3.2.1 Antenna structure and geometry

The designed antenna structure is composed of three connected semicircular arc monopoles with circular patch fed by microstrip transmission line and modified half circular shaped ground plane as shown in Figure 13. The initial design is validated and optimized by simulating the proposed antenna. The proposed antenna is designed on FR4 substrate with height 1.6 mm, dielectric constant ε<sup>r</sup> = 4.6, and loss tangent tan δ = 0.02. The antenna is fed by a 50-Ω transmission line (TL).
