Preface

This book provides guidance on the synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotubes and includes a number of applications. The authors collaborating in this project have summarized their experience and present advances in fields related to the synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotubes. The book contains 14 chapters, organized in four sections that cover important research aspects in modern technologies of carbon nanotubes. The first section consists of an introductory chapter prepared by the editor Hosam Saleh with Martin Koller aiming to present a brief background on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of carbon nanotubes.

The second section presents the synthesis and production of carbon nanotubes; it comprises four chapters of the following titles: Chapter 2 "Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes by Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition, prepared by Xiaodi Wang, K. Vinodgopal, and Gui-Ping Dai. Chapter 3, "Synthesis and Properties of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Filled with Metal Halogenides and Metallocenes," is presented by Marianna V. Kharlamova and Dominik Eder. Chapter 4, "Carbon Nanotube from Unconventional Precursor-Optimization of Synthesis Parameters" is prepared by S. Karthikeyan and V. S. Angulakshmi. Chapter 5, "Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes Production by PECVD," is submitted by Oleg I. Il'in, Marina V. Il'ina, Nikolay N. Rudyk, Alexandr A. Fedotov, and Oleg A. Ageev.

The third section presents the characterization of carbon nanotubes, which includes six chapters conducting "Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Detection of Volatile Organic Pollutant", Chapter 6 written by Arti Rushi, Kunal Datta, Prasanta Ghosh, Ashok Mulchandani, and Mahendra Shirsat. Chapter 7, "Behavior of X-Ray Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes," is by Firas H. Abdulrazzak, Ayad F. Alkaim, and Falah H. Hussein. Chapter 8, "Conductive Effect of Increased Crystallinity of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Field Emitter," is by Norihiro Shimoi. Chapter 9, "Electron Transport in the Assemblies of Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes," is by Vladimir Samuilov, Jean Galibert, and Nikolaj Poklonski. Chapter 10, "Surface Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes for Energy Applications," is by Mohamed R. Berber, Inas H. Hafez, and Mohamed Y. Mustafa. Chapter 11, "Vibration Characteristics of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Based on Nonlocal Elasticity Theory Using Wave Propagation Approach (WPA) Including Chirality," is by Muzamal Hussain and Muhammad Nawaz Naeem.

The fourth section describes the risk management and limitation of carbon nanotubes, and includes three chapters discussing the "Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Carbon Nanotubes for Biomedical and Tissue Engineering Applications", Chapter 12 written by Narsimha Mamidi. Chapter 13, "Quality Control and Risk Management of Carbon Nanomaterials," is by Khalid Parwez and Suman V. Budihal. Chapter 14, "Advantages and Limitations of CNT-Polymer Composites in Medicine and Dentistry," is by Neeraja Turagam and Durga Prasad Mudrakola.

The editor wishes to express his thanks to all the participants of this book for their valuable contributions and to Ms. Ivana Barac for her assistance in finalizing the

**II**

**Chapter 7 109**

**Chapter 8 125**

**Chapter 9 143**

**Chapter 10 165**

**Chapter 11 183**

Risk Management and Limitation of Carbon Nanotubes **195**

**Chapter 12 197**

**Chapter 13 209**

**Chapter 14 227**

*by Firas Habeb Abdulrazzak, Ayad Fadel Alkiam and Falah Hasan Hussein*

Conductive Effect of Increased Crystallinity of Single-Walled Carbon

Electron Transport in the Assemblies of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes

Surface Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes for Energy Applications

Vibration Characteristics of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Based on Nonlocal Elasticity Theory Using Wave Propagation Approach (WPA)

Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Carbon Nanotubes for Biomedical and

Quality Control and Risk Management of Carbon Nanomaterials

Advantages and Limitations of CNT-Polymer Composites in Medicine

*by Vladimir Samuilov, Jean Galibert and Nikolai Poklonski*

*by Muzamal Hussain and Muhammad Nawaz Naeem*

*by Mohamed R. Berber, Inas H. Hafez and Mohamad Y. Mustafa*

Behavior of X-Ray Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes

Nanotubes as Field Emitter

*by Norihiro Shimoi*

Including Chirality

*by Narsimha Mamidi*

and Dentistry

Tissue Engineering Applications

*by Khalid Parwez and Suman V. Budihal*

*by Neeraja Turagam and Durga Prasad Mudrakola*

**Section 4**

work. Acknowledgment also goes to the IntechOpen staff members responsible for the completion of this book and other publications for free visible knowledge.

**Hosam El-Din Mostafa Saleh**

**1**

Section 1

Introduction

Atomic Energy Authority of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt

**Said M. El-Sheikh** Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, Helwan, Egypt

Section 1 Introduction

**3**

**Figure 1.**

**Chapter 1**

Nanotubes

tubes, as illustrated in **Figure 1**.

chemical vapor deposition.

theoretically predicted [6].

*Wrapping of graphene sheet to form single-walled carbon nanotubes [1].*

**1. Background**

*Hosam M. Saleh and Martin Koller*

Introductory Chapter: Carbon

As a family of rather new nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are emerging since about two decades. However, their origin dates back almost 70 years ago, when they were observed and described in 1952 for the first time by Radushkevich and Lukyanovich; in 1976, Oberlin and colleagues described the microscopic observation of single- or double-walled carbon nanotubes. In 1991, Iijima demonstrated for the first time a process for preparation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs); this discovery occurred rather fortuitously during testing a new method for arc evaporation to fabricate C60 carbon molecules. Soon later, two seminal studies by the groups of Iijima and Bethune provided mechanistic descriptions of the growth process involved in the formation of single-walled carbon nanotubes [1]. Structurally, such single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) can be conceived as one atom-thick sheets of graphite ("graphene"), which are rolled up (wrapped) to form

Since their discovery in 1991, CNTs have experienced considerable investigative efforts, especially regarding potential smart applications. Those structures first reported in 1991 were MWNTs with a broad range of dimensions. These were basically distant relatives of highly defective carbon nanofibers grown via catalytic

Real molecular nanotubes *sensu stricto* only came up when they were by chance detected while a catalyst (Fe and Co) material was inserted in the anode during electric-arc discharge synthesis. For the first time, it became possible to synthesize molecular fibers exclusively based on carbon; one can imagine that the excitement was tremendous, since many physical properties of such a fiber had already been

## **Chapter 1**
