**2.4 Micro grid**

*Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System*

and arithmetically expressed as reliability.

(MPPT) optimization.

**2.3 Macro grid**

automatic energy management.

designed to work complementing each other. The hybrid resources, improve upon by attaching hybrid energy storages so that the energy converters are supported by energy storage in an effort to attain zero loss of power supply probability (LPSP) [9]. In addition, the preceding hybrid capacity is extended by integrating electronic controller automation in the style of PLC/SCADA. Any consistency in power supply obviously means there should be insignificant loss of power supply probability (LPSP) at any given time in the operation of the system. The probability that a system delivers consistent qualitative output power over long time period is considered to be reliable as interpreted by this author [6]. Hence, a reliable system is characterized by dependable power supply expressed mathematically in terms of mean time before failure (MTBF),

*R* = *e(-tMTBF)* (1)

Dependence on the provision of adequate components spare in case of urgency by employing redundancy is a healthy technical strategy attracting extra intervention costs. Plainly, idleness is what redundancy means and though there are two types, the passive and active types synchronized with the system, whereas, the passive types are most times in the standby mode waiting to be called upon for activity as explained by. Thus, the design of hybrid renewable energy resources structure, hybrid energy conditioner, hybrid energy storages and hybrid control platform for

The physical framework of which electric power is produced using diverse generators to supply the load using electric conductors and cables overhead or underground transmission and distribution networks, usually use assorted transmission and distribution equipment. The **Figure 1** represents electric power of three phase grid emanating from the generating station through step up transformer connected to three phase transmission lines and connected to step down transformer that distributes electric power to various consumer loads as explained by Diaf et al. [10]. The grid in **Figure 1** is a three phase alternating current network for alternating current (AC) loads, and conversely, a direct current (DC) model are also use for diverse loads as observed by Rao [11] **Figure 1**. Illustrates multiple grids made available and categorized as micro, and large networks connected to diverse conventional and renewable energy generators.

However, the mean time before failure is the predicted elapse time between operating system inherent failures using a Monte Carlo tool of simulation for reliability optimization and Perturb and Observe for maximum power point tracking for

**98**

**Figure 1.**

*Electric power multiple grids (transmission and distribution).*

Micro grid is said to be a network designed to integrate distributed energy resources, control operation, power quality issue, and energy management infrastructure for load demand and power supply stability. It is the smallest facility common among the grid with diverse generators using extra low voltage three phase-four wire supply down to single phase three wire or two wires supply configuration to provide electricity supply to consumers load. Furthermore, micro grid is considered to be a group of distributed resources (DER) and loads forming an electrical network. It has a grid of low-voltage distribution energy resource (DER), energy storage system (ESS) and/or micro sources such as photovoltaic, fuel cell, wind turbine, etc. Micro grid may have controllable energy sources such as biomass, hydro, fossil fuel or uncontrollable energy sources like solar and wind or may be flow-of-the-river that is dependent on daily, monthly and annual rain falls. Controlling solar and wind-micro grid is challenging it involves measuring the parameters such as solar irradiance or Insolation, PV array voltage, PV array current, ambient temperature, wind speed, and AC load pattern for a year evaluation. Conversely, the renewable energy storage loss, energy converter average yield, peak period parameters are used for evaluation of micro grid power performance as reported by Mohammadi et al. [12].
