**2.5 Nanocrystal and nanosuspension**

Aggregated structures are formed through the combination of various particles in crystalline form coated with surfactant combinations which impart static and electrostatic surface stabilization. Such nanocrystal and nanosuspension aggregated materials lessen bioavailability and absorption issues due to its resolved formulation. Nanocrystal size permits safe and effective passage via the capillaries. Reconfigurated solid lipid nanoparticles owe discrete reward of unique carrier systems over liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles due to solid lipid matrix owing to 1 μm diameter where drug gets easily incorporated. Such nanoparticle/nanosystems for clinical usage are obtained by high-pressure homogenization that uses varied surfactants to avoid aggregation and imparts dispersion stability. Reconfigurated cationic solid lipid colloidal nanoparticles are prepared and used for liposomal transfection agents besides gene transferring dominant for in vitro [1, 3, 15–18].

**121**

*Nanomaterials via Reconfiguration of Skeletal Matrix DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86818*

preferred in micro-electromechanical usage [1–3].

Silicon-based nanostructures are reconfigured by means of assorted techniques

including etching, photolithography and deposition. Materials like porous silicon, silica and silicon dioxide are facile to reconfigure as the calcified nanopores, nanoparticles and nanoneedles. Assorted porous hollow silica nanoparticle suspensions owing sacrificial nanoscale templates mostly involved the usage of sodium silicate as a precursor. Such reconfigurated silicon-derived materials can offer effective delivery of drugs like porous silicon-embedded platinum which is applied for many usages like antitumour drug release and carrier for antibody, antibiotic, enzyme and DNA. These materials also act as good semiconductors and thus

Polymeric micelle assemblies are reconfigured through amphiphilic block copolymers which impart nanoscopic supramolecular core shells as aggregates in solutions. In such micelles, the reconfigured components get ordered as spheroidal owing to hydrophobic core shells that are water secured due to hydrophilicity. Many components owing to hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions are reconfigured like amphiphilic AB, or ABA kind of block copolymeric units yield polymeric micelles as nanoscopic supramolecular core shells as aggregates in solutions [1–3]. Nanoscience technology has reconfigurated assorted supramolecular architectures as a result of self-assemblage of amphiphilic block polymers through hydrophobic/hydrophilic effects, electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding and metal complexation which proffer sharp structures and precise functionalities for their usages in biomedical purpose. Such polymeric micelles fascinated special attention in drug/gene release by virtue of outstanding biocompatibility, less toxicity, more blood circulation and enhanced solubility in its innate micellar core shells. Polymeric micelles act as 'smart drug carriers' due to binding of specific ligand onto proactive surfaces which aids targeted/formulated stimuli sensitivity found devoid in their counterparts. Selfassemblage in block/graft copolymers occurs in selective solvents spontaneously reconfigured as supramolecular assemblies owing to cylindric and vesicular core shells of 10–100 nm shape/size nanomaterials called polymeric micelles. Spherical reconfigured core-shell size/morphology gets crucially varied with chemical structures and compositions of constituent block copolymers besides exhibited elevated thermodynamic/kinetic stabilities over surfactant micelles. Polymeric micelle yields through advanced reconfigurations own an external hydrophilic nanoshell that assists in prolonged residency in blood, besides gathering in tumor-specific zone due to more permeation, and thus acts as a novel vehicle for sparingly soluble (hydrophobic) drugs. Polymeric micelles have shown adaptability to various ligands which aids active targeted delivery by virtue of better solubility and improved pharmacokinetics besides no adverse effects. Great interest is generated by these micelles in technological advancements due to remarkably stable and bendable

physicochemical features exhibited with various stimuli [1–3, 19].

Nano-array of polymer-based nano-conjugates obtained from different natural sources own modern functions besides specific and targeted drug delivery. The natural polymeric reconfigured nanoparticles are biocompatible, less toxic across many bio-membranes against various pH and non-immunogenic and appear to be extra stable to volatile pharmaceutical agents besides offering low-cost fabrication at

**2.8 Biopolymeric nanoparticles**

**2.6 Silicon-based nanomaterials**

**2.7 Nano-micelles**

*Nano-dendrimer synthetic route: block polymerization and chemical cross-linking.*
