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**Chapter 12**

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

*Narsimha Mamidi*

cytotoxicity, agglomeration, size, length

Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Carbon

Nanotubes for Biomedical and

Tissue Engineering Applications

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are one of the most studied allotropes of carbon nanomaterials. The exceptional chemical and physical properties of CNTs make them potential candidates for several applications such as electrical, gene therapy, biosensors, and drug delivery applications. However, the toxicity of CNTs has been a major concern for their use in tissue engineering and biomedical applications. In this chapter, we present an overview of carbon nanotubes in biomedical and tissue engineering applications. We discussed various factors including impurities, length, agglomeration, and size of CNTs that cause toxicity of CNTs. Further, other toxic methods are also examined, and possible ways to overcome these challenges have been discussed.

**Keywords:** carbon nanotubes (CNTs), biomedical and tissue engineering,

Amalgamation of nanotechnology with biomedical and tissue engineering offers an admirable opportunity for developing great nanomaterials that would significantly improve treatment and diagnosis of diseases [1]. It is also anticipated that the development and use of nanomaterials at industrial scale would be the driving forces for the emerging industries and economies. Carbon nanotubes are novel carbon nanomaterials, and they have attracted a wide range of applications due to their inimitable properties. Particularly, CNTs have the potential to modernize biomedical and tissue engineering because of their impeccable chemical, electrical, thermal, structural, and mechanical properties, which have made them as an area of great research interest [1]. CNTs exhibit semiconducting, metallic, and superconducting electron transport properties, and they also display high elastic modulus compared to all other nanomaterials. Numerous research studies have been conducted on the applications of CNTs in the biomedical and tissue engineering fields. Most specifically, CNTs have been used in a variety of applications such as diagnostic tools, biosensors, nanofluidic systems, radiation oncology, quantum dots, drug delivery, nanorobots, and nanosensors [2–4]. However, low dispersibility, toxicity, and solubility of unfunctionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been the main concern for their potential use in biomedical and tissue engineering applications. Therefore, the interaction of CNTs with biological systems is very complex and unpredictable. Biological properties, performance, and behavior of CNTs have

## **Chapter 12**
