1.2.3.2.2.1 Horizontal rotating spinnerets

In this setup a metal roller was used as spinneret that was connected with high-voltage power supply (Table 8). Polymer solution was splashed onto metal roller through a hole of the solution provider that was placed above the metal roller spinneret. Nanofibers were collected on a metal collector that was placed horizontally [28].

Table 7. Upward stationary spinnerets methods.

Year Author Setup Morphology Fiber bundling/

Lu et al. Gelatin powder was

Xin et al. Polyurethane is used in

Liu et al. Polyvinylidenefluoride-

Ali et al Polyvinyl alcohol

B. 2014

C. 2009

D. 2010

E. 2012

F. 2016

G. 2017

H. 2012

243

Forward Keith et al.

Kostakova et al.

Classification of Electrospinning Methods DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88654

> Cengiz et al.

polymer

used in this setup; solvent is water. Production is this setup was 100 g/h

Polyvinyl alcohol 10 wt % with water solution plus glyoxal 2.5 wt% and phosphoric acid 2.5 wt% of PVA were used. Production capacity of this setup was 2 g/min/m

Polyvinyl alcohol polymer solution is used in this setup; productivity is not mentioned

this nanofiber production setup. Production of nanofibers is 2.94– 9.42 g/h

co-hexafluoropropylene polymer is used in this setup. Production of nanofibers is 13.5 g/h

polymer solution was used; maximum production was 5.24 g/h

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was used as polymer with Mw = 55 kDa and 1.3 MDe. Production was not mentioned

Table 8. Horizontal rotating spinnerets.

#### 1.2.3.2.2.2 Downward rotating spinnerets

In this electrospinning setup, polymer solution was continuously fed to the rotating cone by a tube (Table 9). This cone was connected with positively charged applied voltage. When high voltage was applied to cone, nanofibers were generated from the edges of the cone. These nanofibers were collected on a negatively charged collector placed in a downward direction [29].

### 1.2.3.2.2.3 Upward rotating spinnerets

This kind of spinnerets is used for more production and uniform nanofiber web formation. Polymer solution is placed in tub and spinneret is rotated in solution. Polymer solution layer is formed on the surface of spinneret. When high voltage is applied to spinneret, then polymer jets are formed that produce nanofiber. These nanofibers are moved in an upward direction and deposited on the collector (Table 10).




### Classification of Electrospinning Methods DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88654

1.2.3.2.2.2 Downward rotating spinnerets

1.2.3.2.2.3 Upward rotating spinnerets

(Table 10).

A. 2010

Table 8.

Tang et al.

Nanorods and Nanocomposites

Horizontal rotating spinnerets.

A. 2010

Table 9.

A. 2012

242

Lu et al.

Downward rotating spinnerets.

collector placed in a downward direction [29].

In this electrospinning setup, polymer solution was continuously fed to the rotating cone by a tube (Table 9). This cone was connected with positively charged applied voltage. When high voltage was applied to cone, nanofibers were generated from the edges of the cone. These nanofibers were collected on a negatively charged

Year Author Setup Morphology Fiber bundling/

This kind of spinnerets is used for more production and uniform nanofiber web formation. Polymer solution is placed in tub and spinneret is rotated in solution. Polymer solution layer is formed on the surface of spinneret. When high voltage is applied to spinneret, then polymer jets are formed that produce nanofiber. These nanofibers are moved in an upward direction and deposited on the collector

> Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used as polymer. Production of this setup is 10 g/min

polymer

Polyoxyethylene was used with water solvent. Productivity of nanofibers were 24– 45 times more than single needle electrospinning

polymer

% is used in this setup. Production is 6.85 g/h

Year Author Setup Morphology Fiber bundling/polymer

Year Author Setup Morphology Fiber bundling/

Chen et al. Polystyrene with 10 wt

References

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[1] Varesano A, Carletto RA, Mazzuchetti G. Experimental investigations on the multi-jet electrospinning process. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2009;

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[11] Saeed K et al. Preparation of amidoxime-modified polyacrylonitrile (PAN-oxime) nanofibers and their applications to metal ions adsorption. Journal of Membrane Science. 2008;

[12] Lu X, Wang C, Wei Y. Onedimensional composite nanomaterials: Synthesis by electrospinning and their applications. Small. 2009;5(21):

[13] Khil MS et al. Electrospun

[14] Bergshoef MM, Vancso GJ. Transparent nanocomposites with ultrathin, electrospun nylon-4, 6 fiber reinforcement. Advanced Materials.

[15] Gibson P, Schreuder-Gibson H. Production and characterization of nanoporous polymer membranes produced by an electrospraying process. In: Symposium on Porous, Cellular, and Microcellular Materials. Orlando, Florida: International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition,

[16] Gibson P, Schreuder-Gibson H, Rivin D. Transport properties of porous membranes based on electrospun nanofibers. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2001;187:469-481

[17] Choi SW et al. An electrospun poly (vinylidene fluoride) nanofibrous membrane and its battery applications. Advanced Materials. 2003;15(23):

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2349-2370

A. In this upward rotating spinneret design, rotating disk was used to produce nanofibers. Sharp edges of disk produce high intensity of electric field that causes more productivity and fine nanofibers. In this study ultrafine polystyrene fibers were produced that contain parallel line surface structure, by using highly volatile solvent [32].

B. In this needleless electrospinning setup design for massive production of nanofibers, helix slice spinneret was used that rotates in Teflon solution bath which contains polymer solution. Air heater was used to maintained temperature of polymer solution. When helix slice rotates in polymer solution, edges of spinneret was coated with polymer; when there is high-voltage direct current supply, then polymer jets were formed at the edges of the helix slice that produced nanofibers [33].

C. This needleless electrospinning setup contains positively charged metal roller that rotates in solution bath. This metal roller is licked with solution when electric field exceeded surface tension of the polymer solution; then nanofibers jets were formed, and nanofibers were collected on nonwoven substrate that was placed below the collector electrode that was grounded [51].

D. Roller spinning device was used to produce nanofibers; it contained metal cylindrical roller that rotates in solution bath. High voltage was supplied to the solution; when a thin layer of polymer solution was made on the roller, nanofiber was produced from the edges of the cylinder. Collector electrode was grounded [52].

E. This electrospinning setup was designed to make fine nanofibers and high productivity. Conical wire coil was used as spinneret. This conical wire coil was licked with polymer solution; when electric field was applied. Nanofibers were produced that were collected on the rotating drum [53].

F. In this work, new spinneret was designed, and needle disk was used as spinneret. In this article, comparison between disk and needle disk was done. It was observed that electric intensity of needle disk is 5.33 times more than disk electrode. Productivity of nanofibers is 183 times more than traditional needle electrospinning. In the spinning process, when needle disk was rotated in polymer solution, needle was coated with polymeric solution. High voltage was applied to the system, nanofiber jets were formed at the tip of needles that produced competitive quality of nanofibers by enhancing throughput [54].

G. In this work, new spinneret was designed for massive production of nanofiber. The effect of the spinneret shape on large-scale production of nanofibers was described here. Comparison of disk and sprocket wheel in terms of electric field intensity, fiber production, and fiber morphology was done. Setup consists of rotating spinneret in solution bath. When high-voltage DC power was supplied to the solution,

nanofiber jets were formed at the teeth of sprocket wheel that produce nanofibers; these nanofibers were collected on rotating cylinder [55]. H. In this needleless electrospinning setup, a thin wire was used as nanofiber generator. DC voltage was applied to the wire that was placed in solution bath. Wire spinneret was swept with polymer solution, a thin layer was formed on the surface of the wire that produced nanofiber jets, which was collected on the metal collector [56]. In this electrospinning setup, there is no mention of the effect of wire size on production and fiber morphology.

I. In this needleless electrospinning setup rotating, helically probed cylinder was used for nanofiber production. This system gives an easy and flexible method for setting up an electrospun nanofiber web. In this method breadths are placed that have a distance of between 0.1 and 1 mm; DC voltage is supplied that produce a Taylor cone. These changes influence the electrospinning to process a clump-based ceaseless framework and, in this way, abstain from suffering from repetitive streamlining technique. In this syringe less framework, comes about indistinguishable to those of customary electrospinning can be acknowledged generally effectively. Moreover, a few specialized leaps forward are proposed to overcome difficulties introduced by the traditional electrospinning strategy [57]. In this setup there is no optimization of needle distances and effect of needle size on production.

#### Table 10.

Upward rotating spinnerets.
