**2.11 Reconfigured metal-organic frameworks**

Recently carbon based from metal-organic frameworks is more demanding due to innate advantageous electron conductivity and extra porosity sought in diverse fields. Thus morphology of carbon materials gets improved through altering its chemical/physical characteristics via optimized compositing with metal-organic materials. Such carbon-reconfigured metal-organic frameworks appear nontoxic and offer brilliant electrical conductivity in contrast to other energy storage materials. This makes carbon-based metal-organic reconfigurated frameworks superior to most of the energy storage materials offering promising functions in demand for energy storage/conversion and addressing confronts in lithium/lithium-sulfur/ sodium battery, metal-oxide/sulphide-carbon-based supercapacitors and electrocatalytic oxygen/hydrogen reduction/evolution reactions besides water-wastewater treatment techniques. Ultrasensitive biosensors are reconfigured through carbonaceous skeleton via N/S doping to get electrodes for in vitro monitoring of uric acid and ascorbic acid released from living cells. Direct physical/chemical carbonization of organic templates with assorted species like zeolites, meso-silica via solvothermal or hydrothermal techniques yields carbon-based metal-organic frameworks [25]. Carbon reconfigured through metal-organic porous coordination polymers resulted in crystalline porosity due to episodic metal ion/metal clusters with organic ligand networkings. Metal-organic reconfigured carbon matrix/framework sustains assorted reward like extra porosity with tuneable sizes and very high up to 10,000 m2 g<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> surface area as anticipated for adsorption, energy/gas storage/conversion, oil-water separation, catalysis, markers/sensors and solid-phase extraction. Rationally hierarchical porous nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks are developed through zinc and nitrogen templates which are used for elevated storage and adsorption capacity for CO2 gas. Iron, zirconium and lanthanum metal-doped-NH2 reconfigured frameworks are obtained via solvothermal process followed by pyrolysis, yielding nanocarbon matrixes which are used for biosensor activity [1, 3, 25].

## **2.12 Reconfigured carbon nanocages**

Reconfigured nanocarbon cages can act as electrode; for example, hollow nanocobalt sulfide intervening graphitic nanocage offers superior lithium storage

**125**

*Nanomaterials via Reconfiguration of Skeletal Matrix DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86818*

cycles for sodium-ion battery usage [11, 24].

for curtail ionic diffusion which overall extend Na<sup>+</sup>

carbon-nitrogen matrix shows high Na+

capacities of 1000 mA h g<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>

capacity along with stable performance in advanced batteries. Porous ZnO-carbon nanocage is reconfigured through pyrolysis of hollow MOF-5 owing to high specific surface areas besides hollow morphology [1, 3]. Porous Co-Zn-NH2-doped carbon polyhedral nanocage effectively acts as anode in lithium-ion batteries. Transition metal oxides of M*x*O*y* types derived from Mn, Fe, Ni, Co and Sn offer superior

as anodes in sodium-ion batteries. However, transition metal oxides of M*x*O*y* types can be reconfigured in carbon materials so as to proffer elevated surface area and improve sodium storage simultaneously. Hollow NiO/Ni nanocrystal reconfigured onto graphene shell imparts good storage capacity and cycle stability [1, 3–25]. Carbon matrix gets reconfigured with nitrogen doping in Co3O4-based metalorganic hybrid/framework imparting unique features like high electronic conductivity, superb definite capacity and superior cycled constancy. Many bimetallic Ni-Co-organic frameworks owing to hierarchical hollow crossbreed occur via generic template-free strategy to fabricate anode electrode for sodium-ion battery. Hollow nano-skeleton of such organic framework/hybrids reconfigured entirely novel electrodes' utility owing to constant reversible capacity after long-term 200 cycles. Titanium-derived metal-organic hybrid crystal yield via carbon-coated rutile materials is used for anode making in sodium-ion battery up to 2000 cycles. Graphene-titanium oxide reconfigurated metal-organic hybrids/composites can act as anode found to exhibit huge porosity and great retention capacity up to 5000

Transition metal sulphide-based carbon hybrid like Ni3S2/Co9S8/N–C-gifted hollow-spheric skeleton obtained via carbonization-sulfurization of binary Ni–Co metal-organic framework is used in fabrication of electrode for sodium-ion battery. Ultra-fine hollow porosity is achieved in nanometal sulfide blended ultrathin N-doped organic carbon hybrids, which delivered brilliant electrochemical function with competent capacity up to 100 cycles. Bimetallic zinc antimony sulphide which blends organic carbon core-double shell polyhedron frameworks exhibits unique electrochemical functions like consistent cycling stability and elevated coulombic efficiency besides precise capacity. Ultrathin/nano-molybdenum sulphide coated onto flexible N–C/carbon cloth nano-array hybrid/sheet owns good electrochemical performance as an anode up to 1000 cycles for sodium-ion battery. Such admirable electrochemical functions are accredited to unique two-dimensional features viable

organic carbon yields porosity in resultant nanowall which imparts advance conductivity and sustainable integrity of such bimetallic organic frameworks [1–3, 23]. Organic/carbonaceous nitrogen-doped metal porous frameworks get reconfigured for making sodium-ion battery electrodes' residing unique features like fair capability, cycling stability, high electrical conductivity and elevated ion storage ability. Inorganic sulfur/phosphorus reconfigured with metal-organic template aids to fabricate S/P-doped meso-carbon anodes which are practically reported to prolong cycle constancy, elevated energy density and wonderful rate capacity for sodium-ion battery. Amorphous red phosphorus reconfigured into micro-porous

ity up to 1000 cycles for sodium-ion battery. Certain nano-sheets get reconfigured through 3D reduced graphene oxide-anchored phosphorus-nickel foam owing to cobalt core shell of phosphorus-carbon polyhedron which overall improved cycling stability and benefited damage relaxation during charging-discharging in resultant battery electrode performance. These reconfigured materials hold sole metal-organic framework as electrode which showed astonishing and superior electrochemical outputs like high power density, reversible capacity, brilliant stability, huge cycling stability, elevated rate capacity and galvanostatic charge-discharge

than that of graphite templates and thus gain weightage

insertion. The N-doping in

storage performance and reversible capac-

*Nanomaterials via Reconfiguration of Skeletal Matrix DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86818*

*Nanostructures*

Lower-mobility species gets easily detained onto metal which resulted in side reactions in concurrence to alkynes' cyclotrimerization. Ortho functional groups restrain tangential terminal alkyne contacts which results in butadiyne linkages via weak supramolecular interactions amid nanowires that can influence neighboring molecular alignments. Anisotropic motif in asymmetric 1,2,4-cyclotrimerizations over symmetric 1,3,5-cyclotrimerization onto gold surfaces is preferred to get H-shaped oligomer and intrigue alkyne-gold interactions. Graphyne and graphdiyne derivatives are advantageous than mere graphene for innate electronic features [1, 3, 23]. On-surface acetylenic couplings can expand graphyne and graphdiyne networkings which correspondingly distinguish in intrinsic physic-chemical characters. Linear expansion of graphyne and graphdiyne into 2D graphyne and graphdiyne derivatives is still exorbitant, so strategic halide usages avoid influence of hydrogen abstraction forming hexagonal planes on gold bridging mutual acetylenes. Hexaethynylbenzene is mostly used for getting reconfigured single-layer stacking of graphyne/graphdiyne via acetylenic couplings. Advance on-surface synthetic protocols are developed for graphyne-/graphdiyne-based atomic precise nanowires, quasi-1D nanoribbons and 2D networkings. Porous structural reconfigurations of 2D materials are noteworthy

Recently carbon based from metal-organic frameworks is more demanding due to innate advantageous electron conductivity and extra porosity sought in diverse fields. Thus morphology of carbon materials gets improved through altering its chemical/physical characteristics via optimized compositing with metal-organic materials. Such carbon-reconfigured metal-organic frameworks appear nontoxic and offer brilliant electrical conductivity in contrast to other energy storage materials. This makes carbon-based metal-organic reconfigurated frameworks superior to most of the energy storage materials offering promising functions in demand for energy storage/conversion and addressing confronts in lithium/lithium-sulfur/ sodium battery, metal-oxide/sulphide-carbon-based supercapacitors and electrocatalytic oxygen/hydrogen reduction/evolution reactions besides water-wastewater treatment techniques. Ultrasensitive biosensors are reconfigured through carbonaceous skeleton via N/S doping to get electrodes for in vitro monitoring of uric acid and ascorbic acid released from living cells. Direct physical/chemical carbonization of organic templates with assorted species like zeolites, meso-silica via solvothermal or hydrothermal techniques yields carbon-based metal-organic frameworks [25]. Carbon reconfigured through metal-organic porous coordination polymers resulted in crystalline porosity due to episodic metal ion/metal clusters with organic ligand networkings. Metal-organic reconfigured carbon matrix/framework sustains assorted reward like extra porosity with tuneable sizes and very high up to

surface area as anticipated for adsorption, energy/gas storage/conver-

sion, oil-water separation, catalysis, markers/sensors and solid-phase extraction. Rationally hierarchical porous nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks are developed through zinc and nitrogen templates which are used for elevated storage and adsorption capacity for CO2 gas. Iron, zirconium and lanthanum metal-doped-NH2 reconfigured frameworks are obtained via solvothermal process followed by pyrolysis, yielding nanocarbon matrixes which are used for biosensor activity [1, 3, 25].

Reconfigured nanocarbon cages can act as electrode; for example, hollow nanocobalt sulfide intervening graphitic nanocage offers superior lithium storage

for innate electronic and mechanical usages [1, 3].

**2.11 Reconfigured metal-organic frameworks**

**124**

10,000 m2

g<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>

**2.12 Reconfigured carbon nanocages**

capacity along with stable performance in advanced batteries. Porous ZnO-carbon nanocage is reconfigured through pyrolysis of hollow MOF-5 owing to high specific surface areas besides hollow morphology [1, 3]. Porous Co-Zn-NH2-doped carbon polyhedral nanocage effectively acts as anode in lithium-ion batteries. Transition metal oxides of M*x*O*y* types derived from Mn, Fe, Ni, Co and Sn offer superior capacities of 1000 mA h g<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> than that of graphite templates and thus gain weightage as anodes in sodium-ion batteries. However, transition metal oxides of M*x*O*y* types can be reconfigured in carbon materials so as to proffer elevated surface area and improve sodium storage simultaneously. Hollow NiO/Ni nanocrystal reconfigured onto graphene shell imparts good storage capacity and cycle stability [1, 3–25].

Carbon matrix gets reconfigured with nitrogen doping in Co3O4-based metalorganic hybrid/framework imparting unique features like high electronic conductivity, superb definite capacity and superior cycled constancy. Many bimetallic Ni-Co-organic frameworks owing to hierarchical hollow crossbreed occur via generic template-free strategy to fabricate anode electrode for sodium-ion battery. Hollow nano-skeleton of such organic framework/hybrids reconfigured entirely novel electrodes' utility owing to constant reversible capacity after long-term 200 cycles. Titanium-derived metal-organic hybrid crystal yield via carbon-coated rutile materials is used for anode making in sodium-ion battery up to 2000 cycles. Graphene-titanium oxide reconfigurated metal-organic hybrids/composites can act as anode found to exhibit huge porosity and great retention capacity up to 5000 cycles for sodium-ion battery usage [11, 24].

Transition metal sulphide-based carbon hybrid like Ni3S2/Co9S8/N–C-gifted hollow-spheric skeleton obtained via carbonization-sulfurization of binary Ni–Co metal-organic framework is used in fabrication of electrode for sodium-ion battery. Ultra-fine hollow porosity is achieved in nanometal sulfide blended ultrathin N-doped organic carbon hybrids, which delivered brilliant electrochemical function with competent capacity up to 100 cycles. Bimetallic zinc antimony sulphide which blends organic carbon core-double shell polyhedron frameworks exhibits unique electrochemical functions like consistent cycling stability and elevated coulombic efficiency besides precise capacity. Ultrathin/nano-molybdenum sulphide coated onto flexible N–C/carbon cloth nano-array hybrid/sheet owns good electrochemical performance as an anode up to 1000 cycles for sodium-ion battery. Such admirable electrochemical functions are accredited to unique two-dimensional features viable for curtail ionic diffusion which overall extend Na<sup>+</sup> insertion. The N-doping in organic carbon yields porosity in resultant nanowall which imparts advance conductivity and sustainable integrity of such bimetallic organic frameworks [1–3, 23].

Organic/carbonaceous nitrogen-doped metal porous frameworks get reconfigured for making sodium-ion battery electrodes' residing unique features like fair capability, cycling stability, high electrical conductivity and elevated ion storage ability. Inorganic sulfur/phosphorus reconfigured with metal-organic template aids to fabricate S/P-doped meso-carbon anodes which are practically reported to prolong cycle constancy, elevated energy density and wonderful rate capacity for sodium-ion battery. Amorphous red phosphorus reconfigured into micro-porous carbon-nitrogen matrix shows high Na+ storage performance and reversible capacity up to 1000 cycles for sodium-ion battery. Certain nano-sheets get reconfigured through 3D reduced graphene oxide-anchored phosphorus-nickel foam owing to cobalt core shell of phosphorus-carbon polyhedron which overall improved cycling stability and benefited damage relaxation during charging-discharging in resultant battery electrode performance. These reconfigured materials hold sole metal-organic framework as electrode which showed astonishing and superior electrochemical outputs like high power density, reversible capacity, brilliant stability, huge cycling stability, elevated rate capacity and galvanostatic charge-discharge contour. Assorted homogeneous-dispersed hierarchical 1-/2-/3-D porous micro-/ nano-layer cathode matrixes are reconfigured with nitrogen-doped organic frameworks through melting-diffusion and infiltration techniques. Extensive metalorganic frameworks are obtained via adjusting morphology, reactive conditions, and control carbonized reconfigurations in feedstock materials and are found to proffer characteristic features like greatest recycling, prolonged cycle electrical capacity, and top capacitance as desired in advance battery electrode fabrication [3, 25]. Doping of nitrogen/sulfur further raised charge redistribution, electron delocalization and reversible capacity in resultant batteries that are superior to other counterparts. Metallic insertion in carbon frameworks yields copious and consistent porosity in ultrafine nano-skeletons as beneficially immobilized N/S in organic templates. Similarly, sodium-ion battery electrodes are reconfigured via phosphorus/nitrogen added to carbon scaffolds so as to deliver superior electrochemical functions and impart high theoretical sodium-storage capacity due to Na-P synergistic effect devoid in its contemporary [1–3].

Nanocarbon-reconfigurated metal-organic frameworks are superior to fabricate electrode with improved electrochemical performance in supercapacitors, e.g. zincorganic scaffolds. Li4Ti5O12-derived hybrid super-capacitor yields Li-type anode and double-layered cathode electrochemical capacitance with duly great energy density and prolongs capacity up to 10,000 galvanostatic cycles. Reconfigurated hierarchical carbon-coated tungstic anhydride-Li-HSC porous anode and N–C hollow polyhedron-based cathodes exhibited soaring power density and high-retained capacity up to 3000 operating cycles [20–26].

Splendid 'brick-and-mortar'-type squash-in nanoporous matrixes can be reconfigured owing to dope metal as 'mortar' and abide organic framework as 'brick' to be used for electrode in next-generation energy/power storage battery. Remarkably reconfigured novel nanocarbon metal-oxide sheets/core-shell composite gets casted as asymmetric supercapacitor anodes owing to longer cycle stability, high energy density and huge energy density in aqueous electrolytes with upmost 10,000 cycle capacitance retention superior to other counterparts. Nanocarbons reconfigured onto bimetals yield hybrid via control carbonization, and coexisting N-doping architecture imparts huge surface area and better capacitance (than nanocarbon) to be used to fabricate flexible asymmetric advanced supercapacitors [3]. Unique one-dimensional hollow structure of N-dope-organic framework-reconfigurated bimetals imparted good power storage capacity and electrochemical performance up to 10,000. Metal oxides derived from supercapacitors conveyed superior power density and electrochemical stability than carbonaceous polymeric matrix. Flexible hybrid supercapacitors developed from N–C-doped niobium-oxide quantum dots performed as superior electrochemical electrodes owing to maximum energy/power density and cyclic stability even up to 5000 cycles [27]. Porous manganese tetroxide reconfigured N-doped graphene by means of polystyrene template yields ordered porous composite owing to brilliant electrochemical capacitance and cyclic stability up to 2000 cycles in aqueous electrolyte solutions. Ruthenium oxide reconfigured nanocarbon scaffolds have shown outstanding electrochemical performance as supercapacitors owing to capacitance retention in lithium-ion battery. Assorted hierarchical nanoporous organic carbon-based skeletons are developed for its innate higher capacitance and cyclic stability even up to 140,000 cycles than bulk amalgamated electrodes. Thus, reconfigurations of material indeed have to break through many challenging discoveries of advanced anode/cathode materials in the development of high-performance batteries owing to good volumetric/gravimetric energy density and its allied futuristic functioning for electrification of vehicles besides grid power storage.

Noteworthy R&D is performed to discover high volumetric/gravimetric energy density electrodes through reconfiguration of material's matrix for getting innate

**127**

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electrochemical performances.

**Table 1**.

[1–3, 28].

**2.13 Environmental applications of MOF**

adsorption capacity of 307 and 407 mg g<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>

electro-voltaic functions. Certain layered mixed metal oxides, viz. LiMn2, olivine LiFe-PO4, LiCoO2 and Li-Ni/Co/MnO2, are reconfigured to fabricate electrodes for lithium-ion cell. Strategies are being developed for optional high-energy cathodes with preserved substantial stability, rate capability and its cycle life. High-energy cathodes made from Li2MnO3 conveyed electrochemical steadiness with improved specific capacity and corresponding volumetric/gravimetric energy density. Li-ion batteries offer prospective high volumetric/gravimetric power density of its cells achieved through reconfiguration of novel electrochemicals [26, 27]. Sulfur- and oxygen-based bimetallic organic framework-derived cathodes are intensely reconfigured for innate superior theoretical capacity over usual metal-oxide electrodes. The designing and development of progressive high-performance material-based electrodes derived via assorted reconfigured materials are still a difficult task/ challengeable due to their innate size constraint. Lithium-ion battery needs prospective high-power electrodes as derived via various reconfigured matrixes including Si-alloy, metal-oxide frameworks and graphene carbons for electrovehicles and grid power storage. Certain reconfigurated material matrixes convey exceptional features like facile mount skeleton, high specific surface area and storage capacity besides hierarchical porosity contributed in innate onset potential

Assorted metal-organic frameworks (MOF) are reconfigured to impart special valid features like huge specific surface area, adaptable porosity, and constitutional uniformity and to unlock metal sites although certain facile physic-chemical variations are anticipated in advanced S&T applications [3, 19] can be even utilized for better adsorption of dyes, gases and environmental pollutants as mentioned in

Diverse materials are reconfigured to be used as adsorbents for mitigation of water pollution; for example, 3D twofold zinc-doped carbon porous scaffolds owing to elevated surface area conveyed five-fold higher sorption capacity for dyes and drugs like ibuprofen/diclofenac contaminated water over commercial-activated carbon [3]. Magnetic carbon sponges are reconfigurated in zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 to carry out excellent separations of buoyant oil from water and oil from emulsions and executed excellent catalysis in H2 gas generation [25, 27]. Extremely dispersive nano-chromium oxide can be reconfigured in mesoporous carbon nitrides to yield MIL-100(Cr) templates owing to greater specific surface area which aids huge CO2 adsorption capacity quite higher than its counterparts

Specially reconfigured nickel oxide/poly-carbon nitride interlinked with tree-like chains/branches owing to unique features like nano-flower/leafy planes, huge surface area and hirsute dendrite core shells; superior porosity can impart superior and control/choosy arsenate anionic diffusion besides efficient As+3 to As+5 oxidative conversion in contaminated water. Porous nano-spherical scaffolds holding iron-EDTA ligands owe exclusive chelating sites that afford huge anionic

Metal-organic frameworks are used to reconfigure many fluorescent sensors/ markers like super-porous chemosensors owing to zirconium-based hydrophobic fluorescent probes developed to check ultratrace (0.1–2000 ppb level) Zn2+ ions from water. Ratiometric fluorescent sensor containing UiO-66-zirconium matrix is used for selective Zn2+ detection from water. Hydrophobic fluorescent probes reconfigured with rhodamine ethylene-diamine salicylaldehyde are developed for sensitive Bi3+ adsorption from water. All such reconfigurated metal-oxide carbon

for As (V) and Cr (VI), respectively.

*Nanomaterials via Reconfiguration of Skeletal Matrix DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86818*

*Nanostructures*

contour. Assorted homogeneous-dispersed hierarchical 1-/2-/3-D porous micro-/ nano-layer cathode matrixes are reconfigured with nitrogen-doped organic frameworks through melting-diffusion and infiltration techniques. Extensive metalorganic frameworks are obtained via adjusting morphology, reactive conditions, and control carbonized reconfigurations in feedstock materials and are found to proffer characteristic features like greatest recycling, prolonged cycle electrical capacity, and top capacitance as desired in advance battery electrode fabrication [3, 25]. Doping of nitrogen/sulfur further raised charge redistribution, electron delocalization and reversible capacity in resultant batteries that are superior to other counterparts. Metallic insertion in carbon frameworks yields copious and consistent porosity in ultrafine nano-skeletons as beneficially immobilized N/S in organic templates. Similarly, sodium-ion battery electrodes are reconfigured via phosphorus/nitrogen added to carbon scaffolds so as to deliver superior electrochemical functions and impart high theoretical sodium-storage capacity due to

Nanocarbon-reconfigurated metal-organic frameworks are superior to fabricate electrode with improved electrochemical performance in supercapacitors, e.g. zincorganic scaffolds. Li4Ti5O12-derived hybrid super-capacitor yields Li-type anode and double-layered cathode electrochemical capacitance with duly great energy density and prolongs capacity up to 10,000 galvanostatic cycles. Reconfigurated hierarchical carbon-coated tungstic anhydride-Li-HSC porous anode and N–C hollow polyhedron-based cathodes exhibited soaring power density and high-retained

Splendid 'brick-and-mortar'-type squash-in nanoporous matrixes can be reconfigured owing to dope metal as 'mortar' and abide organic framework as 'brick' to be used for electrode in next-generation energy/power storage battery. Remarkably reconfigured novel nanocarbon metal-oxide sheets/core-shell composite gets casted as asymmetric supercapacitor anodes owing to longer cycle stability, high energy density and huge energy density in aqueous electrolytes with upmost 10,000 cycle capacitance retention superior to other counterparts. Nanocarbons reconfigured onto bimetals yield hybrid via control carbonization, and coexisting N-doping architecture imparts huge surface area and better capacitance (than nanocarbon) to be used to fabricate flexible asymmetric advanced supercapacitors [3]. Unique one-dimensional hollow structure of N-dope-organic framework-reconfigurated bimetals imparted good power storage capacity and electrochemical performance up to 10,000. Metal oxides derived from supercapacitors conveyed superior power density and electrochemical stability than carbonaceous polymeric matrix. Flexible hybrid supercapacitors developed from N–C-doped niobium-oxide quantum dots performed as superior electrochemical electrodes owing to maximum energy/power density and cyclic stability even up to 5000 cycles [27]. Porous manganese tetroxide reconfigured N-doped graphene by means of polystyrene template yields ordered porous composite owing to brilliant electrochemical capacitance and cyclic stability up to 2000 cycles in aqueous electrolyte solutions. Ruthenium oxide reconfigured nanocarbon scaffolds have shown outstanding electrochemical performance as supercapacitors owing to capacitance retention in lithium-ion battery. Assorted hierarchical nanoporous organic carbon-based skeletons are developed for its innate higher capacitance and cyclic stability even up to 140,000 cycles than bulk amalgamated electrodes. Thus, reconfigurations of material indeed have to break through many challenging discoveries of advanced anode/cathode materials in the development of high-performance batteries owing to good volumetric/gravimetric energy density and its allied futuristic

functioning for electrification of vehicles besides grid power storage.

Noteworthy R&D is performed to discover high volumetric/gravimetric energy density electrodes through reconfiguration of material's matrix for getting innate

Na-P synergistic effect devoid in its contemporary [1–3].

capacity up to 3000 operating cycles [20–26].

**126**

electro-voltaic functions. Certain layered mixed metal oxides, viz. LiMn2, olivine LiFe-PO4, LiCoO2 and Li-Ni/Co/MnO2, are reconfigured to fabricate electrodes for lithium-ion cell. Strategies are being developed for optional high-energy cathodes with preserved substantial stability, rate capability and its cycle life. High-energy cathodes made from Li2MnO3 conveyed electrochemical steadiness with improved specific capacity and corresponding volumetric/gravimetric energy density. Li-ion batteries offer prospective high volumetric/gravimetric power density of its cells achieved through reconfiguration of novel electrochemicals [26, 27]. Sulfur- and oxygen-based bimetallic organic framework-derived cathodes are intensely reconfigured for innate superior theoretical capacity over usual metal-oxide electrodes. The designing and development of progressive high-performance material-based electrodes derived via assorted reconfigured materials are still a difficult task/ challengeable due to their innate size constraint. Lithium-ion battery needs prospective high-power electrodes as derived via various reconfigured matrixes including Si-alloy, metal-oxide frameworks and graphene carbons for electrovehicles and grid power storage. Certain reconfigurated material matrixes convey exceptional features like facile mount skeleton, high specific surface area and storage capacity besides hierarchical porosity contributed in innate onset potential electrochemical performances.
