**7. Case study in Indian scenario**

According to the International Energy Agency, investment in renewables in India exceeded that for fossil fuel-based power generation in 2017. In India, the grid-interactive PV-wind generation of 688.42 MW is added in 2018–2019 with a cumulative of 64.5 GW till March 2019 [67]. Till the end of the financial year 2017–2018 the total RE installed was 70 GW whereas it is 79 GW at the end of the financial year 2018–2019. As displayed in **Figure 1** the latest RE update has major contributors are PV (36.2%) and wind (45.3%). A 41 MW (25 MW PV + 16 MW wind) with storage is under construction in Andhra Pradesh, India. This pilot project will work on efficient grid management through real-time monitoring of ramps, peak shifting and matching of load and generation profiles. India targets 175 GW of installed capacity from RES by the year 2022, which includes 100 GW of PV and 60 GW of wind. To this effect, India's Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) released the National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy in May 2016. It is framed to support large grid-connected WPVHPS for optimal and efficient utilization of transmission infrastructure and land, reducing the variability in renewable power generation and achieving better grid stability. Superimposition of wind and solar

**Figure 1.** *Grid connected RE in India up to March 2019.*

resource can complement variability of both. As per the policy, a wind-PV plant is defined as a hybrid plant if one satisfies at least 1/4th of the rated power capacity of the other. Different configurations and use of technology for AC, DC integration with storage are encouraged with incentives as specified therein.

The Central Electricity Authority is empowered to frame the standards for connectivity and sharing of transmission lines, etc. for such systems. So in India case study in hardware with grid interaction are limited to academics. A case study of Barwani, [68] found that PV-wind-battery-DG hybrid system is the most optimal solution when cost and emission are the main targets. The work in [69] involves the development of the RE based hybrid system for electricity that can supply desired power continuously throughout the year irrespective of fluctuation of energy available from standalone systems. The energy assessment has been done using Homer simulation tool for developing a small solar-wind hybrid system, at National Institute of Engineering-Centre for Renewable Energy and Sustainable Technologies (NIECREST), Mysuru, India. The WPVHPS was fully charged during the day time and thereafter the performance was checked by connecting to 596 W load through the 1500 kVA inverter and energy meter. The WPVHPS was able to supply energy for 3 h roughly in the evening.
