3.3 Nutrition and dietetics

Real-time, effective and affordable nutrition and dietetics wearable technology and sensors are an emerging field with immense opportunities and benefits to the global nutrition challenge [12, 13]. Such revolution real time, home-, work- and hospital-based rapid, accurate and cost-effective self-detection and diagnosis of direct or indirect causes or diet deficiency or excess are much needed for generating evidence-based information and knowledge for individual and vulnerable group nutritional and dietary mitigation and lifestyle adaptation through wearable sensors and technology. These can enhance evidence-based, coherent and coordinated nutrition and dietary programs and strategies to a targeted group or illness, vital in addressing malnutrition and under-nutrition public health burden. Building wearable consumers' health and fitness prognosis, prospective digital nutrition, dietetic data and database and nutrition informatics platforms. These provide a paradigm shift in engaging participatory communication among public consumers, dietetic and nutritionist professionals in improving quality interventions, management and outcomes. Assessment and understanding of nutritional and dietary needs, and potential opportunities in functional health benefits and resource development in personalized accessibility and availability of needed resources to encourage positive behavior, diet and nutrition changes.

Wearable Devices and their Implementation in Various Domains DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86066

6. Mosquito-borne diseases: it causes a wide range of deadly diseases, such as malaria, chikungunya, yellow fever, the Zika virus and the Ebola virus. The kite patch is a patch-type wearable that disperses volatile compounds and is

7. Renal failure: kidney failure and chronic kidney disease. In the treatment of renal failure, dialysis is commonly used, in which kidney function is replaced by a machine. To replace dialysis, a wearable artificial kidney has been

8. Skeletal system diseases: joint disorders, osteoporosis and poor posture. Using three-dimensional gyroscopes, accelerometers and magnetometers embedded into wearable sensors, the chronic pain resulting from most skeletal diseases can be treated with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and by performing therapeutic exercises. Another wearable monitor uses postural variation and warns users through vibrations when they deviate from normal

posture, reminding them to return to a normal posture.

multispectral 3D imaging and wireless connectivity.

9. Sunburn prevention: the ultraviolet (UV) radiation of sunlight causing

10. Vein finding: a wearable smart glass termed Eyes-On technology enables nurses to rapidly see the veins of patients through the skin by incorporating

11. Detection of stress/depression levels: wearables are used to determine the state of mind of their users. The product is a wristband that monitors heart rate variability aiming to warn the user about a rise in personal stress levels.

Real-time, effective and affordable nutrition and dietetics wearable technology and sensors are an emerging field with immense opportunities and benefits to the global nutrition challenge [12, 13]. Such revolution real time, home-, work- and hospital-based rapid, accurate and cost-effective self-detection and diagnosis of direct or indirect causes or diet deficiency or excess are much needed for generating evidence-based information and knowledge for individual and vulnerable group nutritional and dietary mitigation and lifestyle adaptation through wearable sensors and technology. These can enhance evidence-based, coherent and coordinated nutrition and dietary programs and strategies to a targeted group or illness, vital in addressing malnutrition and under-nutrition public health burden. Building wearable consumers' health and fitness prognosis, prospective digital nutrition, dietetic data and database and nutrition informatics platforms. These provide a paradigm shift in engaging participatory communication among public consumers, dietetic and nutritionist professionals in improving quality interventions, management and outcomes. Assessment and understanding of nutritional and dietary needs, and potential opportunities in functional health benefits and resource development in personalized accessibility and availability of needed resources to encourage positive

wrinkles, burns, aging and even skin cancer. Wearable UV sensors, which can be worn on the arm in the form of a bracelet, armband or wristband, are used to monitor UV exposure levels with alerts for potential skin damage and safety precautions, as well as estimating vitamin D production levels.

worn on a shirt to repel mosquitoes.

Wearable Devices - The Big Wave of Innovation

developed.

3.3 Nutrition and dietetics

behavior, diet and nutrition changes.

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Diet-related deficiencies are estimated at 3.5 million deaths annually. This results in rapid urbanization and food consumption patterns that require nutrition safety. The public health nutrition wearable and implantable sensors approach provides a new perspective in human and animal nutrition and dietary. They lead to reliable and effective nutrition and health interdisciplinary approaches and tackle the evergrowing local and global nutrition challenges. Modern convenient and costeffective wearable sensors can be used to educate, track and predict energy level and advice on interventions or activities required to improve the excess or deficiency and adaptation changes from plant-derived sources in achieving balanced choices and quantities of unique fruit and vegetable phytochemical/micronutrient needs.

The effectiveness of wearable devices and fitness trackers, and mobile application on healthy life and care delivery outcomes, such as weight loss and maintenance have been documented in developed countries. Nutritional and dietary wearable technology has a critical role in contributing to nutritional and food challenges paradigm shift in Africa. It provides real time, home-, work- and hospital-based rapid, accurate and cost-effective detection, and diagnosis of nutrition/energy or diet deficiency or excess is much needed. It supports the generation of quality information and knowledge for individual, vulnerable group to national decision-making nutrition policy and guidelines, programs and interventions towards healthier lifestyle and increasing life expectancy, more productivity and wellness. Real time is required for flexible applications of smart wearable and implantable sensors are needed in providing clues into effective fitness and feeding best practices.

## 3.4 Body dietary and energy balance

To estimate daily total energy expenditure (TEE) using a physical activity monitor, combined with dietary assessment of energy intake to assess the relationship between daily energy expenditure and patterns of activity with energy intake. [14] An activity monitor has been used to determine the total energy expenditure, sleep duration and physical activity. The armband was placed around the left upper triceps. Energy intake was determined by evaluating all food and drink items. TEE was correlated with BMI and body weight but inversely related to sleep duration and time lying down. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that after taking BMI, sleep duration and time spent lying down into account, TEE was no longer correlated with energy intake. Results show the extent to which body mass, variable activity and sleep patterns may be contributing to TEE and together with reduced energy intake, energy requirements were not satisfied. Hence, wearable technology has the potential to offer real-time monitoring to provide appropriate nutrition management which is more person-centered to prevent weight loss.
