4.2 Hydrogen permeation membrane for hydrogen generation

The materials of the hydrogen permeation membrane are various, such as metal (e.g., palladium, nickel), perovskites, pyrochlores, fluorites, polymers, which are usually used in the reaction of reforming, splitting, partial oxidation of hydrocarbon, splitting of other hydrogen carriers (e.g., NH3), and water-gas shift reaction. Li et al. [30] first presented an innovative solar-assisted hybrid power system integrated with methane steam reforming in membrane reactor, and the simulation results showed that capture ratio of CO2 is 91% and exergy efficiency and thermal efficiency are 58 and 51.6% (10.2 and 2.2% points higher than the CO2 capture from exhaust cycle), respectively. Said et al. [64] simulated a CFD model about solar molten salt-heated H2-selective membrane reformer for methane upgrading and hydrogen generation, and the results showed the fuel heating value upgrade of 40% with methane conversion rate of 99% and hydrogen recovery of 87% at 600°C. Wang et al. [65] put forward a novel reactor, which realized direct methane steam reforming in parabolic trough collector integrated with hydrogen permeation membrane reactor, and the system can perform high and stable efficiency (above 80%) at 400°C. Mallapragada et al. [66] proposed a novel system that consists of oxygen permeation membrane and hydrogen permeation membrane for solar water splitting, and the solar-to-H2 efficiency (ratio of the lower heating value of hydrogen to the reversible work input for Gibbs free energy change of water splitting) is 72.4–80.1% at the concentration ratios of 2000–10,000. Sui et al. [67] reported an exploration on an efficient solar thermochemical water-splitting system enhanced

gasification have been conducted by Epstein et al. [45], Lédé [46], Nzihou et al. [47], and Puig-Arnavat et al. [48], which will not be discussed here. A summary of experimental work published in gasification of solid hydrocarbon feed has been

.

Summary of experimental research published in gasification of solid hydrocarbon feed [36].

Solar thermochemistry usually requires high temperature (e.g., above 4000°C for H2O splitting; 3000°C for CO2 splitting; 700–1000°C for methane reforming),

4. Solar thermochemical fuel generation by membrane reactor

listed in Table 3.

Feed Qsolar

Bituminous coal

Pet coke water slurry

Petroleum VR

IS, SS, STP, fluff, SAC, beech charcoal

Beech charcoal

LRK, tire chips, Fluff, DSS, IS, SB

<sup>η</sup>chemical <sup>¼</sup> <sup>Q</sup>\_ chem Q\_ solar .

<sup>U</sup> <sup>¼</sup> <sup>m</sup>syngasLHVsyngas <sup>m</sup>fsLHVfs .

<sup>η</sup>energy <sup>¼</sup> <sup>Δ</sup>H298KRCO <sup>Q</sup>input<sup>þ</sup> <sup>Q</sup>gas ηreceiver .

<sup>η</sup>thermal <sup>¼</sup> <sup>Q</sup>\_ chemþQ\_ sensible <sup>Q</sup>\_ solarþQ\_ steam .

<sup>η</sup>process <sup>¼</sup> <sup>n</sup>\_ H2 LHVH2 <sup>þ</sup>n\_ COLHVCO<sup>þ</sup>

<sup>η</sup>solar‐to‐chemical <sup>¼</sup> <sup>m</sup>syngasLHVsyngas

a

b

c

d

e

f

154

Table 3.

(kW)

Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System

T (K)

Coal coke 0.94 1123 CO2 Internally

Coal coke 1.1 1573 CO2 Fluidized

Coal coke 3 1773 CO2 Internally

Pspecies i Ð <sup>T</sup>reactor <sup>473</sup><sup>K</sup> <sup>n</sup>\_ iCp,ið Þ <sup>T</sup> <sup>d</sup><sup>T</sup>

<sup>Q</sup>\_ solarþQ\_ steam <sup>þ</sup>m\_ VRLHVVR

.

mfsLHVfsþQsolar

150 1350– 1453

Gasifying agent

1.2 1600 CO2 Fluidized

Pet coke 5 1818 Steam Vortex flow 87 35 (H2),

3 1523 Steam Particle flow

Reactor type

bed quartz tubular reactor

5 1500 Steam Vortex flow 87 65 (H2),

5 1573 Steam Vortex flow 50 68 (H2),

circulating fluidized bed

reactor

bed

circulating fluidized bed

Steam Packed bed 36–100 H2/

5 1490 Steam Packed bed 100 H2/

Reactant conversion (%)

Product yield (%)

15 (CO)

25 (CO)

15 (CO)

CO = 1.5, CO2/ CO = 0.2

— — 12a [53]

30 — 1.53b [55]

42 — 14<sup>a</sup> [56]

73 — 12f [57]

CO = 2– 5.2

65 — 8<sup>a</sup> [49]

Efficiency (%)

9a

4.7<sup>a</sup>

2c

29<sup>d</sup> , U = 1.3<sup>e</sup>

25-35<sup>d</sup> , U = 1.03– 1.30e

, 20b [50]

, 17.4b [51]

, 19<sup>a</sup> [52]

[54]

[58]

Ref.

by hydrogen permeation membrane, which has showed a sharply enhanced conversion rate of 87.8% at 1500°C and 10<sup>5</sup> bar at permeated side (versus 1.26% with oxygen permeation membrane or isothermal thermochemical cycle). Recently, a promising method for hydrogen generation without carbon emitting by ammonia decomposition in a catalytic palladium membrane reactor for hydrogen separation driven by solar energy has been theoretically proposed, and the first-law thermodynamic efficiency, net solar-to-hydrogen efficiency, and exergy efficiency can reach as high as 86.86, 40.08, and 72.07%, respectively [68].

Acknowledgements

Solar Thermochemical Fuel Generation DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90767

Scholarship Council.

Author details

157

Hongsheng Wang1,2

1 Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

2 The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

provided the original work is properly cited.

\*Address all correspondence to: wanghongsheng@whu.edu.cn

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

This work is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 51906179) and the State Scholarship Fund (No. 201906275035) from China
