Meet the editors

Dr Mohammad H.D.A. Farahani obtained his BSc and MSc in chemical engineering in 2012 and 2014, respectively. He received his Ph.D. degree in chemical and biomolecular engineering (membrane technology) in 2018 from the National University of Singapore. His Ph.D. thesis received "The Outstanding Postgraduate Research Thesis Award" from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers in 2018. He also received

the prestigious title of "Innovator Under 35 by MIT Technology Review" in 2020. His research over the past 9 years has resulted in 2 patents, more than 20 peer-reviewed articles that have been cited almost 700 times, a book chapter, and many international presentations and talks as invited and keynote speaker. Dr Farahani is currently the co-founder and CEO of SEPPURE. SEPPURE creates industrial-scale solvent-resistant nanofiltration membranes to sustainably separate chemical mixtures at a molecular level with minimal energy use.

Dr Vahid Vatanpour was born in Sarein (Iran) in 1983. He obtained his BSc and MSc degrees in applied chemistry from the University of Tabriz and his PhD in 2012 from the Department of Chemical Engineering, Razi University, Iran. He was assistant professor of applied chemistry in the Department of Chemistry of the Kharazmi University. Since 2016 he has been an associate professor. His research interests are focused on membrane science and

technology for water and wastewater treatment, especially fabrication of antifouling polymeric membranes. He has published over 130 papers in refereed journals.

Dr Taheri started to work on membrane in 2005 when he joined the Razi University to receive his MSc in chemical engineering. He obtained his Ph.D. at Nanyang Technological University, working in the highly respected Singapore Membrane Technology Centre (SMTC) under the supervision of Professor Anthony G. Fane. He has two patent applications, more than 25 publications/presentations with +750 citations in the field of membrane

science and technology. His current interests are membranes applied to vegetable oil, the pharmaceutical and petrochemical industries, with a focus on the sustainability aspects of membrane technology as a CTO and co-founder of SEPPURE.

Contents

Brine Solution

Climate Change

*and Kim Choon Ng*

*by Lucy Lunevich*

**Preface XI**

**Chapter 1 1**

**Chapter 2 29**

**Chapter 3 45**

**Chapter 4 57**

**Chapter 5 85**

**Chapter 6 99**

An Overview on the Treatment and Management of the Desalination

*by Reza Katal, Teo Ying Shen, Iman Jafari, Saeid Masudy-Panah* 

*by Mona M. Amin Abdel-Fatah and Ghada Ahmed Al Bazedi*

World's Demand for Food and Water: The Consequences of

*by Sheikh Mohammad Fakhrul Islam and Zahurul Karim*

*by Ayyam Velmurugan, Palanivel Swarnam, Thangavel Subramani,* 

A Novel Low-Temperature Thermal Desalination Technology Using

*by Qian Chen, Muhammad Burhan, Muhammad Wakil Shahzard, Raid Alrowais, Doskhan Ybyraiymkul, Faheem Hassan Akhtar, Yong Li* 

*and Mohammad Hossein Davood Abadi Farahani*

Water Treatment and Desalination

*Babulal Meena and M.J. Kaledhonkar*

Water Demand and Salinity

Direct-Contact Spray Method

Aqueous Silica and Silica Polymerisation

## Contents


Preface

Today, freshwater supply has become a significant concern worldwide as a result of population growth and a high water demand. According to new estimates, there are more than one billion people without access to safe drinking water, and about 2.3 billion people (41% of the world's population) live in water-deprived areas. In many cases, solutions such as water transportation or dam construction are not sufficient and useful ways to cope with the increasing demand for water and limited resources. Traditional freshwater resources such as lakes, rivers, or groundwater are underutilized or inappropriately harvested, and as a result, these resources are either depleted or saline. Water and energy are necessary for life on earth and to sustain the modern world. In many parts of the developed world, the control and exploitation of water and energy has driven economic development and progress. In the developing world, many regions suffer from shortages of freshwater and energy supplies. The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) stated that one third of the world's population live in countries with insufficient freshwater to support the population. Consequently by 2025, two thirds of the world population will face water scarcity.

Drinking water of acceptable quality has become a scarce commodity. The World Health Organization estimates that over a billion people lack access to purified drinking water and the vast majority of these people are living in rural areas where the low population density and remote locations make it difficult to install traditional clean water solutions. Unfortunately, in addition to being scarce, freshwater resources are also unevenly distributed worldwide. As countries develop and cities expand, new and limited water resources are introduced for daily water supply. An increase in global warming, a reduction in the amount of precipitation, a significant reduction in groundwater levels, an increase in population, the emergence of new cities and metropolises, and the spread of water pollution, have raised the alarm for the future of water on earth and made it one of the most important challenges for many countries these days.

Hence, water shortage is becoming a major concern all around the world due to limited freshwater resources as well as the high cost of freshwater transportation from freshwater-rich areas to arid areas. As a result, solutions such as water recycling and desalination of saline or brackish water are being introduced and emerging

Desalination of seawater is known to be one of mankind's earliest forms of water treatment, and it has become one of the most sustainable alternative solutions to provide freshwater for many communities and industrial sectors. This plays a crucial role in socioeconomic development in a number of developing countries, especially in water-stressed regions such as Africa, Pacific Asia, and countries in the Middle East. Hence, the increase in population together with the industrial and agricultural development in emerging countries will rapidly accelerate the deterioration and depletion of the available freshwater resources. For the past few decades, the salinity of these water resources has been a major obstacle to their use

worldwide as alternative ways of supplying water.

for drinking or for use in industry and agriculture.
