**2.13 Environmental applications of MOF**

Assorted metal-organic frameworks (MOF) are reconfigured to impart special valid features like huge specific surface area, adaptable porosity, and constitutional uniformity and to unlock metal sites although certain facile physic-chemical variations are anticipated in advanced S&T applications [3, 19] can be even utilized for better adsorption of dyes, gases and environmental pollutants as mentioned in **Table 1**.

Diverse materials are reconfigured to be used as adsorbents for mitigation of water pollution; for example, 3D twofold zinc-doped carbon porous scaffolds owing to elevated surface area conveyed five-fold higher sorption capacity for dyes and drugs like ibuprofen/diclofenac contaminated water over commercial-activated carbon [3]. Magnetic carbon sponges are reconfigurated in zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 to carry out excellent separations of buoyant oil from water and oil from emulsions and executed excellent catalysis in H2 gas generation [25, 27]. Extremely dispersive nano-chromium oxide can be reconfigured in mesoporous carbon nitrides to yield MIL-100(Cr) templates owing to greater specific surface area which aids huge CO2 adsorption capacity quite higher than its counterparts [1–3, 28].

Specially reconfigured nickel oxide/poly-carbon nitride interlinked with tree-like chains/branches owing to unique features like nano-flower/leafy planes, huge surface area and hirsute dendrite core shells; superior porosity can impart superior and control/choosy arsenate anionic diffusion besides efficient As+3 to As+5 oxidative conversion in contaminated water. Porous nano-spherical scaffolds holding iron-EDTA ligands owe exclusive chelating sites that afford huge anionic adsorption capacity of 307 and 407 mg g<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> for As (V) and Cr (VI), respectively. Metal-organic frameworks are used to reconfigure many fluorescent sensors/ markers like super-porous chemosensors owing to zirconium-based hydrophobic fluorescent probes developed to check ultratrace (0.1–2000 ppb level) Zn2+ ions from water. Ratiometric fluorescent sensor containing UiO-66-zirconium matrix is used for selective Zn2+ detection from water. Hydrophobic fluorescent probes reconfigured with rhodamine ethylene-diamine salicylaldehyde are developed for sensitive Bi3+ adsorption from water. All such reconfigurated metal-oxide carbon


### **Table 1.**

*Metal-organic framework-reconfigured carbon materials for adsorptions.*

frameworks own wide utility in water treatment techniques like selective and sensitive adsorption/detection of pollutants from water/wastewaters. These reconfigurated matrixes, scaffolds and templates own magnificent adsorption profile due to remarkable features, viz. huge surface area H-donor/π–π bonding capacity and great hydrophobic environments [1–3].

## **2.14 Biological applications of MOF**

The outstanding properties of reconfigured MOF matrixes are used for sensing or absorption of assorted biological species like genes, cells, tissues, drugs and selective single-stranded DNA and quenching label fluorescent dyes. Magnetic nanocarbon porous scaffolds are reconfigured via thermolytic iron oxides MIL-88A matrix to proclaim sensing platform for double-stranded DNA with target DNA and aids in the release of single-stranded DNA probes (1 × 10−9 m detection range) onto adsorptive surface in DNA hybridize sensor electrochemical impedance detection [3, 4]. Iridium-MOF-8 scaffolds act as hybrid electrochemical sensing/detection of anesthetic lidocaine (0.20 × 10<sup>−</sup>12–8 × 10−<sup>9</sup> m). N-link glycan-metal organicbased frameworks obtained through pyrolysis can remove zinc ions from soils and complex biological samples.

**129**

*Nanomaterials via Reconfiguration of Skeletal Matrix DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86818*

These reconfigured scaffolds, templates and matrixes yield advanced materials which fulfill existing needs like high-performance energy-power storage, adsorption and chemosensor/marker utilities in today's modern science and technology [1]. Reconfigurated materials offer superior benefits over traditional porous materials due to huge specific surface area, tuneable porosity and facile skeletal functions. Such innovative materials emerge through reconfigurated synthetic methods and material structures, and analogous outputs really trust reciprocated improvement in various disciplines including batteries, supercapacitors, electro-catalysts and water treatment techniques. Yet, few perspective challenges and key problems as

• Synthetic protocols involved in reconfiguration of metal-organic frameworks need to be explored for applicability at high-temperature calcinations and to aid ordered annihilation and impart huge porosity besides carrying out effective

• Metal-organic framework-reconfigurated matrixes still rely on material synthesis and its characterization, but R&D mechanistic performance is yet to be done. Methodical perceptions of interfacial interactions amid metal-organic frameworks and its doped components might offer superior optimized synthesis

• Strategic reconfiguration augmented MOF-doped polymeric adhesives, and control functionalized carriers are to be analyzed for its cost and operating strategy so as to boost electrochemical performance to meet industrial

• Meritorious MOFs need to be reconfigured as per adaptable structures, compo-

• Experimental and theoretical computational simulations can give momentum for innovative reconfiguration as applicably predicted to fabricate advanced

• Rational design is to be done to strictly control structural, functional and performance-based aspects of metal-organic reconfigured materials.

Innovative and truly applied nanomaterials can be reconfigured through corresponding skeletal/matrix alterations which are successfully accounted in the past decades. Matrix reconfigurations in nanomaterial skeleton found to vary with environmental conditions, diverse elements, allied constituents and corresponding organic supports communicate intricate besides mixed chemical characteristics. Each of such modules owns crucial status, plays a vital role in its reconfigurations and harmonizes mutual deficiency besides proffered synergistic recitals. Usually, reconfigurated nanomaterials acquired expedient features like hierarchical porosity, superior mechanical stability and elevated electrical/thermal conductivity. Due to their promising features, reconfigurated nanomaterials are intensively used for many purposes including batteries, supercapacitors, electro-catalysis and water

sition and morphology for its excellent performances.

scaffolds, templates and matrixes via MOF.

Challenging areas in MOF.

presented below are to be solved:

polymerization.

protocol.

applicability.

**3. Summary**

*Nanomaterials via Reconfiguration of Skeletal Matrix DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86818*
