**Acknowledgements**

*Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System*

direct employment is moderate [26].

**4. Availability and technical limitations**

Three case studies were made to investigate the socioeconomic benefits of renewable energy projects, and the three cases were solar, wind, and biofuel energy projects; empirical method was used to collect data. The basic aim of study was to know the contribution of renewable energy projects to local sustainability, which includes social, economic, and environmental, and to identify the socioeconomic benefits of REPs through the concerned community. It was done by doing survey of the communities. Eleven parameters were used including job creation, impacts on education, easy usage of energy, income development, demographic impacts, social bonds creation and community development, usage of native resources, and tourism. They concluded that the impacts of REPs on employment are positive, and indirect employment is high in comparison with the size of community, whereas

One of the important assessing factors to generate power from renewable energy sources is the availability and their technical limitation. Each resource has some limitations; photovoltaic has limitation to generate power only because heat energy from sun can only be received during the day time, except cloudy season. For wind turbine, speed should not increase beyond 25 m/s; otherwise, turbine will be damaged. Also, low speed of wind, that is, <3 m/s, will not be sufficient for the generation of electric power. Geothermal has good ability to generate power throughout the day for 24 h but is geography limited according to the presence of resources. Hydro-electric power plants are easy to start, stop, and operate within minutes; hence, they are considered as one of the highest available, reliable, and flexible renewable energy resources. From efficiency point of view, hydroelectric is classified at the top of the list, and then wind energy, photovoltaic, and geothermal are lowest efficient renewable energy resources. Because of availability of cells in different categories, the efficiency of photovoltaic is very much variable [7]. According to the efficiency, different energy sources are categorized in **Table 6**.

**Technique Efficiency** Photovoltaic 4–22% Wind 24–54% Hydro >90% Geothermal 10–20% Coal 32–45% Gas 45–53%

The conventional energy resources like oil, gas, and coal are very important for the improvement in economics of a country. A country like Pakistan is fully dependent on the conventional energy sources in spite of knowing its bad effects for health and environment like greenhouse effect, global warming effect, etc. Pakistan

**3.6 Socioeconomic impacts**

**234**

**5. Conclusion**

*Efficiency of electricity generation [7].*

**Table 6.**

The author thanks the Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, for providing the necessary facilities for carrying out this research.
