*6.1.4 Control communication*

Dynamic interaction between transmission and distribution systems caused due to transformations in power systems make control vulnerable. This is also happening in case of integration of renewable power plants to grid. Vision for perfect grid management can never undermine the importance of control communication. If the output of a renewable energy power plant is greater than 10% of the line capacity, temporary unavailability [60] can adversely affect power grid stability, so demands a communication. It is important to develop an intelligent, self-adaptive, dynamic and open system. So, a multi agent system (MAS) is proposed [61] to handle the energy management of the hybrid PV-wind generation system in which each agent with a RES reacts intelligently to changes.

For the energy control in a distributed manner, energy routers can serve dynamically the energy distribution in the grid, where the whole structure can be termed as energy Internet [62]. Cao et al. [63] discuss in detail energy internet called as version 2.0 of smart grids that has the two-way flow of information and power. More openness and peer-to-peer communication are introduced. This network can balance power with more interaction and options. Anticipatory or predictive control is possible based on information to anticipate future states and appropriate decision-making for timely action.

**127**

**Figure 1.**

*Grid connected RE in India up to March 2019.*

*Grid-Connected Distributed Wind-Photovoltaic Energy Management: A Review*

machine interface (HMI), prediction, cost management, and operation.

For peak load and outage, a building integrated PV (BIPV) mainly for selffeeding of buildings equipped with PV array and storage is studied in a DC MG [64]. Hierarchical control is designed by Petri nets (PNs) interface for a 4-layered EMS that regards the grid availability and user's commands. The layers are human-

The power quality is also an issue with the WPVHPS integrated. This section briefly indicates the power quality problems in grid integration. A well-written review has been brought by [65] for problems and solutions so far concerned with such system in grid-connected condition. Voltage and frequency fluctuation and harmonics are major power quality issues with a severe effect on the weak grid. Appropriate design and advanced fast control can solve it. Filters, control of PWM inverter, and droop control can be a solution to it. Kabalci et al. [66] discuss a threephase inverter control scheme to limit total harmonic distortion within standards.

According to the International Energy Agency, investment in renewables in India exceeded that for fossil fuel-based power generation in 2017. In India, the grid-interactive PV-wind generation of 688.42 MW is added in 2018–2019 with a cumulative of 64.5 GW till March 2019 [67]. Till the end of the financial year 2017–2018 the total RE installed was 70 GW whereas it is 79 GW at the end of the financial year 2018–2019. As displayed in **Figure 1** the latest RE update has major contributors are PV (36.2%) and wind (45.3%). A 41 MW (25 MW PV + 16 MW wind) with storage is under construction in Andhra Pradesh, India. This pilot project will work on efficient grid management through real-time monitoring of ramps, peak shifting and matching of load and generation profiles. India targets 175 GW of installed capacity from RES by the year 2022, which includes 100 GW of PV and 60 GW of wind. To this effect, India's Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) released the National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy in May 2016. It is framed to support large grid-connected WPVHPS for optimal and efficient utilization of transmission infrastructure and land, reducing the variability in renewable power generation and achieving better grid stability. Superimposition of wind and solar

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88923*

**6.2 Power quality issues**

**7. Case study in Indian scenario**

*Grid-Connected Distributed Wind-Photovoltaic Energy Management: A Review DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88923*

For peak load and outage, a building integrated PV (BIPV) mainly for selffeeding of buildings equipped with PV array and storage is studied in a DC MG [64]. Hierarchical control is designed by Petri nets (PNs) interface for a 4-layered EMS that regards the grid availability and user's commands. The layers are humanmachine interface (HMI), prediction, cost management, and operation.
