4. Discussion and conclusion

The E-health has been one of continued research focuses on the study of many academics, and the majority of scholars tended to publish papers to show their achievements. Annually published papers have reached 900 in 2015 and 2016, which is a pretty substantial number.

There was a gap between China and some developed countries in the researches of E-health. For instance, the USA, the UK, and Australia were the top three countries that published many articles. The impact of the UK was bigger than the USA according to the centrality index. The published quantity of references in China was not up to 1/6 of the USA and 1/3 of the UK. The time when China became to have centrality was 2004 which was later than most developed countries.

There were many institutions and authors working on this field. Among them, the number of authors who published at least one paper was 3770. On the one hand, it indicated that many scholars paid attention to E-health research from 2001 to 2016. On the other hand, there was great potential to improve the cooperation of authors, because the present relationships were not close which was revealed from the visualization map. Therefore, it is important to improve the allocation ability of resources and form cooperation network, so that we can deepen and improve the development of E-health.

Global E-health research focused on five topics ("Internet technology," "telemedicine," "E-health intervention on healthcare," "health system," and "personal health management"). With the development of information technology, E-health has been absorbing and applying emerging information technologies and applications. Among them, the application of the sophisticated cloud computing technology and big data are typical examples. Cloud computing is an emerging technology for Internet and composed of cluster of computers working upon distributed system that provide service in real time over a network. According to the definition by NIST, cloud computing is "a model that can provide distributed, rapidly provisioned and configurable computing resources" [78, 79]. Big Data in healthcare is concerned with meaningful datasets that are too large, too fast, and too complex for healthcare providers to process and interpret with existing tools. The application of big data technology can help solve the problem that medical field data is volume, various, and it grows too rapidly to deal with.

In addition, E-health has been a research focus of many counties over the world early in the twenty-first century. In detail, Internet, telemedicine, and health care became the focus in 2006. However, m-health, system management, and experimental intervention began to form the new study hot-spots, especially the commercialization of E-health from 2011. Therefore, scholars tended to set up a new E-health system so that we can improve the efficiency of health care and monitor people's health level in the distance and profit by developing E-health business.

focused on organizational issues and neglected the wider social framework which

Implementation, system, healthcare, normalization process theory, qualitative research, meaningful use, and impact are high-frequency keywords. The scholars who cite the article are concerned about the role and responsibility of electronic health in the medical process, risk management, ways to engage with professions, and how to ensure the potential benefits of new technologies (Figure 12). Mcevoy Rachel studies using the normalization process theory to research implementation process [69]. Deborah studies the role of digital technologies in self-management [70]. Jane does an organizational analysis of the implementation of telehealth in view of whole systems [71]. Scholars are also concerned about factors having impact on E-health applications, whether they are positive factors or obstacles [72–74]. With the increase of E-health project numbers, these areas deserved more empirical investigation and have been research frontiers, such as the ways to identify and anticipate how E-health services will impact everyday clinical practice, how new Ehealth services will affect clinical interactions and performance of clinical work, and the effects of different methods of engaging with professionals before and during

Combined with literature review, among the research frontiers, E-health business is the core which is based on other articles concerned on commercialization of E-health which is experiencing explosive growth. As it goes, scholars proposed a lot of interesting and innovative project, attracting attention from the government and some companies. It seems that E-health is more cost-effective, efficient, and more convenient, which will substitute the face-to-face treatment in the future. However,

must be considered when introducing modern technologies.

3.4 Themes that develop quickly and need to be focused

the implementation of E-health.

Keyword-based clustering co-occurrence patterns.

Scientometrics Recent Advances

Figure 12.

82

This book chapter provides a reference for scholars working on this field and lays a foundation for further research on health IT policy.

References

[1] Wicks P, Stamford J, Grootenhuis MA, Haverman L, Ahmed S. Innovations in e-health. Quality of Life Research. 2014;23(1):

195-203. PMID: 23852096

[2] Stanberry B. Legal and ethical challenges of telemedicine and e-health. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. 2002:

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88610

[9] J. Mitchell. From Telehealth to E-health: The Unstoppable Rise of E-health, 1999. ISBN: 064275036X

[10] World Health Organization. Leveraging e-Health to Improve National Health Systems in the African Region. Available from: http://www. aho.afro.who.int/sites/default/files/ahm/ reports/47/ahm-issue-14-leveraging-

[11] Neuhauser L, Kreps GL. Rethinking communication in the E-health era. Journal of Health Psychology. 2003;

[12] Kwankam SY. What e-Health can offer. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2004;82(10):800-802.

[13] Anderer P, Gruber G, Parapatics S, Woertz M, Miazhynskaia T, Klosch G, et al. An E-health solution for automatic

[15] Ford DV, Jones KH, Verplancke JP, Lyons RA, John G, Brown G, et al. The Sail Databank: Building a national architecture for e-health research and evaluation. BMC Health Services Research. 2009;9(1):1-12. PMID:

[16] European Commission. eHealth Action Plan 2012–2020, 2012

sleep classification according to Rechtschaffen and Kales: Validation study of the Somnolyzer 24 7 utilizing the Siesta database. Neuropsychobiology. 2005;51(3):115-133. PMID: 15838184

[14] Elkjaer M, Shuhaibar M, Burisch J, Bailey Y, Scherfig H, Laugesen B, et al. E-health empowers patients with ulcerative colitis: A randomised controlled trial of the web-guided 'Constant-care' approach. Gut. 2010;59(12):1652-1661. PMID:

21071584

19732426

8(1):7-23. PMID: 22113897

PMID: 15643805

ehealth.pdf

Detection and Characterization of E-Health Research: A Bibliometrics (2001–2016)

47-66. DOI: 10.1117/12.480629

[3] LaPlante C, Peng W. A systematic review of e-health interventions for physical activity: An analysis of study design, intervention characteristics, and outcomes. Telemedicine and e-Health. 2011;17(7):509-523. PMID: 21718092

[4] Linn AJ, Vervloet M, van Dijk L, Smit EG, Van Weert JC. Effects of eHealth interventions on medication adherence: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2011;13(4):e103. PMID:

[5] Minichiello V, Rahman S, Dune T, Scott J, Dowsett G. E-health: Potential benefits and challenges in providing and accessing sexual health services. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):790. PMID:

[6] Mair FS, May C, O'Donnell C, Finch T, Sullivan F, Murray E. Factors

90(5):357-364. PMID: 22589569

[7] Eysenbach G. What is e-health? Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2001;3(2):e20. DOI: 10.2196/jmir.3.2.

[8] van Rooij T, Marsh S. EHealth: Past and future perspectives. Personalized Medicine. 2016;13(1):57-70. DOI:

implementation of e-health systems: An explanatory systematic review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2012;

that promote or inhibit the

22138112

23987137

e20

85

10.2217/pme.15.40
