquake Spectra. 2004;**20**(4):1211-1237. http://www. sparisk.com/pubs/Porter-2004-LPV.pdf

[7] California Seismic Safety Commission. Earthquake Risk Management: Mitigation Success Stories. SSC Report No. 99-05; 1999

Theoretical and empirical investigations

Change. 2007;**17**:349-364

**References**

Austria; 2015

*Resilience Science for a Resilient Society in Natural Disaster Prone Countries DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85329*

## **References**

*Earthquakes - Impact, Community Vulnerability and Resilience*

pre-reconstruction plans are very important and indispensable. Therefore, we propose the resilience science for resilient society.

Especially, for the future society, speedy recoveries and reconstructions and

The resilience science has multidisciplinary fields based on human resource cultivation for resilient society, which will lead to a bright future. Finally, against destructive natural disasters, we have to progress resilience science furthermore.

**104**

**Author details**

Yoshiyuki Kaneda

provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

Institute of Education, Research and Regional Cooperation for Crisis Management

Shikoku (IECMS), Kagawa University, Takamatsu City, Kagawa, Japan

\*Address all correspondence to: kanedaykg@cc.kagawa-u.ac.jp

[1] Vogel C, Moser S, Kasperson R, Dabelko G. Linking vulnerability, adaptation, and resilience science to practice: Pathways, players, and partnerships. Global Environmental Change. 2007;**17**:349-364

[2] Olsson L, Jerneck A, Thoren H, Persson J, O'Byrne D. Why resilience is unappealing to social science: Theoretical and empirical investigations of the scientific use of resilience. Science Advances. 2015;**1**(4):1-11

[3] Kaneda Y. Resilience science for a resilience society in seismogenic and tsunamigenic countries. Journal of Disaster Research. 2017;**12**(4):719-720

[4] Sakamoto M, Kaneda Y, Kumamoto K, Tanircan G, Puskulcu S. The comparative study on the disaster preparedness and evacuation behavior of school children in Turkey and Japan. In: Abstract of European Geosciences Union (EGU); 12-17 April 2015; Vienna, Austria; 2015

[5] Kaneda Y, Shiraki W, Tokozakura E. Toward to disaster mitigation science—Research on the Nankai Trough seismogenic zone. In: Abstract of European Geosciences Union (EGU); 12-17 April 2015; Vienna, Austria; 2015

[6] Porter K, Beck J, Shaikhutdinov R, Au S, Mizukoshi K, Miyamura M, et al. Effect of seismic risk on lifetime property value. Earthquake Spectra. 2004;**20**(4):1211-1237. http://www. sparisk.com/pubs/Porter-2004-LPV.pdf

[7] California Seismic Safety Commission. Earthquake Risk Management: Mitigation Success Stories. SSC Report No. 99-05; 1999

**107**

**Chapter 8**

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

*Mikiko Ishikawa*

they have received during the reconstruction.

Great East Japan Earthquake disaster, tsunami

**Keywords:** community, resilient reconstruction, relocation planning,

from the completely destroyed situation, attacked by tsunami.

**1.1 Geological characteristics of tsunami-devastated areas**

The Great East Japan Earthquake had occurred on March 11, 2011. The dead are 19,630 (including the dead related with disaster) and the missing are 2569. The number of refugees who still have not settled in the permanent places is 54,000 [1]. The reconstruction has been carried out mainly from the following four points: the first is the reconstruction of infrastructure, such as transportation system, seashore bank, coastal forest, river system, sewers, and living environment; the second is the support for refugees, housing, employment, welfare, education, and mental care; the third is the revitalization of agriculture, fishing industry, and commerce; and the fourth is the reconstruction of Fukushima where the radial problems are the critical issue. This chapter analyzes the reconstruction process of living environment, especially focusing the community activities on how they found a way to reconstruct

**Figure 1** shows the geological characteristics of tsunami-devastated areas. It is important to recognize that there are two different regions, namely ria coastal area and alluvial flat area. Aomori Pref., Iwate Pref., and the northern Miyagi Pref.

Methodology for Community-

Based Resilient Reconstruction

This chapter is to clarify the methodology of community-based resilient reconstruction based on 8 years of experiences after the Great East Japan Earthquake disaster occurred on March 11, 2011. Five stages had been clarified. The first stage is pairing support and grand design, which shows ideal perspectives on the area. It should be based on the scientific information and the historical and cultural accumulation of the area. It is better to prepare this stage before the disaster had occurred. The second stage is community-based workshop, for opening up refugees' mind. It is essential to understand that the reconstruction should be carried out by refugees themselves. The third stage is decision-making process, together with refugees, local government, university, NPO, etc. How to create consensus building is the most critical issue. The fourth stage is the implementation. Supporting system should be created for the sustainability of community. The fifth stage is to develop the new community ties for the future generation and to return the benefits which

## **Chapter 8**

## Methodology for Community-Based Resilient Reconstruction

*Mikiko Ishikawa*

## **Abstract**

This chapter is to clarify the methodology of community-based resilient reconstruction based on 8 years of experiences after the Great East Japan Earthquake disaster occurred on March 11, 2011. Five stages had been clarified. The first stage is pairing support and grand design, which shows ideal perspectives on the area. It should be based on the scientific information and the historical and cultural accumulation of the area. It is better to prepare this stage before the disaster had occurred. The second stage is community-based workshop, for opening up refugees' mind. It is essential to understand that the reconstruction should be carried out by refugees themselves. The third stage is decision-making process, together with refugees, local government, university, NPO, etc. How to create consensus building is the most critical issue. The fourth stage is the implementation. Supporting system should be created for the sustainability of community. The fifth stage is to develop the new community ties for the future generation and to return the benefits which they have received during the reconstruction.

**Keywords:** community, resilient reconstruction, relocation planning, Great East Japan Earthquake disaster, tsunami

### **1. Introduction**

The Great East Japan Earthquake had occurred on March 11, 2011. The dead are 19,630 (including the dead related with disaster) and the missing are 2569. The number of refugees who still have not settled in the permanent places is 54,000 [1].

The reconstruction has been carried out mainly from the following four points: the first is the reconstruction of infrastructure, such as transportation system, seashore bank, coastal forest, river system, sewers, and living environment; the second is the support for refugees, housing, employment, welfare, education, and mental care; the third is the revitalization of agriculture, fishing industry, and commerce; and the fourth is the reconstruction of Fukushima where the radial problems are the critical issue.

This chapter analyzes the reconstruction process of living environment, especially focusing the community activities on how they found a way to reconstruct from the completely destroyed situation, attacked by tsunami.

#### **1.1 Geological characteristics of tsunami-devastated areas**

**Figure 1** shows the geological characteristics of tsunami-devastated areas. It is important to recognize that there are two different regions, namely ria coastal area and alluvial flat area. Aomori Pref., Iwate Pref., and the northern Miyagi Pref.

**Figure 1.** *Geological characteristics of devastated areas by tsunami in 2011.*

belong to ria coastal area. There are many tiny fisher villages developed since the Edo era (the beginning of the seventeenth century). Historically, these areas had been attacked by tsunami frequently and many experiences had been accumulated. It is a tragedy that some community survived based on their learned experiences and others had destroyed since they forgot it completely (**Figures 2** and **3**). The only way to reconstruct new safe village in this area is the relocation planning to the upper land or rising up of the existing village ground level. Since adjacent hills in this area are very steep, it took long time, and the cost was enormous (**Figure 4**).

From middle to southern Miyagi Pref. is the alluvial flat area. The city of Sendai has over 1,000,000 populations and consists of metropolitan Sendai region. The problem of this area is there is no higher land to escape from tsunami (**Figures 5** and **6**). Also, during the modernization period since 1868, there were few damages by tsunami. Therefore, no planning methods, which they could apply, existed when the Great East Japan Earthquake had occurred.

## **1.2 Decrease of population and increase of the ratio of elderly people**

In addition to the difference of geological characteristics, there exist strong tendencies which the Japanese society is now facing, that is, the decrease of population

**109**

**Figure 4.**

**Figure 2.**

**Figure 3.**

*Devastated area (Kesennuma, May 2011).*

*Community removing project (ria area) [3].*

*Victims of tsunami (1896) [2].*

and the increase of elder generation. **Figure 7** shows the change of population in devastated areas, compared between 2005 and 2015. It is clear, even though the reconstruction took place, most of cities and towns have been suffering about the

*Methodology for Community-Based Resilient Reconstruction*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85790*

*Methodology for Community-Based Resilient Reconstruction DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85790*

**Figure 2.** *Victims of tsunami (1896) [2].*

*Earthquakes - Impact, Community Vulnerability and Resilience*

belong to ria coastal area. There are many tiny fisher villages developed since the Edo era (the beginning of the seventeenth century). Historically, these areas had been attacked by tsunami frequently and many experiences had been accumulated. It is a tragedy that some community survived based on their learned experiences and others had destroyed since they forgot it completely (**Figures 2** and **3**). The only way to reconstruct new safe village in this area is the relocation planning to the upper land or rising up of the existing village ground level. Since adjacent hills in this area are very steep, it took long time, and the cost was enormous (**Figure 4**). From middle to southern Miyagi Pref. is the alluvial flat area. The city of Sendai has over 1,000,000 populations and consists of metropolitan Sendai region. The problem of this area is there is no higher land to escape from tsunami (**Figures 5** and **6**). Also, during the modernization period since 1868, there were few damages by tsunami. Therefore, no planning methods, which they could apply, existed when the Great East

*Geological characteristics of devastated areas by tsunami in 2011.*

**1.2 Decrease of population and increase of the ratio of elderly people**

In addition to the difference of geological characteristics, there exist strong tendencies which the Japanese society is now facing, that is, the decrease of population

**108**

**Figure 1.**

Japan Earthquake had occurred.

**Figure 3.** *Devastated area (Kesennuma, May 2011).*

#### **Figure 4.** *Community removing project (ria area) [3].*

and the increase of elder generation. **Figure 7** shows the change of population in devastated areas, compared between 2005 and 2015. It is clear, even though the reconstruction took place, most of cities and towns have been suffering about the

**Figure 5.** *Devastated area in Iwanuma City.*

**Figure 6.** *Devastated area in Natori City.*

rapid decrease of the population. The only area where the population has increased is the Sendai Metropolitan region. As for the ratio of elder people, cities in Sendai Metropolitan area are 18–20%, but other areas are 28–35% (**Figure 8**).

**Figure 9** shows the comparison between the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in 1998 and Great East Japan Earthquake. The number of destroyed houses is not drastically different, i.e., the former is 100,000, and the latter is 130,000, whereas the number of reconstruction projects of living environment in the former is 20 and in the later is 435. This number tells us the characteristics of the reconstruction of the Great East Japan Earthquake as the problem of historical community, which has been succeeded from generation to generation.

## **1.3 Study site: Iwanuma City located in the alluvial flats in southern Sendai region**

Based on the above background, we selected Iwanuma City as the study site which is located in the alluvial flat area of the southern part of Sendai City and analyzed the reconstruction process from 2011 to 2018, mainly focusing the methodology of reconstruction planning and how the community made a decision and created new village.

The reconstruction process is divided into five stages, the first stage is the grand design (March–August 2011), the second stage is refugees' workshop (November 2011–November 2014), the third stage is the planning process by the

**111**

**Figure 8.**

**Figure 7.**

*Methodology for Community-Based Resilient Reconstruction*

*Change of population in tsunami-devastated municipalities [4] (2005–2015).*

*The ratio of elder generation in tsunami-devastated area in 2015 [4].*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85790*

*Methodology for Community-Based Resilient Reconstruction DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85790*

*Earthquakes - Impact, Community Vulnerability and Resilience*

**110**

**Figure 6.**

**Figure 5.**

**region**

created new village.

*Devastated area in Natori City.*

*Devastated area in Iwanuma City.*

rapid decrease of the population. The only area where the population has increased is the Sendai Metropolitan region. As for the ratio of elder people, cities in Sendai

**Figure 9** shows the comparison between the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in 1998 and Great East Japan Earthquake. The number of destroyed houses is not drastically different, i.e., the former is 100,000, and the latter is 130,000, whereas the number of reconstruction projects of living environment in the former is 20 and in the later is 435. This number tells us the characteristics of the reconstruction of the Great East Japan Earthquake as the problem of historical community, which has

**1.3 Study site: Iwanuma City located in the alluvial flats in southern Sendai** 

Based on the above background, we selected Iwanuma City as the study site which is located in the alluvial flat area of the southern part of Sendai City and analyzed the reconstruction process from 2011 to 2018, mainly focusing the methodology of reconstruction planning and how the community made a decision and

The reconstruction process is divided into five stages, the first stage is the grand design (March–August 2011), the second stage is refugees' workshop (November 2011–November 2014), the third stage is the planning process by the

Metropolitan area are 18–20%, but other areas are 28–35% (**Figure 8**).

been succeeded from generation to generation.

**Figure 7.** *Change of population in tsunami-devastated municipalities [4] (2005–2015).*

**Figure 8.** *The ratio of elder generation in tsunami-devastated area in 2015 [4].*

**Figure 9.**

*Comparison of the number of reconstruction project between the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and Great East Japan Earthquake [5].*

formal committee (June 2012–November 2013), the fourth stage is Machizukuri Committee by survivors (January 2014–July 2015), and the fifth stage is the new community creation (August 2015–present).

## **2. Pairing support and grand design (first stage: March–August 2011)**

## **2.1 Strong will of community and pairing support**

**Figure 10** shows the location of cities and towns in the southern area of Sendai City, Natori City, Iwanuma City, Watari Town, and Yamamoto Town. This area had been created as alluvial flats of the Natori River and the Abukuma River (**Table 1**).

Iwanuma City is located at the crossing point of Oshu Kaido and Rikuzen Hamakaido. The population is approximately 44,000 and city area covers 60 km2 . There were six villages located along the Pacific Ocean, but it was completely destroyed by tsunami; 186 people died, and 5426 buildings were destroyed. Soon after the tsunami on April 17, 2011, disaster survivors presented the request to the mayor that it is impossible to live in the coastal area and they wanted to remove the inner area as community. Based on these strong requests, the mayor set up the reconstruction committee on April 25, 2011, calling refugees, citizen, agricultural representatives, commercial representatives, city officers, prefectural officers, and professors in universities. The reason why the mayor asked the help of the university was the team of The University of Tokyo had started the so-called pairing support on March 12, 2011, for helping the reconstruction planning. The author belonged to this team, and the concept of pairing support came from the experiences of the reconstruction of the Great Sichuan Earthquake that occurred on May 12, 2008. The damaged area of this earthquake covered a huge area; therefore, the

**113**

**Table 1.**

*Cities and towns in southern Sendai region.*

**Figure 10.**

*Methodology for Community-Based Resilient Reconstruction*

Chinese government decided to establish pairing support system. The concept is that a certain city in undamaged area will help a certain city in damaged area and provide various supports for the reconstruction. It means the face-to-face support,

As mentioned, there existed no methodologies on how to reconstruct the safe living environment in the alluvial flat area. The team of The University of Tokyo had started

Natori City 954 38 72,106 1.32% Iwanuma City 186 1 44,138 0.40% Watari Town 283 4 34,832 0.81% Yamamoto Town 700 18 15,269 4.58%

**Dead Missing Population**

and this system had worked effectively in the Great Sichuan Earthquake.

**2.2 Natural land use planning and multi-defense system**

*The location of cities and towns in southern Sendai region [6].*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85790*

*Methodology for Community-Based Resilient Reconstruction DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85790*

*Earthquakes - Impact, Community Vulnerability and Resilience*

formal committee (June 2012–November 2013), the fourth stage is Machizukuri Committee by survivors (January 2014–July 2015), and the fifth stage is the new

*Comparison of the number of reconstruction project between the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and Great* 

**2. Pairing support and grand design (first stage: March–August 2011)**

There were six villages located along the Pacific Ocean, but it was completely destroyed by tsunami; 186 people died, and 5426 buildings were destroyed. Soon after the tsunami on April 17, 2011, disaster survivors presented the request to the mayor that it is impossible to live in the coastal area and they wanted to remove the inner area as community. Based on these strong requests, the mayor set up the reconstruction committee on April 25, 2011, calling refugees, citizen, agricultural representatives, commercial representatives, city officers, prefectural officers, and professors in universities. The reason why the mayor asked the help of the university was the team of The University of Tokyo had started the so-called pairing support on March 12, 2011, for helping the reconstruction planning. The author belonged to this team, and the concept of pairing support came from the experiences of the reconstruction of the Great Sichuan Earthquake that occurred on May 12, 2008. The damaged area of this earthquake covered a huge area; therefore, the

**Figure 10** shows the location of cities and towns in the southern area of Sendai City, Natori City, Iwanuma City, Watari Town, and Yamamoto Town. This area had been created as alluvial flats of the Natori River and the Abukuma River (**Table 1**). Iwanuma City is located at the crossing point of Oshu Kaido and Rikuzen Hamakaido. The population is approximately 44,000 and city area covers 60 km2

.

community creation (August 2015–present).

**2.1 Strong will of community and pairing support**

**112**

**Figure 9.**

*East Japan Earthquake [5].*

**Figure 10.** *The location of cities and towns in southern Sendai region [6].*

Chinese government decided to establish pairing support system. The concept is that a certain city in undamaged area will help a certain city in damaged area and provide various supports for the reconstruction. It means the face-to-face support, and this system had worked effectively in the Great Sichuan Earthquake.

## **2.2 Natural land use planning and multi-defense system**

As mentioned, there existed no methodologies on how to reconstruct the safe living environment in the alluvial flat area. The team of The University of Tokyo had started


**Table 1.**

*Cities and towns in southern Sendai region.*

**Figure 11.** *Remained shrine.*

**Figure 12.** *Remained shrine gate.*

the scientific survey just after tsunami, and we found that the microgeography was the key factor to survive in the alluvial flat area. **Figures 11** and **12** show that community shrines had remained from tsunami, since they were located on a slightly higher site (1.5–2.5 m higher compared with adjacent areas), namely, on seashore bank or river bank. Owing to these slight differences of ground level, the depth of tsunami changed, and it made the buoyant forces toward the buildings to weaken.

**Figure 13** shows the tsunami-induced areas, and **Figure 14** shows the geological map of the same area. It shows that this area had been created by the flooding and accumulation by the Abukuma River over 8000 years. Complicated landform exists as the hidden structure of this area. **Figure 15** is the historical successions of villages. Comparing with the geological map, villages had historically developed on the river bank or sea bank where people knew as the safe place to live.

Based on the above surveys, we identified natural land use unit, combining geological map, soil map, vegetation map, and land use map (**Figure 16**).

Since this natural land use map was made in a very precise scale (1/2500), it becomes possible to excavate the most appropriate place to remove for refugees and municipalities.

## **2.3 Grand design**

The first meeting of Iwanuma Reconstruction Committee was held on May 7, 2011, and the final proposal was established on August 7, 2011, taking only 3 months. The seven goals proposed are as follows:

**115**

**Figure 13.**

*Tsunami induced area in southern Sendai region.*

*Methodology for Community-Based Resilient Reconstruction*

1.to build temporary houses as soon as possible;

2.to create a safe city and find the appropriate site for the refugees;

3.to reduce salt damages in rice fields and activate the agriculture;

7.to renovate the cultural landscapes, historically succeeded.

4.to create new employment, utilizing the advantage of Sendai Airport;

6.to develop multi-defense system from tsunami by creating "Hills of One

Among the seven goals, to find a safe place for refugees was the most important issue. Six communities had a strong will to move from seashore to the inner area. Their

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85790*

5.to promote natural energy project;

Thousand Hopes" along seashore; and

*Methodology for Community-Based Resilient Reconstruction DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85790*

*Earthquakes - Impact, Community Vulnerability and Resilience*

the scientific survey just after tsunami, and we found that the microgeography was the key factor to survive in the alluvial flat area. **Figures 11** and **12** show that community shrines had remained from tsunami, since they were located on a slightly higher site (1.5–2.5 m higher compared with adjacent areas), namely, on seashore bank or river bank. Owing to these slight differences of ground level, the depth of tsunami changed,

**Figure 13** shows the tsunami-induced areas, and **Figure 14** shows the geological map of the same area. It shows that this area had been created by the flooding and accumulation by the Abukuma River over 8000 years. Complicated landform exists as the hidden structure of this area. **Figure 15** is the historical successions of villages. Comparing with the geological map, villages had historically developed on

Based on the above surveys, we identified natural land use unit, combining

Since this natural land use map was made in a very precise scale (1/2500), it becomes possible to excavate the most appropriate place to remove for refugees and

The first meeting of Iwanuma Reconstruction Committee was held on May 7, 2011, and the final proposal was established on August 7, 2011, taking only

and it made the buoyant forces toward the buildings to weaken.

3 months. The seven goals proposed are as follows:

the river bank or sea bank where people knew as the safe place to live.

geological map, soil map, vegetation map, and land use map (**Figure 16**).

**114**

municipalities.

**Figure 12.**

**Figure 11.** *Remained shrine.*

*Remained shrine gate.*

**2.3 Grand design**


Among the seven goals, to find a safe place for refugees was the most important issue. Six communities had a strong will to move from seashore to the inner area. Their

**Figure 13.** *Tsunami induced area in southern Sendai region.*

*Earthquakes - Impact, Community Vulnerability and Resilience*

**Figure 14.** *Geological map of southern Sendai region.*

experiences and scientific study worked together, and in the final meeting in August 7, the ideal plan, i.e., grand design for the reconstruction, had been established.

**Figure 17** shows the basic concept of multi-defense system. Multi-defense system is to weaken the power of tsunami by introducing forests, hills, canals, and upgraded roads along seashore. This idea came from **Figure 18**. In the middle, there

**117**

**Figure 17.**

*Concept of multi-defense system.*

**Figure 16.**

*Natural land use unit.*

*Methodology for Community-Based Resilient Reconstruction*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85790*

*Methodology for Community-Based Resilient Reconstruction DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85790*

*Earthquakes - Impact, Community Vulnerability and Resilience*

**116**

**Figure 15.**

**Figure 14.**

*Geological map of southern Sendai region.*

*Historical succession of villages [7].*

experiences and scientific study worked together, and in the final meeting in August 7,

the ideal plan, i.e., grand design for the reconstruction, had been established. **Figure 17** shows the basic concept of multi-defense system. Multi-defense system is to weaken the power of tsunami by introducing forests, hills, canals, and upgraded roads along seashore. This idea came from **Figure 18**. In the middle, there

**Figure 16.** *Natural land use unit.*

**Figure 17.** *Concept of multi-defense system.*

#### **Figure 18.**

*The hill in coastal area where village people survived from tsunami.*

**Figure 19.** *Image of Hills of One Thousand Hopes [8].*

#### **Figure 20.**

*The grand design of the reconstruction plan in Iwanuma City (August 7, 2011) [9].*

are small hills created before tsunami. Some residents escaped to this tiny hill and survived. **Figure 19** is the image of Hills of One Thousand Hopes as a multi-defense coastal forest. Finally, the grand design was proposed on August 7, 2011, from the Committee of Reconstruction of Iwanuma City (**Figure 20**).

**119**

**Figure 22.**

**Figure 21.**

*Image of the new location of new village.*

*Refugees' workshop in December 2011.*

*Methodology for Community-Based Resilient Reconstruction*

**3. Refugees' workshop for thinking about a new community (second** 

The grand design was established. In September 2011, Iwanuma City established the fundamental reconstruction plan based on the grand design. However, nothing had occurred. The reason was, at that time, that the national government and local government could not proceed the reconstruction process immediately, since we

In Iwanuma City, all refugees could move in temporary houses on June 3, 2011. The allocation of temporary house was kept on the former group of six communities. Therefore, it was easy to talk together and think about the new village. In October, they started to have a meeting for creating a new community. The first meeting was held on November 12, the second was on December 3, and by the end of February 2012, five meetings had held and they set up principles (**Figures 21** and **22**).

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85790*

**stage: October–November 2014)**

had faced serious problems in Fukushima.

**3.1 Process of workshop**

## **3. Refugees' workshop for thinking about a new community (second stage: October–November 2014)**

## **3.1 Process of workshop**

*Earthquakes - Impact, Community Vulnerability and Resilience*

*The hill in coastal area where village people survived from tsunami.*

are small hills created before tsunami. Some residents escaped to this tiny hill and survived. **Figure 19** is the image of Hills of One Thousand Hopes as a multi-defense coastal forest. Finally, the grand design was proposed on August 7, 2011, from the

Committee of Reconstruction of Iwanuma City (**Figure 20**).

*The grand design of the reconstruction plan in Iwanuma City (August 7, 2011) [9].*

**118**

**Figure 20.**

**Figure 18.**

**Figure 19.**

*Image of Hills of One Thousand Hopes [8].*

The grand design was established. In September 2011, Iwanuma City established the fundamental reconstruction plan based on the grand design. However, nothing had occurred. The reason was, at that time, that the national government and local government could not proceed the reconstruction process immediately, since we had faced serious problems in Fukushima.

In Iwanuma City, all refugees could move in temporary houses on June 3, 2011. The allocation of temporary house was kept on the former group of six communities. Therefore, it was easy to talk together and think about the new village. In October, they started to have a meeting for creating a new community. The first meeting was held on November 12, the second was on December 3, and by the end of February 2012, five meetings had held and they set up principles (**Figures 21** and **22**).

**Figure 21.** *Image of the new location of new village.*

**Figure 22.** *Refugees' workshop in December 2011.*


## **3.2 Finding the importance of cultural landscape**

It was very important that the refugees considered not only about their own houses but also they had thoughts about the importance of the tie of community which they had kept on from generation to generation and thoughts about children for the future. Also they thought to recreate community forest, Igune, as a symbol of their new village. **Figure 23** is the map of Natori City in the seventeenth century, and we could recognize that community forest, Igune, had been planted for preventing the north winds. **Figure 24** was taken just after tsunami on August 23, 2011, and we could clearly recognize that Igune prevented tsunami and the farm house had survived. Refugees workshops kept on and they had reached the following image of their new community.


(Teizan Canal was the symbol of their former village, since the Edo era.)

## **3.3 Location of the new community**

Based on the grand design and refugees' workshop, the location of the new community was decided by March 2012. **Figure 25** is the location. It is important that six villages move together and create "compact town," together with adjacent

**121**

**Figure 25.**

*Location of the new community [9].*

*Methodology for Community-Based Resilient Reconstruction*

tsunami-devastated areas where damages were partial. There exist Tamura Elementary School and Junior High School as a symbol of community. In order to sustain their school, the only way was to remove together. **Figure 26** shows the

image of the new community, created by refugees in September 2012.

*Igune in Iwanuma City (farmhouse survived from tsunami, August 2011).*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85790*

**Figure 24.**

**Figure 23.** *Agricultural village in Natori City in the seventeenth century.*

*Methodology for Community-Based Resilient Reconstruction DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85790*

*Earthquakes - Impact, Community Vulnerability and Resilience*

2.to succeed the community tie of former six villages;

5.to replant community forest, Igune, as cultural landscape.

It was very important that the refugees considered not only about their own houses but also they had thoughts about the importance of the tie of community which they had kept on from generation to generation and thoughts about children for the future. Also they thought to recreate community forest, Igune, as a symbol of their new village. **Figure 23** is the map of Natori City in the seventeenth century, and we could recognize that community forest, Igune, had been planted for preventing the north winds. **Figure 24** was taken just after tsunami on August 23, 2011, and we could clearly recognize that Igune prevented tsunami and the farm house had survived. Refugees workshops kept on and they had reached the following image of their new community.

Five principles were as follows:

3.to create natural symbiosis town;

4.to create attractive town for children; and

**3.2 Finding the importance of cultural landscape**

• The new community is surrounded by Igune.

• Small roads are carved like their former village.

• In the middle of new village, it would be ideal if tiny stream flows.

(Teizan Canal was the symbol of their former village, since the Edo era.)

Based on the grand design and refugees' workshop, the location of the new community was decided by March 2012. **Figure 25** is the location. It is important that six villages move together and create "compact town," together with adjacent

• Six former villages keep the same cluster.

**3.3 Location of the new community**

*Agricultural village in Natori City in the seventeenth century.*

1.to create a safe community;

**120**

**Figure 23.**

**Figure 24.** *Igune in Iwanuma City (farmhouse survived from tsunami, August 2011).*

tsunami-devastated areas where damages were partial. There exist Tamura Elementary School and Junior High School as a symbol of community. In order to sustain their school, the only way was to remove together. **Figure 26** shows the image of the new community, created by refugees in September 2012.

**Figure 25.** *Location of the new community [9].*

**Figure 26.** *Image of new village by refugees (September 12, 2012).*

## **4. Formal committee and consensus building (third stage: June 2012–November 25, 2013)**

## **4.1 Planning process and goals of the new community "Tamura-Nishi"**

Community Removing Project (CRP) in Iwanuma City was officially approved by the Ministry of Land Use and Transportation in March 2012. Based on this designation, it became possible to purchase the land for the new community and to start the reconstruction. On June 11, 2012, the formal reconstruction committee was established. Members were appointed by Iwanuma City, 18 representatives from 6 villages, 3 from adjacent areas, and 3 advisers.

The process is almost the same as informal workshops. Usually, refugees do not know how to build the village, but in this case, they learned and reached a kind of vision which they found by themselves and shared to each other.

It took 1½ years to make the consensus and establish the formal reconstruction plan. A total of 28 meetings were held, and on November 23, 2013, the reconstruction plan was approved. The new community was named "Tamura-Nishi" by refugees' ballot. The goals were decided as follows [10]:


## **4.2 Characteristics of the reconstruction plan of "Tamura-Nishi"**

The characteristics of the reconstruction plan of "Tamura-Nishi" could point out from the following three aspects. The first aspect is the community tie regarded as the most important factor. There were six villages along seashore, and even though they were tiny villages, they kept on their own tradition and culture for generations. The reconstruction plan introduced "community cluster planning," and refugees

**123**

**2014–July 2015)**

*Methodology for Community-Based Resilient Reconstruction*

of six villages, Aino-Kama, Fujisone, Ninokura, Hase-Kama, Kabasaki, and Shin-

small parks have allocated and combined by the greenway in the center of community. This greenway symbolizes the Teizan Canal, but it was impossible to create tiny stream. However, this greenway combines six clusters and provides safe access to the elementary, junior, and high school. In the northwest part, community forest,

We adopted the policy to build these two types house carefully. The design of houses is different, but in the case of public house, two family houses are built together. Therefore, in size, there is no difference between detached house and public house. It provides a kind of equity as a new home town of survivors, since

**5. Machizukuri start and implementation (fourth stage: January** 

The second aspect is to create commons where people could meet together. Four

The third aspect is the allocation planning of detached house and public house.

The reconstruction plan had been established. But the refugees knew the most difficult stage was how to implement their ideals into the reality. Within the community, there were two different groups. Those who had enough economic background started

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85790*

*Community cluster planning in Tamura-Nishi.*

**Figure 27.**

**Figure 28.**

Hama could live as neighbors (**Figure 27**).

*Allocation of houses, parks, greenway, and Igune [11].*

Igune, was proposed as a cultural landscape (**Figure 28**).

before tsunami, they lived together for generations.

*Methodology for Community-Based Resilient Reconstruction DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85790*

**Figure 27.**

*Earthquakes - Impact, Community Vulnerability and Resilience*

*Image of new village by refugees (September 12, 2012).*

villages, 3 from adjacent areas, and 3 advisers.

**2012–November 25, 2013)**

1. a safe town from tsunami;

2. a natural energy using town;

**4. Formal committee and consensus building (third stage: June** 

**4.1 Planning process and goals of the new community "Tamura-Nishi"**

vision which they found by themselves and shared to each other.

3. a beautiful town where people could see the wide skyscape;

4. a town having parks, assembly halls, and vegetable gardens;

5. a town having rich green spaces and clean waterway;

7. a town having welfare for elderly people and children.

**4.2 Characteristics of the reconstruction plan of "Tamura-Nishi"**

The characteristics of the reconstruction plan of "Tamura-Nishi" could point out from the following three aspects. The first aspect is the community tie regarded as the most important factor. There were six villages along seashore, and even though they were tiny villages, they kept on their own tradition and culture for generations. The reconstruction plan introduced "community cluster planning," and refugees

6. a town having easy access to daily shopping; and

refugees' ballot. The goals were decided as follows [10]:

Community Removing Project (CRP) in Iwanuma City was officially approved by the Ministry of Land Use and Transportation in March 2012. Based on this designation, it became possible to purchase the land for the new community and to start the reconstruction. On June 11, 2012, the formal reconstruction committee was established. Members were appointed by Iwanuma City, 18 representatives from 6

The process is almost the same as informal workshops. Usually, refugees do not know how to build the village, but in this case, they learned and reached a kind of

It took 1½ years to make the consensus and establish the formal reconstruction plan. A total of 28 meetings were held, and on November 23, 2013, the reconstruction plan was approved. The new community was named "Tamura-Nishi" by

**122**

**Figure 26.**

*Community cluster planning in Tamura-Nishi.*


#### **Figure 28.**

*Allocation of houses, parks, greenway, and Igune [11].*

of six villages, Aino-Kama, Fujisone, Ninokura, Hase-Kama, Kabasaki, and Shin-Hama could live as neighbors (**Figure 27**).

The second aspect is to create commons where people could meet together. Four small parks have allocated and combined by the greenway in the center of community. This greenway symbolizes the Teizan Canal, but it was impossible to create tiny stream. However, this greenway combines six clusters and provides safe access to the elementary, junior, and high school. In the northwest part, community forest, Igune, was proposed as a cultural landscape (**Figure 28**).

The third aspect is the allocation planning of detached house and public house. We adopted the policy to build these two types house carefully. The design of houses is different, but in the case of public house, two family houses are built together. Therefore, in size, there is no difference between detached house and public house. It provides a kind of equity as a new home town of survivors, since before tsunami, they lived together for generations.

## **5. Machizukuri start and implementation (fourth stage: January 2014–July 2015)**

The reconstruction plan had been established. But the refugees knew the most difficult stage was how to implement their ideals into the reality. Within the community, there were two different groups. Those who had enough economic background started

**Figure 29.** *Greening parks.*

**Figure 30.** *Planting Ginkgo biloba as a symbol tree of small park (July 2015).*

to build new house and moved out from the temporary house. The others were those who had to stay in temporary house until the public house would be constructed. This clear difference might cause a serious crisis on the tie of community.

Considering this situation, Tamura-Nishi-Machizukuri Association was formed on January 18, 2014. Since then, this association worked as the core of the new community. They had to work for solving many problems, together with the municipal government. Greening town was their idea, but, because of the deficiency of the reconstruction budget, the city told that there were no budget for greening parks and planting Igune.

The association made open discussions and finally decided to plant trees by themselves, asking supports from outside, collecting fund.

**Figures 29** and **30** show the activities for greening parks. On July 19, 2015, opening festival of Tamura-Nishi had been carried out.

## **6. Develop Machizukuri activities (fifth stage: July 2015–present)**

Machizukuri is the Japanese word which means the activities to work for community, town reformation, greening, promoting welfare, etc., by citizens, rapidly getting common from the 1980s.

By 2015, almost refugees moved to the new community and temporary house had closed. Daily life had returned. They kept on the activities of greening commons. (**Figures 31** and **32**) show Igune in 2014 and 2018. Every month, they meet together, cut grasses, and take care of Igune, and these activities provide a new tie of community.

**125**

*Methodology for Community-Based Resilient Reconstruction*

Another change of the community is the drastic reformation of agricultural land. Before tsunami, there were many farmers having small rice field and vegetable field. Generally speaking, it was impossible to earn enough revenue, only depending on the agriculture. Therefore, the characteristic of the agriculture in Iwanuma was partial, by having another main job outside. Since their land was damaged by tsunami and they lost agricultural machines, it was impossible for them to invest money for agriculture. In addition to this situation, the international market becomes very competitive; the agriculture in Japan should have a power to

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85790*

*Ninokura Village (August 2011) (just after tsunami).*

*Ainokama Village (August 2017) (starting to plant trees in former village).*

**Figure 31.**

**Figure 32.**

**Figure 33.**

*Igune just planted (August 2014).*

*Methodology for Community-Based Resilient Reconstruction DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85790*

#### **Figure 31.**

*Earthquakes - Impact, Community Vulnerability and Resilience*

to build new house and moved out from the temporary house. The others were those who had to stay in temporary house until the public house would be constructed. This

Considering this situation, Tamura-Nishi-Machizukuri Association was formed on January 18, 2014. Since then, this association worked as the core of the new community. They had to work for solving many problems, together with the municipal government. Greening town was their idea, but, because of the deficiency of the reconstruction budget, the city told that there were no budget for greening parks and planting Igune. The association made open discussions and finally decided to plant trees by

**Figures 29** and **30** show the activities for greening parks. On July 19, 2015, open-

Machizukuri is the Japanese word which means the activities to work for community, town reformation, greening, promoting welfare, etc., by citizens, rapidly

By 2015, almost refugees moved to the new community and temporary house had closed. Daily life had returned. They kept on the activities of greening commons. (**Figures 31** and **32**) show Igune in 2014 and 2018. Every month, they meet together, cut grasses, and take care of Igune, and these activities provide a new tie

**6. Develop Machizukuri activities (fifth stage: July 2015–present)**

clear difference might cause a serious crisis on the tie of community.

themselves, asking supports from outside, collecting fund.

ing festival of Tamura-Nishi had been carried out.

*Planting Ginkgo biloba as a symbol tree of small park (July 2015).*

getting common from the 1980s.

**124**

of community.

**Figure 29.** *Greening parks.*

**Figure 30.**

*Ninokura Village (August 2011) (just after tsunami).*

#### **Figure 32.**

*Ainokama Village (August 2017) (starting to plant trees in former village).*

**Figure 33.** *Igune just planted (August 2014).*

Another change of the community is the drastic reformation of agricultural land. Before tsunami, there were many farmers having small rice field and vegetable field. Generally speaking, it was impossible to earn enough revenue, only depending on the agriculture. Therefore, the characteristic of the agriculture in Iwanuma was partial, by having another main job outside. Since their land was damaged by tsunami and they lost agricultural machines, it was impossible for them to invest money for agriculture. In addition to this situation, the international market becomes very competitive; the agriculture in Japan should have a power to

**Figure 34.** *Igune (August 2018).*

**Figure 35.** *Ecosystem of coastal forest [12].*

compete with international market. The national government deeply understood this situation, and the Ministry of Agriculture implemented the project of farmland reformation. Right now, agricultural lands are being operated by six firms, and they are becoming new young leaders of the community.

The third is the replantation of coastal forest where they lived before **Figures 33** and **34**. **Figure 35** shows the ecosystem of coastal zone, and the refugees had started to replant coastal forest.

## **7. Conclusions**

In this chapter, the author defined resilience as follows: "Resilience is the power of the recovering, which would be activated when community or society faced to crisis, people accept the situation, make decisions and proceed the recovering

**127**

**Figure 36.**

*Population of six villages in 2012 and 2017 [13].*

*Methodology for Community-Based Resilient Reconstruction*

process, based on the will created from the consensus building and various supports

In this case, the most important issue is how to create a safe town from tsunami. There existed no modern methodology in the alluvial flat area. We found the methodology of "combination of multi-defense system and community removing project (CRP)." This is a totally different concept compared with "the protection method

The multi-defense system is as follows. If same scale tsunami comes in future, the area would accept tsunami, but fatal damages would be avoided. This is the core concept of environmental resilience. However, to introduce this system, CRP is an

The consensus building process which the author mentioned in this paper makes

As the author mentioned, the rapid decrease of the population and the increase of elder generation are the critical issue in this region. **Figure 7** shows, in Iwanua City, the population stays the same in 2005 and 2015 and the ratio of the elder generation is 19.7%. **Figure 36** is the comparison of population of six villages. A total of 168 people passed away, but about half residents moved in the new town. They selected the formation of compactness and tried to avoid the scattering. Also, by introducing new commercial facilities (**Figure 37**) in the eastern corner of the new community, many people from outside, now, tend to visit, and the new employment

By introducing this method, the cost became far cheaper, compared with building high sea bank or cutting mountains for creating safe place. The speed of reconstruction accelerated and the refugees could settle within 3½ years. It was the

Based on this definition, the author will summarize the community-based resilient reconstruction, from "environmental resilience," "social resilience," and

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85790*

indispensable requirement to be introduced.

it possible to implement CRP, quickly and peacefully.

fastest case in the entire tsunami-devastated area.

from outsides."

from tsunami."

**7.2 Social resilience**

"cultural resilience."

**7.1 Environmental resilience**

process, based on the will created from the consensus building and various supports from outsides."

Based on this definition, the author will summarize the community-based resilient reconstruction, from "environmental resilience," "social resilience," and "cultural resilience."

## **7.1 Environmental resilience**

*Earthquakes - Impact, Community Vulnerability and Resilience*

compete with international market. The national government deeply understood this situation, and the Ministry of Agriculture implemented the project of farmland reformation. Right now, agricultural lands are being operated by six firms, and they

The third is the replantation of coastal forest where they lived before **Figures 33** and **34**. **Figure 35** shows the ecosystem of coastal zone, and the refugees had started

In this chapter, the author defined resilience as follows: "Resilience is the power

of the recovering, which would be activated when community or society faced to crisis, people accept the situation, make decisions and proceed the recovering

are becoming new young leaders of the community.

to replant coastal forest.

*Ecosystem of coastal forest [12].*

**7. Conclusions**

**Figure 35.**

**Figure 34.** *Igune (August 2018).*

**126**

In this case, the most important issue is how to create a safe town from tsunami. There existed no modern methodology in the alluvial flat area. We found the methodology of "combination of multi-defense system and community removing project (CRP)." This is a totally different concept compared with "the protection method from tsunami."

The multi-defense system is as follows. If same scale tsunami comes in future, the area would accept tsunami, but fatal damages would be avoided. This is the core concept of environmental resilience. However, to introduce this system, CRP is an indispensable requirement to be introduced.

The consensus building process which the author mentioned in this paper makes it possible to implement CRP, quickly and peacefully.

By introducing this method, the cost became far cheaper, compared with building high sea bank or cutting mountains for creating safe place. The speed of reconstruction accelerated and the refugees could settle within 3½ years. It was the fastest case in the entire tsunami-devastated area.

## **7.2 Social resilience**

As the author mentioned, the rapid decrease of the population and the increase of elder generation are the critical issue in this region. **Figure 7** shows, in Iwanua City, the population stays the same in 2005 and 2015 and the ratio of the elder generation is 19.7%. **Figure 36** is the comparison of population of six villages. A total of 168 people passed away, but about half residents moved in the new town. They selected the formation of compactness and tried to avoid the scattering. Also, by introducing new commercial facilities (**Figure 37**) in the eastern corner of the new community, many people from outside, now, tend to visit, and the new employment

**Figure 36.**

has been created. The decision-making of compactness and allocation planning of community-based reconstruction led to social resilience against the rapid population decrease. As for the increase of the ratio of elder generations, Iwanuma City and Tamura-Nishi-Machizukuri Association decided to open up remaining lots to younger generation, who were not refugees. Young families having children have moved in, and it will help the sustainability of the community.

## **7.3 Cultural resilience**

It is very difficult to understand what cultural resilience is. Culture is usually regarded as intangible. However, in this case, refugees found that landscape of community forest, Igune, is the essence of their culture since they totally lost. During the process of five stages, how to create Igune was always discussed, and after removing the new town, they kept on taking care as a community event. Also, small parks are regarded as their commons. Lots of activities are now going on in these tiny commons. Tsunami seems to destroy everything, but reformation of cultural landscape is one of the powerful methods for cultural resilience.

## **7.4 Methodology of community-based resilient reconstruction**

As a conclusion, the author points out four important factors about the methodology of community-based resilient reconstruction.

The first is "process planning." In this paper, five stages were clarified. Disaster differs, and of course, community differs. Therefore, the stage would not be same,

**129**

provided the original work is properly cited.

*Methodology for Community-Based Resilient Reconstruction*

but the important principle is to acknowledge that in case huge disaster occurs, the situation changes quickly, and appropriate decision-making is required. Introducing "process planning" is essential. **Figure 37** is the summary of process

munity and started to have a responsibility for the reconstruction.

methods, and it should be developed in many places in the world.

The second is "consensus formation method." The most difficult problem is how to make consensus formation. In this case, we introduced grand design, community workshop, formal committee, and Machizukuri Association. In each stage, the contents of the consensus differ, and the responsibility which made the decision is different. The innovation of this case is to introduce the refugees' workshop before the fundamental plan is established. Refugees learned how to create their own com-

The third is "implementation of small reality." Since the reconstruction of a new town takes a long and complicated process, it is important to show the reality which people understand clearly. We introduce many small realities, such as planting tomato in the salted field, turfing lawn in a small park, and many festivals in the new community. The accumulation of tiny reality would gradually grow in people's mind. The fourth is "pride of place." The new community should be the place where refugees clearly recognize beautiful and peaceful place to live. They have to tell their ancestors that they had rebuilt the village and transfer to the next generation.

The reconstruction from huge disaster is a very tough process and complicated. However, "community-based resilient reconstruction" is one of the fundamental

This research is supported by the Japan Science and Technology Agency.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85790*

planning in this case.

**Acknowledgements**

**Author details**

Mikiko Ishikawa

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

Department of Integrated Science and Engineering for Sustainable Society, Faculty

of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan

\*Address all correspondence to: ishikawa27w@g.chuo-u.ac.jp

**Figure 37.** *Process planning.*

*Earthquakes - Impact, Community Vulnerability and Resilience*

**7.3 Cultural resilience**

moved in, and it will help the sustainability of the community.

landscape is one of the powerful methods for cultural resilience.

**7.4 Methodology of community-based resilient reconstruction**

ology of community-based resilient reconstruction.

has been created. The decision-making of compactness and allocation planning of community-based reconstruction led to social resilience against the rapid population decrease. As for the increase of the ratio of elder generations, Iwanuma City and Tamura-Nishi-Machizukuri Association decided to open up remaining lots to younger generation, who were not refugees. Young families having children have

It is very difficult to understand what cultural resilience is. Culture is usually regarded as intangible. However, in this case, refugees found that landscape of community forest, Igune, is the essence of their culture since they totally lost. During the process of five stages, how to create Igune was always discussed, and after removing the new town, they kept on taking care as a community event. Also, small parks are regarded as their commons. Lots of activities are now going on in these tiny commons. Tsunami seems to destroy everything, but reformation of cultural

As a conclusion, the author points out four important factors about the method-

The first is "process planning." In this paper, five stages were clarified. Disaster differs, and of course, community differs. Therefore, the stage would not be same,

**128**

**Figure 37.** *Process planning.* but the important principle is to acknowledge that in case huge disaster occurs, the situation changes quickly, and appropriate decision-making is required. Introducing "process planning" is essential. **Figure 37** is the summary of process planning in this case.

The second is "consensus formation method." The most difficult problem is how to make consensus formation. In this case, we introduced grand design, community workshop, formal committee, and Machizukuri Association. In each stage, the contents of the consensus differ, and the responsibility which made the decision is different. The innovation of this case is to introduce the refugees' workshop before the fundamental plan is established. Refugees learned how to create their own community and started to have a responsibility for the reconstruction.

The third is "implementation of small reality." Since the reconstruction of a new town takes a long and complicated process, it is important to show the reality which people understand clearly. We introduce many small realities, such as planting tomato in the salted field, turfing lawn in a small park, and many festivals in the new community. The accumulation of tiny reality would gradually grow in people's mind.

The fourth is "pride of place." The new community should be the place where refugees clearly recognize beautiful and peaceful place to live. They have to tell their ancestors that they had rebuilt the village and transfer to the next generation.

The reconstruction from huge disaster is a very tough process and complicated. However, "community-based resilient reconstruction" is one of the fundamental methods, and it should be developed in many places in the world.

## **Acknowledgements**

This research is supported by the Japan Science and Technology Agency.

## **Author details**

Mikiko Ishikawa

Department of Integrated Science and Engineering for Sustainable Society, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan

\*Address all correspondence to: ishikawa27w@g.chuo-u.ac.jp

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

## **References**

[1] Reconstruction Agency: The existing conditions of the reconstruction from Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster. 30 December 2018. Available from: http://www.reconstruction.go.jp/topics/ main-cat1/sub-cat1-1/material/2018.12\_ michinori.pdf

[2] Booklet of tsunami devastated area in Sanriku, from the northern Miyagi Pref. to Iwate Pref., People swallowed by Tsunami, Frontispiece Drawing. Vol. 25 Fu-u-zoku Gaho; 1896

[3] Ministry of Restoration. The existing conditions of the restoration. Community Removal Project. Available from: http://www.mlit.go.jp/crd/city/ sigaiti/tobou/g7\_1.html

[4] Created by editing 2005 and 2015 Population Census. Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

[5] Miyagi Pref.: The Existing Conditions of the reconstruction from Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster. Available from: http://www.pref.miyagi.jp/ uploaded/attachment/307527.pdf

[6] Created based on satellite image by Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

[7] Baba H, Ishikawa M. A study on the development of settlements and tsunami earthquake disaster from the conditions of natural sites in alluvial plain. Journal of the City Planning Institute of Japan. 2012;**47**(3):907-912

[8] Reconstruction Committee in Iwanuma City: The Grand Design of Iwanuma City for Great East Japan Earthquake, entitled "The Reconstruction of Love and Hope"; 7 August 2011; Available from: http:// www.city.iwanuma.miyagi.jp/kakuka/ kurasi/seikatu/matidukuri/documents/ gaiyou.pdf

Chapter 9

Rui Fukumoto

the Great East Japan Earthquake

1. Introduction

131

Abstract

Corporate Contributions to

Community Resilience after

In the Great East Japan Earthquake of March 11, 2011, municipalities in the northeastern coastal area of Japan suffered serious damage from the disaster. During such a huge disaster, it is difficult that the municipalities lead the regional recovery, and in order for the regional society to recover autonomously and efficiently from natural disasters, it is important that the communities in the devastated areas have the resilience. This paper focused on "corporate contribution" because the corporations have various resources that can support disaster recovery. Questionnaire surveys were conducted by mail to 1020 corporations including various industries and various sizes of corporations located in Iwanuma City and Natori City, which had been damaged by the Great East Japan Earthquake, analysis of memorial collection of sentences in which the emotions of disaster victims could be grasped, analysis of corporate network contribution, and analysis of corporate behavior based on the continuous interviews in the long term. Based on the results, I will give you a new concept "Gyo-Jyo (corporate contribution to community resilience)" and the information about what are the characteristics of corporate contributions to community resilience after the Great East Japan Earthquake disaster.

Keywords: corporate contribution, community, resilience, earthquake, tsunami,

This chapter reports the results of empirical research on corporate contributions that contributed to the resilience of local communities after the Great East Japan Earthquake that occurred in Japan in 2011. Among the self-help, mutual-help, and public-help based on the spirit of "San-Jyo" that has existed for a long time in Japan, the author focused on mutual-help and advocated "Gyo-Jyo" as mutual-help by corporations. In order to examine the structure of Gyo-Jyo and social implementation requirements, based on the analysis of data obtained through data surveys, questionnaire surveys, and interview surveys, the actual status of contributions is identified by corporations located in the affected areas to local community recovery. Section 2 describes the outline and damage of the Great East Japan Earthquake as basic information. Section 3 gives an overview of the concept of

the Great East Japan

Earthquake Disaster

[9] Ishikawa M. A study on communitybased reconstruction from Greate East Japan Earthquake Disaster—A case study of Iwanuma City in Miyagi-Pref. Journal of Disaster Research. 2015;**10**(5):807-817

[10] City of Iwanuma. The Community Removal Project. Tamaura-Nishi; 25 November 2014; Available from: https://www.pref.miyagi.jp/uploaded/ attachment/244130.pdf

[11] Ishikawa M. Laboratory of Environmental Design, The University of Tokyo; 25 November 2014

[12] Created by editing Science Council of Japan; The proposal for the restoration of coastal forest in tsunami devastated area based on eco-system. Committee of Environmental Science; Chair: Mikiko Ishikawa. 23 April 2014

[13] Created by Basic Resident Register Data in 2012 and 2017. Iwanuma City

## Chapter 9
