**5. Results: a slide rule for noise measurement**

**Table 1** has summarized units of noise and their limiting conditions [8–12]. **Table 1** has also notated grades and flag colors under limiting conditions.

**Figure 1** has presented a double-sided hexagonal slide rule with seven edges for noise measurement representing seven sources of noise. Reference value used for I2 is −1 W m<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup> on positive scale of noise and 1 W m<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup> on negative scale of noise. Positive scale of noise has 10 positive units and one negative unit. Whereas,

#### **Table 1.**

*Noise grades and flag colors under limiting conditions.*

*Energy Policy*

ear phones.

and tap water.

and thunder-bolt.

drum beats.

*3.3.3 Filter for noise of photons*

*3.3.4 Filter for noise of electrons*

*3.3.5 Filter for noise of scattering*

*3.3.7 Filter for noise of elasticity*

television, computer and LCD screen laptop.

*3.3.6 Filter for noise of scattering and lightning*

This filter is used to filter noise due to power intensities difference between two lighting systems. Example: 3-D vision of any object, cell-phone, electric bulb,

This filter is used to filter noise due to power intensities difference between two electrical power systems. Example: AM/FM radio clock with ear phones, telephone instrument with ear phones, cell-phone with ear phones and CD audio player with

This filter is used to filter noise due to power intensities difference between two fluid power systems. Example: electric fan, pump, motor vehicle, river stream

This filter is used to filter noise due to power intensities difference between two fire power systems. Example: lighter, matchstick, gas stove, locomotive engine

This filter is used to filter noise due to power intensities difference between two sound power systems. Example: your vocal chords, organ pipe, thunder-bolt and

Your body has feedback systems that regulate the internal environment of your body. The feedback systems make use of storage depots and numerous feedback loops. The monitoring of plasma calcium is a good example of negative feedback. The bones constitute large storage depots for calcium, for the plasma to withdraw these storage supplies in times of need. Our body's homeostatic regulatory systems are represented by feedback loops. The feedback is considered negative, when it is compensating or negates any change. The negative feedback is essential to stabilize a system. The gastrointestinal tract, the lungs, the kidneys, and skin of your body make exchange of materials and energy between the internal and the external environments. A steady state is achieved by regulatory mechanisms involving the balance between the inflow and outflow of the internal environment that stabilizes the composition of the internal environment. The tendency to regulate the internal

**4. Sensors and transducers: energy balance for a human brain**

environment so that it is maintained in a steady state is called homeostasis.

The keeping of face beard (facial hair) and wearing of a knitted head cloth (*patka*) and a turban (*pag*) on your body has a logical and a scientific significance. The daily self-making folds of hair knots and making round folds of turban over the head of your body with colorful cotton cloths has following historical, medical benefits: (i) it indicate, protects and concentrate the disciplinary physical and mental strength of a person; (ii) it gives hair tonic to the growth of hairs on your body due to solar energy;

**132**

negative scale of noise has 1 positive unit and 10 negative units. Each unit of sol, sip and bel is divided into 11 parts, 1 part is 1/11th unit of noise. The base of logarithm used in noise measurement equations is 11.

The results of noise filtering using various noise measurement equations for an outdoor duct exposed to solar radiation are tabulated in **Tables 2**–**5** [2].

#### **Figure 1.**

*A double sided hexagonal scales of noise with seven edges (S denotes sun).*


#### **Table 2.**

*Temperature difference and noise of sol with solar irradiation (air velocity: 0.75 m s<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> ).*


#### **Table 3.**

*Temperature difference and noise of scattering with air velocity (S = 650 W m<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup> ).*


**135**

*Acoustic Filters for Sensors and Transducers: Energy Policy Instrument for Monitoring…*

**Sound pressure (N m<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup> )**

**Sound power intensity (W m<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup> )**

 *at 20°C).*

**Noise of elasticity oB (oncibel)**

**Noise of scattering oS (oncisip)**

*Noise of elasticity with air particle velocity (Impedance Z0 = 413 N s m<sup>−</sup><sup>3</sup>*

**6. Integration of real-time noise system parameters with command and** 

1.35 47.62 17.72 557.5 752.7 30.36 1.05 37.0 16.50 433.65 455.33 28.05 0.75 26.45 15.02 309.75 232.31 24.97 0.45 15.87 12.65 185.85 83.63 20.24 0.15 05.29 07.64 61.94 09.29 10.12

Noise monitoring data of holy places and their habitants can be collected in realtime domain with aid of computerized monitor and control distributed systems at master location. The system is called Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA). The control may be automatic, or initiated by operator commands. The data acquisition is accomplished firstly by the remote terminal units (RTU's) scanning the field inputs connected to the programmable logic controller (PLC). This is usually done at the fast rate. The central host will scan the RTU's usually at a slower rate. The data is processed to detect alarm conditions, and if an alarm is present, it will be displayed on special alarm lists. Data can be of three main types. Analogue data (i.e. real numbers) will be trended on data analytics software (i.e. placed in graphs). Digital data (on/off) may have alarms attached to one state or the other. Pulse data (e.g. counting revolutions of a meter or counter) is normally

A typical SCADA system includes remote sensors, controllers, or alarms located

at facilities of holy places, as well as a central processing system situated in an appropriate location. SCADA systems integrate data acquisition systems with data transmission systems and graphical software in order to provide a centrally located monitor and control system for numerous process inputs and outputs. SCADA systems are designed to collect information, transfer it back to a central computer and display the information to the operators, thereby allowing the operator to monitor and control the entire noise system parameters from a central location in real time.

The Central Monitoring Station (CMS) refers to the location of the master or host computer. Several workstations may be configured on the CMS. It uses a

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81949*

**Fluid power (W m<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup> )**

**control center**

**Air velocity (m s<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> )**

**Table 5.**

accumulated or counted.

**6.1 Components of SCADA system**

• Central Monitoring Station;

• Field Instrumentation;

• Communications Network

• Remote Terminal Units (RTUs);

SCADA system is composed of the following:

#### **Table 4.**

*Mass flow rate and noise of therm with (ΔT) °C.*

*Acoustic Filters for Sensors and Transducers: Energy Policy Instrument for Monitoring… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81949*


**Table 5.**

*Energy Policy*

**Figure 1.**

**Table 2.**

**Solar irradiation (W m<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup>**

**Air velocity (m s<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> )**

**Table 3.**

**(ΔT) °C Mass** 

**flow rate (Kg s<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> )**

*Mass flow rate and noise of therm with (ΔT) °C.*

**Fluid power (W m<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup> )**

*A double sided hexagonal scales of noise with seven edges (S denotes sun).*

*Temperature difference and noise of scattering with air velocity (S = 650 W m<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup>*

**Thermal power (W m<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup> )**

*Temperature difference and noise of sol with solar irradiation (air velocity: 0.75 m s<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>*

used in noise measurement equations is 11.

negative scale of noise has 1 positive unit and 10 negative units. Each unit of sol, sip and bel is divided into 11 parts, 1 part is 1/11th unit of noise. The base of logarithm

The results of noise filtering using various noise measurement equations for an

**Air temperature difference (ΔT) °C**

**) Air temperature difference (ΔT) °C Noise of sol oS (oncisol)**

1.35 47.62 15.28 17.72 1.05 37.0 18.22 16.50 0.75 26.45 22.40 15.02 0.45 15.87 28.15 12.65 0.15 05.29 29.80 07.64

> **Noise of therm oS (oncisol)**

15.50 0.01376 71.09 19.5602 15.28 0.0231 117.65 21.868 18.90 0.01275 80.325 20.119 18.22 0.0171 103.85 21.296 22.40 0.0120 89.6 20.614 22.40 0.0120 89.6 20.614 25.90 0.0115 99.2833 21.043 28.15 8.1 × 10<sup>−</sup><sup>3</sup> 76.0 19.866 29.40 0.0111 108.78 21.505 29.80 6.2 × 10<sup>−</sup><sup>3</sup> 61.59 18.898

450 15.50 28 18.90 28.93 22.40 29.7 25.90 30.36 29.40 30.91

> **Noise of scattering oS (oncisip)**

*).*

*).*

**)**

**Thermal power (W m<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup> )**

**Noise of therm oS (oncisol)**

**(ΔT) °C Mass flow rate (Kg s<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>**

outdoor duct exposed to solar radiation are tabulated in **Tables 2**–**5** [2].

**134**

**Table 4.**

*Noise of elasticity with air particle velocity (Impedance Z0 = 413 N s m<sup>−</sup><sup>3</sup> at 20°C).*
