Contents



Preface

Recently, the fight against polluting emissions, which is the cause of many harmful

In the field of electricity production, conventional sources of energy based on fossil fuel are considered an important source of pollution. Renewable energies constitute excellent solutions to both the increase in energy consumption and environmental problems. They are clean and present an alternative to meet the needs of today's society. The electrical needs of people can be met through distributed generation provided by renewable energy sources (RES), which reduce the electrical energy generated from conventional sources and therefore their pollutant emissions and

Renewable energy participation to meet consumer needs is governed by the "Kyoto Protocol," which imposes tangible requirements for the signatory countries. This document provides the basis for the future development of RES. On the basis of the Kyoto Protocol, the European Union requires a strategy for member states, better known as the 20/20/20 strategy. These figures equate to a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, 20% reduction in energy consumption due to energy efficiency, and 20% participation of RES to meet future objectives. These objectives

Despite global development, the use of RES encounters a number of difficulties due to the intermittent availability of these sources. The main difficulty is the lack of guaranteed power from generators, converting primary energy potential into electricity due to the stochastic nature of variations of energy sources. In the case solar energy, the variations are caused by the day/night cycle, clouds crossing the sky, or other obstacles between the sun and the photovoltaic (PV) installations. For wind turbines, the variations in power are due to the variability of wind speed, gusts, and other barriers. In this way, the power of the wind, converted by the wind turbine into mechanical power, has a variable character, because it is proportional to the cube of the wind speed. However, this problem is less pronounced in hydroelectric plants, because the presence of dams that retain the water predetermines the presence of a certain quantity of water. The technological experience acquired form

Several sources of renewable energy are the subject of great interest for scientific research. In this work, we focus on solar and wind energy. The use of these energies

• The development of the wind turbines and the PV panel industry,

phenomena like the greenhouse effect, the stratospheric ozone hole, global warming, etc., is on the rise. These harmful gases are emitted mostly by various

human activities, thus making the environment unfriendly.

hydraulic turbines facilitates the application of this RES.

• They are clean, renewable, and naturally replenished

has become competitive due to three main factors:

consequences.

should be achieved by 2020.
