**Epidemiological Studies of Periodontal Disease**

210 Periodontal Diseases - A Clinician's Guide

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**10** 

*Egypt* 

Amin E. Hatem

**Epidemiology and Risk Factors** 

Historically, it was believed that all individuals are uniformly susceptible to developing periodontal disease and that accumulation of plaque, poor oral hygiene and perhaps occlusal trauma were sufficient to initiate periodontitis. However, during the past decades it has become accepted that periodontal disease is caused by specific bacterial infection and that individuals are neither uniformly susceptible to these infections nor to the damage caused by them. Study of the distribution of periodontal diseases and their risk factors on a global scale offers a unique investigational model that can assess causation between periodontal diseases and their suspected etiologic risk factors. An understanding of risk factors can lead to theories of causation that will allow clinicians to identify and target individuals susceptible to periodontal disease. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the determinants and risk factors of periodontal diseases and

Epidemiology is the study of health and disease in populations and the effect of various biologic, demographic, environmental and lifestyles on these states. The essential features of epidemiology as a method of research, when compared to clinical research and case studies, are that 1) groups rather than individuals are the focus of study and 2) persons with and without a particular disease (e.g., periodontal diseases), and with and without the exposure

The study of population groups rather than individuals allows for valid estimates while accounting for normal biological variation. Broadening a study to include those without disease, as well as those with it, provides a reference point against which to quantify risk. Epidemiologic studies are conducted to describe the health status of populations, elucidate the etiology of diseases, identify risk factors, forecast disease occurrence and assist in

**3. Definitions of periodontal disease; Assessment in epidemiological studies**  Epidemiology prerequisite is an accurate definition of periodontal disease. Unfortunately, in periodontal research, uniform criteria have not been yet established. Epidemiological

**1. Introduction** 

how to predict the risk of their occurrence.

of interest are included, rather than just patients.

disease prevention and control.

**2. Goals of epidemiological studies of periodontal diseases** 

**of Periodontal Disease** 

*Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University* 
