**2.2 Reconfigured nano-colloidal**

The mixture of microscopically disperse insoluble particles which are suspended all over another substance is called as colloids. Colloid mixture cannot settle down easily and takes time appreciably [17, 18]. Nature of interaction of dispersive phase and its medium differentiate colloids as hydrophilic/reversible sols and hydrophobic irreversible sols. The stable colloidal form remains suspended in solution at equilibrium, and it's hindered by aggregation and sedimentation as driven by innate tendency of reduction in surface energy [17, 18]. Low interfacial tension stabilizes such colloidal. Rheological functions are valuable in reconfiguration of suspensions in nano-colloidal forms as low viscosity and high shear rates aid deagglomerated mixing which governs suspension flow. Such colloidal state parameters are reconfigured for their elevated particle size, shape/flexibility and surface chemical-electrical properties. The colloidal dispersion obtained through reconfigured alterations that own suitable particle and medium interfaces offers well-defined large surface area as the best to be utilized for emulsion/oil-water separations. Such rationally reconfigurated interfaces tender facial capillarity, which is vulnerably essential for adsorption; for example, nanocarbon colloidal-based filters are used in purification of drinking water, beer/wine, decolorization of sugar, and gas masks [1].

Certain particle size reconfigurations have open influence on the bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients and further effectively deliver intravenous lipid emulsion. Suspensions and colloidal dispersions own a range of sizes/shapes, and reduction of nanoparticle size can enhance surface area besides enlarging surface area/volume ratio. Shape is irrelevant, while surface area per mass of colloid scale nanoparticle owes a huge surface area resulting in superior adsorption achieved via interactive suspension rheology, coating and adhesion. Reconfigurated nano-colloidal permits faster dissolution of active pharmaceutical ingredients and corresponding bioavailability in hydrophobic membrane porous species. The active pharmaceutical ingredients establish incompetent treatment due to critical factors like innate low bioavailability, elevated cost, and toxicity; thus, they seek nanotechnology reformulated and reconfigured colloidal matrixes to cater for the advanced pharmaceutical applications. Reconfigurated interfaces of dispersive phase and their medium are negligible for colossal materials but dominant in colloidal being decisive in physicochemical alterations like surface chemistry and in toto system's reactivity [1, 3].

The colloidal size/shape for particle crystallization can be obtained through irregularity or asymmetric environment of nanoparticles determines its overall physicomechanical features as needed for intrinsic pharmaceutical applications. Colloidal sizes can exist as corpuscular like spherical/ellipsoid, laminar such as disc/plate and linear, viz. rod/needle. Globular proteins shape up with approximate spherically compact random coil configuration, while assorted active pharmaceutical ingredients occurs as rod/needle shape. Macromolecular bio-protein, polysaccharide and artificial polymer can be reconfigured as long thread/branch series colloidal owing to substantial mechanical potency and durability. The shape of colloidal can be reconfigured as large extended unidimensional strings up to rigid

**119**

*Nanomaterials via Reconfiguration of Skeletal Matrix DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86818*

tion due to crystal lattice anisotropy [3].

**2.3 Nano-colloidal analysis techniques**

als [3, 17, 18].

**2.4 Nano-dendrimers**

dense random coils which get manipulated by many factors like solution temperature, pH and nature of salt/electrolytes. Liquid-liquid interfaces, colloidal dispersions, metal sols like gold nanoparticles, lyophobic colloidal dispersions including polymeric-embodied APIs and ionic solid surface charge govern unequal dissolu-

Till date numerous "nanotechnology-based" colloidals are reconfigured for environment, nano-medicine, healthcare and cosmetics. The use of ZnO/TiO2 colloidal in creams attenuated UV-A/UV-B rays which induced sunburns and skin cancer; toothpastes own nano-hydroxyapatite to fill tooth cracks, and anti-aging products use nanocapsules. Nanosilver colloidals are reconfigured for injury healing/wound dressings. Nanosize zirconia-based hydroxyapatite colloidal acts as bioactive ceramics for orthopedic weight-bearing implants owing to advantageous sintering. Traditional pharmaceutical have delivered precise therapeutic to its accurate targets without side effects by means of these reconfigurated material-based nano-medicine. Colloidal stability is measured through its zeta potential gradient as a function of the outer Helmholtz plane and surface of shear which indirectly compute surface charges. Zeta potential in colloidal dispersions assesses storage stability as high potential either positive or negative certifies innate stability and avoids aggregation pivotal to evalu-

ate surface hydrophobicity, encapsulation and surface coatings [1, 3, 17, 18].

The establishment of colloidal surface hydrophobicity as achieved via sophisticated analytical techniques, viz. hydrophobic interaction chromatography, biphasic partitioning, and contact angle measurements. Rather X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy resolves surface hydrophobicity, which also aids in recognizing certain surface proactive functionalities [1, 3]. UV HPLC, ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, gel filtration, centrifugal ultrafiltration analyses and the extent of drug release parameter require its delivery being a vehicle-like role of reconfigured nanomateri-

Dendrimer is a unique polymer owing to a quite manageable size/shape with compartmental zones consisting of hyper-branched and tree-like reconfigured skeletons. The convergent or divergent step growth polymerization approach is used in fabrication of dendrimer skeleton from its monomeric units. Regularbranched polymeric nanostructures of dendrimers' own size depend on its controllable branching quantification [3, 19]. The nanostructure dendrites right from core shape alterations to spherical arrangements can also impart cavities during synthesis polymerization and are achieved through numerous reconfigurated alterations. Reconfigured dendrimers are effectively utilized in drug transport via its free ends that are involved in conjugation or attachment. End groups of dendrimers are tailored through interconnecting networks as per needful conditions which can transport loaded moiety/drug at desirable site to impart novel biomedical applications [1, 19]. Dendrimers have fine nanostructures and are also capable of surface functionalization; monodispersions with immense stability make it smart carrier for drugs. Drug moiety undergoes complexation and encapsulation in such dendrimers at its basic core, branches and surface skeletal units. Branch/end groups tailoring or grafting into biocompatible and high biopermeable species networking aid sustainable delivery of vaccine, cell, drug, gene and metal. Reconfigured dendrimers' own innate hollow arrangements with space/voids to include drug/ bioactive samples through physic-chemical interactions help its control delivery

*Nanomaterials via Reconfiguration of Skeletal Matrix DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86818*

*Nanostructures*

**2.2 Reconfigured nano-colloidal**

ization of sugar, and gas masks [1].

of nanoparticle owns reflective consequence during the drug release applications. Small-size nanoparticles possess larger surface area and impart fast and significant drug release through drug carrying phenomenon as tiny particles get amassed during storage and dispersive transportation [16]. Thus the mutual compromise of upmost stability and pertaining small size is favored in reconfigurated nanosize materials [1–16]. Surface charge and intensity parameters decide electrostatic interaction of reconfigured nanoparticles with biological milieu or bioactive samples.

The mixture of microscopically disperse insoluble particles which are suspended all over another substance is called as colloids. Colloid mixture cannot settle down easily and takes time appreciably [17, 18]. Nature of interaction of dispersive phase and its medium differentiate colloids as hydrophilic/reversible sols and hydrophobic irreversible sols. The stable colloidal form remains suspended in solution at equilibrium, and it's hindered by aggregation and sedimentation as driven by innate tendency of reduction in surface energy [17, 18]. Low interfacial tension stabilizes such colloidal. Rheological functions are valuable in reconfiguration of suspensions in nano-colloidal forms as low viscosity and high shear rates aid deagglomerated mixing which governs suspension flow. Such colloidal state parameters are reconfigured for their elevated particle size, shape/flexibility and surface chemical-electrical properties. The colloidal dispersion obtained through reconfigured alterations that own suitable particle and medium interfaces offers well-defined large surface area as the best to be utilized for emulsion/oil-water separations. Such rationally reconfigurated interfaces tender facial capillarity, which is vulnerably essential for adsorption; for example, nanocarbon colloidal-based filters are used in purification of drinking water, beer/wine, decolor-

Certain particle size reconfigurations have open influence on the bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients and further effectively deliver intravenous lipid emulsion. Suspensions and colloidal dispersions own a range of sizes/shapes, and reduction of nanoparticle size can enhance surface area besides enlarging surface area/volume ratio. Shape is irrelevant, while surface area per mass of colloid scale nanoparticle owes a huge surface area resulting in superior adsorption achieved via interactive suspension rheology, coating and adhesion. Reconfigurated nano-colloidal permits faster dissolution of active pharmaceutical ingredients and corresponding bioavailability in hydrophobic membrane porous species. The active pharmaceutical ingredients establish incompetent treatment due to critical factors like innate low bioavailability, elevated cost, and toxicity; thus, they seek nanotechnology reformulated and reconfigured colloidal matrixes to cater for the advanced pharmaceutical applications. Reconfigurated interfaces of dispersive phase and their medium are negligible for colossal materials but dominant in colloidal being decisive in physicochemical alterations like surface chemistry and in toto system's

The colloidal size/shape for particle crystallization can be obtained through irregularity or asymmetric environment of nanoparticles determines its overall physicomechanical features as needed for intrinsic pharmaceutical applications. Colloidal sizes can exist as corpuscular like spherical/ellipsoid, laminar such as disc/plate and linear, viz. rod/needle. Globular proteins shape up with approximate spherically compact random coil configuration, while assorted active pharmaceutical ingredients occurs as rod/needle shape. Macromolecular bio-protein, polysaccharide and artificial polymer can be reconfigured as long thread/branch series colloidal owing to substantial mechanical potency and durability. The shape of colloidal can be reconfigured as large extended unidimensional strings up to rigid

**118**

reactivity [1, 3].

dense random coils which get manipulated by many factors like solution temperature, pH and nature of salt/electrolytes. Liquid-liquid interfaces, colloidal dispersions, metal sols like gold nanoparticles, lyophobic colloidal dispersions including polymeric-embodied APIs and ionic solid surface charge govern unequal dissolution due to crystal lattice anisotropy [3].

Till date numerous "nanotechnology-based" colloidals are reconfigured for environment, nano-medicine, healthcare and cosmetics. The use of ZnO/TiO2 colloidal in creams attenuated UV-A/UV-B rays which induced sunburns and skin cancer; toothpastes own nano-hydroxyapatite to fill tooth cracks, and anti-aging products use nanocapsules. Nanosilver colloidals are reconfigured for injury healing/wound dressings. Nanosize zirconia-based hydroxyapatite colloidal acts as bioactive ceramics for orthopedic weight-bearing implants owing to advantageous sintering. Traditional pharmaceutical have delivered precise therapeutic to its accurate targets without side effects by means of these reconfigurated material-based nano-medicine. Colloidal stability is measured through its zeta potential gradient as a function of the outer Helmholtz plane and surface of shear which indirectly compute surface charges. Zeta potential in colloidal dispersions assesses storage stability as high potential either positive or negative certifies innate stability and avoids aggregation pivotal to evaluate surface hydrophobicity, encapsulation and surface coatings [1, 3, 17, 18].

## **2.3 Nano-colloidal analysis techniques**

The establishment of colloidal surface hydrophobicity as achieved via sophisticated analytical techniques, viz. hydrophobic interaction chromatography, biphasic partitioning, and contact angle measurements. Rather X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy resolves surface hydrophobicity, which also aids in recognizing certain surface proactive functionalities [1, 3]. UV HPLC, ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, gel filtration, centrifugal ultrafiltration analyses and the extent of drug release parameter require its delivery being a vehicle-like role of reconfigured nanomaterials [3, 17, 18].

### **2.4 Nano-dendrimers**

Dendrimer is a unique polymer owing to a quite manageable size/shape with compartmental zones consisting of hyper-branched and tree-like reconfigured skeletons. The convergent or divergent step growth polymerization approach is used in fabrication of dendrimer skeleton from its monomeric units. Regularbranched polymeric nanostructures of dendrimers' own size depend on its controllable branching quantification [3, 19]. The nanostructure dendrites right from core shape alterations to spherical arrangements can also impart cavities during synthesis polymerization and are achieved through numerous reconfigurated alterations. Reconfigured dendrimers are effectively utilized in drug transport via its free ends that are involved in conjugation or attachment. End groups of dendrimers are tailored through interconnecting networks as per needful conditions which can transport loaded moiety/drug at desirable site to impart novel biomedical applications [1, 19]. Dendrimers have fine nanostructures and are also capable of surface functionalization; monodispersions with immense stability make it smart carrier for drugs. Drug moiety undergoes complexation and encapsulation in such dendrimers at its basic core, branches and surface skeletal units. Branch/end groups tailoring or grafting into biocompatible and high biopermeable species networking aid sustainable delivery of vaccine, cell, drug, gene and metal. Reconfigured dendrimers' own innate hollow arrangements with space/voids to include drug/ bioactive samples through physic-chemical interactions help its control delivery

due to beneficial features like modulated target-specific delivery, feasibly defined molecular weight, good trap capacity, flexible surface functionalization and lowest polydispersity index. Poly(ethylene glycol), chitin, melamine, polyglutamic acid, poly-propylene imine, polyamidoamine and polyethyleneimine biodegradable skeletons are easily reconfigurated into dendrimers via the above-mentioned synthetic methods. Dendrimer-based complexes act as nano-device's own potential utility in cancer chemotherapy as targeted drug therapy like tecto-dendrimers owing to every dendrimer unit exhibits assorted role, e.g. targeting, disease diagnosis, drug carrier and imaging [14]. Reconfigurated dendrimers used in therapy avoid stimulated immune side effects. Drug/therapeutic dendrimers conjugate target cells and indicate useful advantageous features, viz. boron EGF-carrying PAMAM dendrimers, intra-tumoural injection and CED-doxorubicin-2,2 bis(hydroxymethyl)propanoic acid-derived dendrimers, showing in vitro/in vivo less toxicity in colon carcinoma cell treatment in rats [1, 3, 17, 18]. Cationic dendrimers showed more cytotoxicity, cell membrane instability and cell lysis than anionic dendrimer, PAMAM. Assorted nano-dendrimers' yield via block polymerization and chemical cross-linking is shown in **Figure 2**.
