**2. Nanomaterials: classifications, characterizations and fabrications**

'Advanced nanotechnology' offers novel tools, opportunities and scope in significant applications for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Rationally designed smart materials are well established for drug delivery, diagnostics, treatment and prognosis of illness via reconfigurated/restructured devices and tools. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology is one of such fields embracing nanostructured products owing improved and requisite characteristics in its assorted sub-domains, viz. polymeric nanoparticle, magnetic/metallic nanoparticles, biosensors, biomarkers, liposome, carbon nanotube, quantum dot and dendrimers which are innovatory in medical/clinical usages [3]. Nano-pharmaceutically designed/reconfigured materials own vital applications in health risk-related issues like delivering therapeutic components at desired site in treatment of critical illness and crucial diseases. Nanoparticles are obtained via three techniques, viz. dispersion of preformed polymers, ionic gelation (hydrophilic polymeric coacervation) and monomeric polymerization. In order to control nanoparticle size/shape and composition industrially, certain methodology called supercritical fluid technology and particle replication in non-wetting templates [1–4] are also used to get reconfigurated nanomaterials. Dispersive polymeric technique is well used to reconfigure biodegradable nanoparticles via dispersion of biodegradable polymers like polyglycolide, polylactic acid, polycyanoacrylate and polylactide-co-glycolide [5].

Reconfigured matrix acts as effective carriers vulnerable in drug delivery, targeting cell release and specific tissue liberation in biological samples. Moreover, the size reduced targeted formulations; besides, suitable drug delivery pathway designing can be easily performed through these reconfigured matrixes.

Through intrinsic skeletal reconfigurations yielding varied nanostructures which displayed sole physicochemical/biological features. Rationally designed nanoparticles own potential utility for such purpose, imparting peculiar advantages like less toxicity, more release capacity, improved solubility, bioavailability and better drug formulations [3, 4]. Nanotechnologically achieved reconfigurations offer assorted nano-range matrixes owing to augmented performance. There are certain notable rewards of reconfigurations in material skeleton attenuated in nanosize matrixes such as reduce fed/inconsistency, amplified surface area, improved solubility, better bioavailability, more dissolution, fewer doses and rapid therapeutic action [4, 5].

Nanotechnology field in combination with advanced electronic, physics, and engineering sciences can offer superior applications in the domain of biophysics, molecular biology, medicine, immunology, cardiology, endocrinology, ophthalmology, oncology, and pulmonology, targeting brain and tumor besides gene/cell/tissue delivery [5]. Science of materials/devices can be restructured, and the resultant matrix reveals novel and substantially transformed nanoscales owing to unique physical, chemical and biological phenomena. Thus, nanotechnological reconfigurations in materials are manipulated at atomic, molecular and supramolecular level linking design, production and characteristic functionality anticipated for novel science and technological advancements [1–6]. Such reconfigurated matrixes are utilized in making molecular tools which preserves/improves our health through diagnosis, treatments and prevention of diseases, traumatic hurts and pain reliefs [1, 3]. The usage of assorted nanomaterials in the field of science and technology is mentioned in **Figure 1**.

Certain novel therapeutic and drug delivery systems are framed by the use of reconfigurated nanoparticles in medicines which also extend its utility for remedial and diagnostic research. Varied advance nanoparticulates like paramagnetic nanoparticle, quantum dot, nanoshell and nanosome get reconfigurated for cancer detection based on fluorescent material and contrast agent, targeting antibody besides molecular research which modernize and amend landscape of

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*Nanomaterials via Reconfiguration of Skeletal Matrix DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86818*

nanocarbon, fullerene and nano-array [11–14].

*Assorted usage of nanomaterials in the field of science and technology.*

**2.1 Nanoparticle taxonomy**

**Figure 1.**

drug development pharmaceutics [1–7]. Assorted material reconfiguration yields products like liposomal and polymer-drug conjugates which carry active targets or perform controlled drug delivery as approved by the USA for clinical development [1–8]. Reconfigurated nanostructured materials with requisite features achieved via surface modifications and/or coatings with improved biocompatibility and bioavailability as employed in orthopedics, tissue engineering and dental for encapsulation, bone replacements, prostheses, implants and scaffolds appear better than conventional counterparts [9, 10]. Reconfiguration alters raw-material matrixes at atomic/ molecular scale as viable for augmented particular shape, size and functional alteration in the form of quantum dot, biosensor, bio-detector, biomarker, dendrimer,

Nanoparticles are categorized in three classes: 1D nanoparticles, e.g. thin film 1–100 nm or monolayer/manufactured surfaces used in solar cell technology, chemical/biological sensors, information storage systems, magneto-optic and optical device and fibre-optics [1, 15]; 2D nanoparticles, e.g. carbon nanotubes; and 3D nanoparticles like dendrimer, quantum dot and carbon-60/fullerene [1, 7, 8, 15]. Nanoparticles are characterized through their size/shape, morphology and surface charge, by means of sophisticated microscopic systems, viz. atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, etc. [15]. Varied size distribution, average particle diameter and charges of nanoparticles are found to affect physical stability besides in vivo distribution. Electron microscopy gives information about its surface morphology, size and overall shape. Stability and re-dispersibility of the polymer dispersion and in vivo performance get affected by surface charge of reconfigured nanoparticles. Such nanoparticles characterized by assorted methodology are revealed. Nanoparticle size portrayal can be evaluated by particle size distribution and morphology, while electron microscopy ascertains both the morphology and size. Application of nanoparticles in drug release and drug targeting can be conveniently determined by various tools. Size

*Nanostructures*

**2. Nanomaterials: classifications, characterizations and fabrications**

'Advanced nanotechnology' offers novel tools, opportunities and scope in significant applications for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Rationally designed smart materials are well established for drug delivery, diagnostics, treatment and prognosis of illness via reconfigurated/restructured devices and tools. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology is one of such fields embracing nanostructured products owing improved and requisite characteristics in its assorted sub-domains, viz. polymeric nanoparticle, magnetic/metallic nanoparticles, biosensors, biomarkers, liposome, carbon nanotube, quantum dot and dendrimers which are innovatory in medical/clinical usages [3]. Nano-pharmaceutically designed/reconfigured materials own vital applications in health risk-related issues like delivering therapeutic components at desired site in treatment of critical illness and crucial diseases. Nanoparticles are obtained via three techniques, viz. dispersion of preformed polymers, ionic gelation (hydrophilic polymeric coacervation) and monomeric polymerization. In order to control nanoparticle size/shape and composition industrially, certain methodology called supercritical fluid technology and particle replication in non-wetting templates [1–4] are also used to get reconfigurated nanomaterials. Dispersive polymeric technique is well used to reconfigure biodegradable nanoparticles via dispersion of biodegradable polymers like polyglycolide, polylactic acid,

Reconfigured matrix acts as effective carriers vulnerable in drug delivery, targeting cell release and specific tissue liberation in biological samples. Moreover, the size reduced targeted formulations; besides, suitable drug delivery pathway design-

Through intrinsic skeletal reconfigurations yielding varied nanostructures which displayed sole physicochemical/biological features. Rationally designed nanoparticles own potential utility for such purpose, imparting peculiar advantages like less toxicity, more release capacity, improved solubility, bioavailability and better drug formulations [3, 4]. Nanotechnologically achieved reconfigurations offer assorted nano-range matrixes owing to augmented performance. There are certain notable rewards of reconfigurations in material skeleton attenuated in nanosize matrixes such as reduce fed/inconsistency, amplified surface area, improved solubility, better bioavailability, more dissolution, fewer doses and rapid therapeutic action [4, 5]. Nanotechnology field in combination with advanced electronic, physics, and engineering sciences can offer superior applications in the domain of biophysics, molecular biology, medicine, immunology, cardiology, endocrinology, ophthalmology, oncology, and pulmonology, targeting brain and tumor besides gene/cell/tissue delivery [5]. Science of materials/devices can be restructured, and the resultant matrix reveals novel and substantially transformed nanoscales owing to unique physical, chemical and biological phenomena. Thus, nanotechnological reconfigurations in materials are manipulated at atomic, molecular and supramolecular level linking design, production and characteristic functionality anticipated for novel science and technological advancements [1–6]. Such reconfigurated matrixes are utilized in making molecular tools which preserves/improves our health through diagnosis, treatments and prevention of diseases, traumatic hurts and pain reliefs [1, 3]. The usage of assorted nanomaterials in the field of science and technology is mentioned in **Figure 1**. Certain novel therapeutic and drug delivery systems are framed by the use of reconfigurated nanoparticles in medicines which also extend its utility for remedial and diagnostic research. Varied advance nanoparticulates like paramagnetic nanoparticle, quantum dot, nanoshell and nanosome get reconfigurated for cancer detection based on fluorescent material and contrast agent, targeting antibody besides molecular research which modernize and amend landscape of

polycyanoacrylate and polylactide-co-glycolide [5].

ing can be easily performed through these reconfigured matrixes.

**116**

**Figure 1.** *Assorted usage of nanomaterials in the field of science and technology.*

drug development pharmaceutics [1–7]. Assorted material reconfiguration yields products like liposomal and polymer-drug conjugates which carry active targets or perform controlled drug delivery as approved by the USA for clinical development [1–8]. Reconfigurated nanostructured materials with requisite features achieved via surface modifications and/or coatings with improved biocompatibility and bioavailability as employed in orthopedics, tissue engineering and dental for encapsulation, bone replacements, prostheses, implants and scaffolds appear better than conventional counterparts [9, 10]. Reconfiguration alters raw-material matrixes at atomic/ molecular scale as viable for augmented particular shape, size and functional alteration in the form of quantum dot, biosensor, bio-detector, biomarker, dendrimer, nanocarbon, fullerene and nano-array [11–14].
