4. Wearables for other domains

#### 4.1 Construction

The known high percentage of accidents occurring in the construction industry, calls for developing safety strategies. In this section, we describe personalized construction safety-monitoring applications, incorporating wearable technology. These devices predict safety performance and management practices are identified and analyzed. Awolusi et al. [15] present a variety of solutions.

Environment sensors are silicon sensors, small and embedded communication technologies, such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi wearables. They increase the volume and precision of environmental data, such as air quality, barometric pressure, carbon monoxide, capacitance, color, gas leaks, humidity, hydrogen sulfide, temperature, light, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ability to realize intelligent RFID tags. There are sensors that support a broad range of emerging high-performance applications, such as navigation, barometric air pressure, humidity and ambient air temperature sensing functions. Some of these sensors are designed for wearable technologies. Workers can be monitored while doing their normal work and at the same time having the ability to see highly localized, real-time data on things like temperature. Other wearable-sensors that can be used in wearable devices are gyroscope, light sensors, noise sensors, humidity sensors, temperature sensors, gas sensors, among others.

Leveraging data from wearables for social sensing based on interpersonal synchrony. Preliminary results show that wearable data are suitable for analyzing and quantifying social dynamics. Results indicate differences in wearable sensing data

According to Afzal et al. [18], water is a vital component in plants. They measured leaf moisture using special sensors. Results showed that variations curve of the capacitance was in the form of an exponential function, y = ae bx, where y is capacitance, x is leaf moisture content, a is the linear coefficient and b is the exponential coefficient. A new adhesive sensor, sensitive to water vapor, measures leaf surface humidity and how much water is transpired by crop plants. It exhibits different levels of conductivity depending on the humidity and provides farmers with practical information on the real-time water absorption habits of their crops. The sensor is connected to a Wi-Fi device that transmits the data to the data analyzer, which then recommends the amount of water gallons to put in which parts of the field. The sensor is used for water management to accelerate the process

Automatic navigation in an unknown environment raises various challenges as many cues about orientation are difficult to perceive without the use of vision. Though assisted aids, such as global positioning system (GPS), a satellite-based radio-navigation system, which help in route finding, still it fails to fulfill safety requirements. This section proposes a framework that provides accurate guiding and information on the route traversal and the topography of the road ahead. The framework is composed of technologies, such as Lumigrids, Drone, GPS, Mobile applications andCloud storage which are used to map the road surface and generate proper navigation guidance to the end user. This is done in three stages: (1) off-line mapping of the road surface and storing this information in the cloud; (2) wearable technology used for obtaining in real-time surface information and comparing it to the data on the cloud facilitating accurate and safer navigation and (3) updating the cloud information with information collected

There are many technological navigation aids but none of them focus on pedestrian paths. Banovic et al. [19] claim that travelers require detailed information about the terrain and its challenges—size, curves, hurdles, fences, changes in elevation and proposes a three-phase safe navigation system that provides surface information of the pedestrian paths and uses this information while suggesting in

Most applications use location-sensing technology, such as GPS combined with a

map to locate and guide pedestrians. Sendero [20] uses smart phone's location sensing power. Trekker Breeze [21] supports orientation using a commercial GPS receiver. In another work, [22] has combined crowd sourcing with computer vision techniques to provide additional information about traffic intersections and sidewalks or arbitrary images. Few open source [23] software systems provide similar navigation instructions on points of interest like restaurants and buildings to the user using speech or Braille output. Studies say that pedestrians are positive on

using technological assisted aids to guide them for navigation [24].

during a social interaction between two people.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86066

Wearable Devices and their Implementation in Various Domains

of breeding drought tolerant for any crop.

real time routes to the visually impaired.

5. Wearables for navigation and safety systems

4.4 Agriculture

by the pedestrian.

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Wearable devices have the potential to protect workers in hazardous conditions: the use of Smart headsets for monitoring truck drivers' performance to reduce accidents; Augmented Reality headset to guide workers though complex production processes or wearable devices to predict injuries and machine downtime. According to Gartner, most companies with 500+ employees already use wearables in the workplace.

### 4.2 Quality of life

J. Lee et al. [16] focus on the value of sustainability in human-oriented wearables and services that seek to improve the quality of life, which involves social impact and public interest. Wearables refer to the technology and its applications with a value of sustainability having a positive impact on the improvement of quality of life, social impact and the public interest. We aim to discuss how continuously evolving wearables influence positively on human life and environment through the keyword of sustainability.

A variety of wearable devices have been launched in the market to achieve various purposes with the development of sensing technologies. One typical example is an application that constantly measures movement distance and movement conditions of users over time through motion sensors that include in wrist-wearable devices and display the measured results. Moreover, measuring the intake and consumption of calories, tracking sleep, postural correction, blood pressure, and heart rate are the most fundamental applications of the current wearables field. As such, wearable applications started by quantifying various human activities (consciously or unconsciously) numerically in daily life. Over the past few years, more wearable devices have been introduced according to their purpose with increasing performance. As a result, the demand for them to quantify individual daily lives by themselves has increased. Along with this demand, more studies of the methods to improve the quality of life by analyzing individual conditions have been conducted for application in real life, which is called the quantified self. Targets whose movements are tracked include various types of personal information, such as physical activities performed and environmental information.

#### 4.3 Monitoring social interactions

Wrist-worn wearables enable monitoring, detecting and recording interpersonal social interaction features [17]. The wrist has embedded motion sensors, accelerometers, heart rate monitors, optical sensors, skin conductivity, skin temperature and other physiological sensors. Increased synchrony of physiological measures has been shown to lead to increased perceived empathy and positive outcome.

Leveraging data from wearables for social sensing based on interpersonal synchrony. Preliminary results show that wearable data are suitable for analyzing and quantifying social dynamics. Results indicate differences in wearable sensing data during a social interaction between two people.
