**3. Wind energy and photovoltaic systems**

*Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System*

*Parallel hybrid RE system with both AC and DC bus for only all AC loads [15].*

**106**

**Figure 5.**

**Figure 6.**

power supply delivery.

*Hybrid RE three phase output voltage waveforms [30].*

**2.12 Renewable energy resources (RER) optimal sizing**

and Sun [29]. These authors have illustrated the ideology of hybrid methodology can be synchronized to serve the electric load better, meaning mixing energy to improve the power of equivalent RE converter infrastructure to have reliability in

The **Figures 3**–**5** are in one line/block schematic representing three phase system for hybrid RE resources to produce output voltage waveform shown in **Figure 6**. However, hybrid RE can be also be designed to supply single phase system for smaller single phase load demand and its output voltage wave is single implied.

Hybridizing is a common strategy for improving the sizing of renewable resource (RER) energy resources; it is also known as crossbreeding in the SPV. The optimum scale of renewable energy resource to harvest energy reliably depends on the optimal design of conversion model. Energy converters are RER and come with assorted characteristics, sizes, and brands guide in the design and the implementation of projects. The RER characteristics of solar photovoltaic and micro hydro are the main

From the deep literature survey conducted, a lot of studies are being done with divergent ideas and necessities on the possibility of integrating wind and PV system. The studies can be classified into, modeling, design, optimization, control and techno-economic strategies. On the other hand, some researchers proposed a stand-alone hybrid system, while others applied wind and PV system in grid connected mode.

### **3.1 Modeling and design of PV-Wind system**

A lot of modeling and design of the PV and Wind have been developed using different approaches. The design can be categorized into two, it can be a grid or stand-alone. A grid PV-Wind system proposed by Harini et al. [31] used Wind generator, wind side converter, DC-DC converter, and grid interface inverter. The MPPT is used to optimize the DC voltage coming from the solar panels. The design was implemented in Matlab environment using Simulink. The schematic diagram of the overall system is shown in **Figure 7**.

PV-Wind hybrid system was used to generate electricity in Iraq; the planned system was simulated using MATLAB solver, where the input variables for the solver were the meteorological data for the selected areas and the sizes of PV and wind turbines. Outcomes revealed that it is achievable in Iraq to implement the solar and wind energy to come up with enough power for some communities in the desert or rural area. Additionally, it is feasible to use such a system as a black start source of power in the course of total shutdown time. Final results also showed that the desired place for this system is in Basrah for both solar and wind energy [32].

A Wind-PV-diesel hybrid power system is developed using HOMER software for a small town in Saudi Arabia which happens to be at the moment powered by a diesel power plant comprising of eight diesel generating sets of 1120 kW each, The

**Figure 7.** *Schematic diagram of a grid PV-Wind system.*

annual contributions of wind, solar PV and the diesel generating sets were 4713.7, 1653.5, and 11,542.6 MWh, respectively [33]. Performance of hybrid PV-Wind for hydrogen generation was studied in Sopian et al. [34]. The system consists of photovoltaic array, wind turbine, PEM electrolyser, battery bank, hydrogen storage tank, and an automatic control system for battery charging and discharging conditions. The system generated 130–140 ml/min of hydrogen, for an average global solar radiation and wind speed varying from 200 to 800 W/m<sup>2</sup> and 2.0 to 5.0 m/s respectively. While authors [35] have design small-scale electric grid based on hybrid PV-Wind, the model is shown in **Figure 8**. Presented results shown that the coupling of subunits reduces annual grid power transfers by more than 10% and increases the renewable power contribution to the demand by almost 7% [35]. To increase efficiency of PV-Wind hybrid system. Multi wind turbines and PV systems was successfully model in Mikati et al. [35]. The simulation outcomes revealed that the power end result of the wind turbines in multi-turbine wind-solar hybrid system improves by 18.69, 31.24 and 53.79%, when used in Shenyang, Shanghai and Guangzhou, respectively, in comparison with the reference system [35]. In the work of [36] as shown in **Figure 9**, a special hybrid PV and Wind was used to power an UV (ultraviolet) water purification system. A 100-W solar-PV system that has a 500-W wind turbine lead in pumping and filtering adequate water in order to meet the safe and clean water demands of 4000 people (16,000 l/day) at an approximated equipment expense of \$4630.

One work used [37] a new converter technology to implement a hybrid PV-Wind System using Matlab. The topology utilizes a combination of Cuk and SEPIC converters. This setting enables the two resources to provide the load independently or at the same time dependent on the availableness of the energy sources. Some design

**109**

**Figure 9.**

*A Review of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Based on Wind and Solar Energy: Modeling…*

includes control strategy for instance, the work of conducted by Moubayed et al. [38] reported a control of a hybrid solar-wind system with acid battery for storage. Steady-State Functionality of a Grid-Connected Rooftop Hybrid PV-Wind system was designed and tested by Kim et al. [39]. The design considers system consistency, power quality, loss of supply, and the effects of the randomness of the wind and the solar radiation on system. Limited studies are being done on micro generation based on PV-Wind, the best example case is a hybrid system with solar energy and wind energy for micro power production [40]. Residential hybrid PV-Wind was developed in [41]. While a PV-Wind with simple MPPT was implemented, the suggested system is desirable due to its convenience, convenience of control and affordable [42]. Few studies consider power generation to support national grid, example one study conducted in Jordan [43]. The need for additional energy tends to make us search for new energy sources. Authors in [44] designed a domestic solar-wind

In more remote rural areas, PV and Wind system are widely used to supply electrical energy to consumers. Different methodologies have been applied in that regards. A methodology for optimal sizing of PV and Wind for stand-alone system is presented in [45]. The study aims at minimizing cost using genetic algorithm. The simulation outcomes validate that hybrid PV/WG systems feature reduced system cost when compared to the situations where either solely WG or exclusively PV sources are being used. The work of [46], considered optimization of PV/Wind based on number of solar panels ad wind turbines for minimal cost reduction. The findings of this study showed that optimum battery capacity, with optimum number of PV modules and wind turbines subject to lowest cost can be attained with high accuracy and reliability. One research conducted [12], used particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm for optimal sizing of PV and Wind system, though the study is limited to micro-grid system, however, energy storage was included. In Ref. [47], used discrete chaotic harmony search-based simulated annealing (SA) algorithm for optimum design of PV/wind hybrid system. The suggested method is employed to get the best possible design of a PV/

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85838*

hybrid energy system as shown in **Figure 10**.

**3.2 Optimal sizing of stand-alone**

*Schematic of UV water filtration system.*

**Figure 8.** *Simulation models of the two hybrid systems.*

*A Review of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Based on Wind and Solar Energy: Modeling… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85838*

*Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System*

mated equipment expense of \$4630.

annual contributions of wind, solar PV and the diesel generating sets were 4713.7, 1653.5, and 11,542.6 MWh, respectively [33]. Performance of hybrid PV-Wind for hydrogen generation was studied in Sopian et al. [34]. The system consists of photovoltaic array, wind turbine, PEM electrolyser, battery bank, hydrogen storage tank, and an automatic control system for battery charging and discharging conditions. The system generated 130–140 ml/min of hydrogen, for an average

5.0 m/s respectively. While authors [35] have design small-scale electric grid based on hybrid PV-Wind, the model is shown in **Figure 8**. Presented results shown that the coupling of subunits reduces annual grid power transfers by more than 10% and increases the renewable power contribution to the demand by almost 7% [35]. To increase efficiency of PV-Wind hybrid system. Multi wind turbines and PV systems was successfully model in Mikati et al. [35]. The simulation outcomes revealed that the power end result of the wind turbines in multi-turbine wind-solar hybrid system improves by 18.69, 31.24 and 53.79%, when used in Shenyang, Shanghai and Guangzhou, respectively, in comparison with the reference system [35]. In the work of [36] as shown in **Figure 9**, a special hybrid PV and Wind was used to power an UV (ultraviolet) water purification system. A 100-W solar-PV system that has a 500-W wind turbine lead in pumping and filtering adequate water in order to meet the safe and clean water demands of 4000 people (16,000 l/day) at an approxi-

One work used [37] a new converter technology to implement a hybrid PV-Wind System using Matlab. The topology utilizes a combination of Cuk and SEPIC converters. This setting enables the two resources to provide the load independently or at the same time dependent on the availableness of the energy sources. Some design

and 2.0 to

global solar radiation and wind speed varying from 200 to 800 W/m<sup>2</sup>

**108**

**Figure 8.**

*Simulation models of the two hybrid systems.*

includes control strategy for instance, the work of conducted by Moubayed et al. [38] reported a control of a hybrid solar-wind system with acid battery for storage. Steady-State Functionality of a Grid-Connected Rooftop Hybrid PV-Wind system was designed and tested by Kim et al. [39]. The design considers system consistency, power quality, loss of supply, and the effects of the randomness of the wind and the solar radiation on system. Limited studies are being done on micro generation based on PV-Wind, the best example case is a hybrid system with solar energy and wind energy for micro power production [40]. Residential hybrid PV-Wind was developed in [41]. While a PV-Wind with simple MPPT was implemented, the suggested system is desirable due to its convenience, convenience of control and affordable [42]. Few studies consider power generation to support national grid, example one study conducted in Jordan [43]. The need for additional energy tends to make us search for new energy sources. Authors in [44] designed a domestic solar-wind hybrid energy system as shown in **Figure 10**.

### **3.2 Optimal sizing of stand-alone**

In more remote rural areas, PV and Wind system are widely used to supply electrical energy to consumers. Different methodologies have been applied in that regards. A methodology for optimal sizing of PV and Wind for stand-alone system is presented in [45]. The study aims at minimizing cost using genetic algorithm. The simulation outcomes validate that hybrid PV/WG systems feature reduced system cost when compared to the situations where either solely WG or exclusively PV sources are being used. The work of [46], considered optimization of PV/Wind based on number of solar panels ad wind turbines for minimal cost reduction. The findings of this study showed that optimum battery capacity, with optimum number of PV modules and wind turbines subject to lowest cost can be attained with high accuracy and reliability. One research conducted [12], used particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm for optimal sizing of PV and Wind system, though the study is limited to micro-grid system, however, energy storage was included. In Ref. [47], used discrete chaotic harmony search-based simulated annealing (SA) algorithm for optimum design of PV/wind hybrid system. The suggested method is employed to get the best possible design of a PV/

**Figure 10.** *Image of the designed hybrid system.*

wind hybrid system. Simulation results show the outstanding effectiveness of the SA algorithm. The optimization study conducted [48] focuses on off-grid hybrid PV-Wind using different battery technologies based on genetic algorithm (GA) was successfully implemented.

Simulation based optimized design has been proposed for a PV/wind hybrid energy conversion system with battery storage under different load and auxiliary energy conditions was developed [21]. The simulation model of the system is implemented in ARENA 12.0, commercial simulation software, and is optimized using the Opt Quest tool in this software. Consequently, the optimum sizes of PV, wind turbine and battery capacity are attained under various auxiliary energy unit costs and two different loads. The best possible results are verified using loss of load probability (LLP) and autonomy analysis. And the financial commitment costs are examined how they are shared among those four energy sources at the optimum points.

Simulated annealing (SA) algorithm for optimizing size of a PV/wind integrated hybrid energy system with battery storage was reported [49]. The suggested technique is a heuristic strategy which utilizes a stochastic gradient search for the global optimization. The objective function is the minimization of the hybrid energy system total price. And the selection parameters are PV size, wind turbine

**111**

*A Review of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Based on Wind and Solar Energy: Modeling…*

rotor swept area and the battery capacity. The best possible result acquired by the SA algorithm when compared with other study's result. Therefore, it is actually coming up with that the SA algorithm provides much better result compared to Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The research study is realized for a campus

Sizing optimization of off-grid PV-Wind using iterative approach was used in [7]. The proposed model takes into consideration the sub-models of the hybrid system, the Deficiency of Power Supply Probability (DPSP) and the Levelized Unit

In this perspective, several techno-economic optimization approaches for hybrid systems sizing have been revealed in the literature. Iterative methodology has been applied to optimize the capacity sizes of various stand-alone PV/wind/diesel/ battery hybrid system parts for zero load energy shortfall [50]. The high price of renewable energy systems has brought to slow usage in many countries. Hence, Neuro-Fuzzy method was used for techno-economical of PV-Wind system. The optimization method used is Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), which is successfully applied to model the PV and wind sources. Comparison was made with hybrid optimization model for electric renewables (HOMER) and hybrid optimization by genetic algorithms (HOGA) software and the results prove an accuracy of 96% for PV and wind [51]. The optimized system is simulated in PSCAD/EMTDC and the results show that low excess energy is realized. In this work [10], the technical-economic optimization research of a stand-alone hybrid PV/wind system (HPWS) in Corsica Island is introduced. Consequently, the main purpose of the research is to calculate the acceptable dimensions of a stand-alone HPWS that ensure the energy independence of the typical rural consumer with the

It is acknowledged that solar energy and wind energy are two of the most feasible renewable energy resources on the globe, The work of [8] highly recommend an ideal design model for designing hybrid solar-wind systems making use of battery banks for determining the system optimum options and guaranteeing that the annualized cost of the systems is reduced while fulfilling the customized needed loss of power supply probability (LPSP). The five selection parameters involved in the optimization method are the PV module number, PV module slope angle, wind turbine number, wind turbine installation height and battery capacity. The offered technique is used to design a hybrid system to supply power for a telecommunica-

In a related design techno-feasibility of hybrid PV-Wind was employed for a household in China, using HOMER simulation software. The design PV-Wind ration is 72:28, based on the detailed feasibility study conducted in the study areas. Another similar design in Indonesia [52] focuses on onshore remote areas. HOMER software is used to perform the techno-economic feasibility of the PV/wind hybrid system. The final results also display that a wind turbine and battery are the most significant elements of the PV/wind hybrid system to fulfill requirement loads at night hours. Considering that both of these components give the best advantages to system costs, it is very important to select their utmost sizes to reduce the costs, but by considering that no loads are unmet. Object oriented programming was applied to optimize hybrid PV-Wind system in a study conducted by Belmili et al. [53]. Detailed mathematical model was developed together with optimal algorithm for sizing and techno-economic analysis to identify the system that could ensure an

effective energy supply with a most affordable financial commitment.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85838*

area in Turkey.

Electricity Cost (LUEC).

**3.3 Techno-economic optimization**

lowest levelized cost of energy (LCE).

tion relay station along Southeast Coast of China.

*A Review of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Based on Wind and Solar Energy: Modeling… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85838*

rotor swept area and the battery capacity. The best possible result acquired by the SA algorithm when compared with other study's result. Therefore, it is actually coming up with that the SA algorithm provides much better result compared to Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The research study is realized for a campus area in Turkey.

Sizing optimization of off-grid PV-Wind using iterative approach was used in [7]. The proposed model takes into consideration the sub-models of the hybrid system, the Deficiency of Power Supply Probability (DPSP) and the Levelized Unit Electricity Cost (LUEC).

#### **3.3 Techno-economic optimization**

*Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System*

wind hybrid system. Simulation results show the outstanding effectiveness of the SA algorithm. The optimization study conducted [48] focuses on off-grid hybrid PV-Wind using different battery technologies based on genetic algorithm (GA)

Simulation based optimized design has been proposed for a PV/wind hybrid energy conversion system with battery storage under different load and auxiliary energy conditions was developed [21]. The simulation model of the system is implemented in ARENA 12.0, commercial simulation software, and is optimized using the Opt Quest tool in this software. Consequently, the optimum sizes of PV, wind turbine and battery capacity are attained under various auxiliary energy unit costs and two different loads. The best possible results are verified using loss of load probability (LLP) and autonomy analysis. And the financial commitment costs are examined how they are shared among those four energy sources at the

Simulated annealing (SA) algorithm for optimizing size of a PV/wind integrated hybrid energy system with battery storage was reported [49]. The suggested technique is a heuristic strategy which utilizes a stochastic gradient search for the global optimization. The objective function is the minimization of the hybrid energy system total price. And the selection parameters are PV size, wind turbine

**110**

optimum points.

**Figure 10.**

was successfully implemented.

*Image of the designed hybrid system.*

In this perspective, several techno-economic optimization approaches for hybrid systems sizing have been revealed in the literature. Iterative methodology has been applied to optimize the capacity sizes of various stand-alone PV/wind/diesel/ battery hybrid system parts for zero load energy shortfall [50]. The high price of renewable energy systems has brought to slow usage in many countries. Hence, Neuro-Fuzzy method was used for techno-economical of PV-Wind system. The optimization method used is Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), which is successfully applied to model the PV and wind sources. Comparison was made with hybrid optimization model for electric renewables (HOMER) and hybrid optimization by genetic algorithms (HOGA) software and the results prove an accuracy of 96% for PV and wind [51]. The optimized system is simulated in PSCAD/EMTDC and the results show that low excess energy is realized. In this work [10], the technical-economic optimization research of a stand-alone hybrid PV/wind system (HPWS) in Corsica Island is introduced. Consequently, the main purpose of the research is to calculate the acceptable dimensions of a stand-alone HPWS that ensure the energy independence of the typical rural consumer with the lowest levelized cost of energy (LCE).

It is acknowledged that solar energy and wind energy are two of the most feasible renewable energy resources on the globe, The work of [8] highly recommend an ideal design model for designing hybrid solar-wind systems making use of battery banks for determining the system optimum options and guaranteeing that the annualized cost of the systems is reduced while fulfilling the customized needed loss of power supply probability (LPSP). The five selection parameters involved in the optimization method are the PV module number, PV module slope angle, wind turbine number, wind turbine installation height and battery capacity. The offered technique is used to design a hybrid system to supply power for a telecommunication relay station along Southeast Coast of China.

In a related design techno-feasibility of hybrid PV-Wind was employed for a household in China, using HOMER simulation software. The design PV-Wind ration is 72:28, based on the detailed feasibility study conducted in the study areas. Another similar design in Indonesia [52] focuses on onshore remote areas. HOMER software is used to perform the techno-economic feasibility of the PV/wind hybrid system. The final results also display that a wind turbine and battery are the most significant elements of the PV/wind hybrid system to fulfill requirement loads at night hours. Considering that both of these components give the best advantages to system costs, it is very important to select their utmost sizes to reduce the costs, but by considering that no loads are unmet. Object oriented programming was applied to optimize hybrid PV-Wind system in a study conducted by Belmili et al. [53]. Detailed mathematical model was developed together with optimal algorithm for sizing and techno-economic analysis to identify the system that could ensure an effective energy supply with a most affordable financial commitment.
