**3.1 Social impacts**

*Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System*

and buffalo. It can produce 16.6 million m3

generated from sugarcane industries. A 10 m3

increasing demand [18].

Pakistan is shown in **Figure 1**.

abundant renewable energy resources and also shows the potential to overcome the energy demand gap, but it is inhibited by some factors like policy, institutional, regulatory, fiscal, social, economic, technical, industrial, and informational barriers [12]. Globally, around three billion people rely on solid fuel mostly fossil fuel, causing health concerns and diseases like pneumonia, chronic respiratory diseases, and lung cancer. It is found that with the 1% increment of growth there will be an increment in CO2 emission up to 0.84% [13]. Population and GDP per capita have positive impacts on increasing CO2 emission. Government of Pakistan should initiate, in short run, small dams in the northern area and, in long run, big dams and hydro power projects, and for domestic purposes, coal and hydel resources can be used in small scale [14]. With the proper and efficient use of energy, the culture will be developed [15]. Still most of the northern areas of Pakistan are not electrified and we are under the huge crises of electric power; urban and rural areas experienced 10–12 and 16–18 h, respectively, of load shedding, which is caused direct decrement in the overall economics. With solar cell, electricity can be generated but in small amount, which would be useful as backup during load shedding time. In Baluchistan, there is no scope of gird system because of scattered villages; 77% of the population lives in villages and 90% of them do not have electricity [16]. In Pakistan, big cities produce millions of tons of biomass, but lack of technologies to generate electric power from these wastes is one of the biggest barriers for the improvement in renewable energy resources in Pakistan. Pakistan has potential to produce almost 652 million kg of manure per day, only from cattle

biofertilizer can be generated per year. That means 20% nitrogen and 66% phosphorous can be provided to the crop fields. Additionally, 3000 MW energy can be

PKR per year. Finally, the study concluded that biogas energy system has low initial cost, low operating cost, and positive impact on household income. Biogas energy can do good for almost 70% of the country's population living in rural areas [17]. Nuclear energy can be useful for the development in the long term to meet global

Every year, Pakistan spends 3 billion US dollars to import oil to meet the energy

requirement, and this ratio is increasing 1% yearly. Decreased efficiencies of thermal plants, periodic changes in water flow, fuel availability, auxiliary consumption and transmission limitations are main cause that Maximum system capability is lower. The main cause of load shedding is the circular debt caused by government institutions, poor revenue collection, insufficient tariff, corruption, losses, theft of electric power, and dispute on tariff with FATA, AJK, and KESC and also due to ignorance of merit, appointments of noneligible employees on political basis, etc. Circular debt can only be improved with the introduction of more and more renewable energy to the national gird [19]. Nonrenewable consumption increases the real GDP rapidly as compared to renewable energy consumption. However, it has 87% variation in carbon dioxide emission, which causes deforestation and dangerous impacts on the human health and the environment. Finally, it was concluded that renewable energy consumption along with nonrenewable energy consumption is the better solution for the GDP growth of the country [20]. It is found that economical, technical, reliability, availability of renewable energy resources, and financial risk are the important factors for selection and ranking of renewable energy technologies. The study prioritizes the renewable energy resources as wind energy, biomass, solar photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy. Further, wind energy and biomass were preferred for power generation in Pakistan [21], and energy review of

biogas daily, and 21 million tons of

biogas unit can save almost 92,062

**230**

These resources also provide social benefits like improvement of health, according to choice of consumer, advancement in technologies, and opportunities for the work, but some basic considerations should be taken for the benefit of humans, for example, climate conditions, level of education and standard of living, and region whether urban or rural from agricultural point of view. Social aspects are the basic considerations for the development of any country. The following social benefits can be achieved by renewable energy systems: local employment, better health, job opportunities, and consumer choice. The study concluded that the total emission reduction is exponentially increasing in different years after the installation of renewable energy projects in remote areas [23]. Social impacts of each resource with its magnitude are listed in **Table 3**.
