**8. Conclusion and summary**

Several deconditioning states in the neurovestibular, cardiovascular, ocular, musculoskeletal, bone metabolic, hematological and immunological, and central nervous systems have been documented, and efforts to ameliorate the symptoms have been made. In the near future, space medicine will play an increasingly important role in missions to the Moon and Martian expeditions as well as in future deep space exploration.

Historically, space medicine examined early adaptation to microgravity and early readaptation to the terrestrial 1 G state. However, the philosophy of the authors is to avoid adaptation to microgravity using artificial gravity. Under this scenario, short exposure to microgravity is permitted, but longer adaptation will be unnecessary. With this philosophy, the authors believe that the humans will achieve safe and comfortable spaceflight without deconditioning.

**29**

**Author details**

\*, Naoki Nishimura<sup>2</sup>

3 Gifu University of Medical Sciences, Japan

provided the original work is properly cited.

\*Address all correspondence to: s\_iwase@nifty.com

2 Nihon Fukushi University, Japan

1 Department of Physiology, Aichi Medical University, Japan

, Kunihiko Tanaka3

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

and Tadaaki Mano3

Satoshi Iwase1

*Effects of Microgravity on Human Physiology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90700* *Effects of Microgravity on Human Physiology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90700*

*Beyond LEO - Human Health Issues for Deep Space Exploration*

were performed to finalize the protocol. This daily AG-EX step-up protocol was confirmed to be effective at preventing cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and bone metabolism deconditioning in 2006, whereas the alternate-day (every-other-day) protocol (loading the AG-EX every other day) did not improve the spaceflight deconditioning associated with the microgravity exposure analogue of −6° head-

*Structure of the device of artificial gravity with exercise for AGREE project 2012.*

The authors applied for the installation of a short-radius centrifuge facility on the ISS and proposed it as a method to prevent spaceflight deconditioning, including bone loss. This project, Artificial Gravity with Ergometric Exercise (AGREE project), was promising to prevent space deconditioning during spaceflight, but it

Several deconditioning states in the neurovestibular, cardiovascular, ocular, musculoskeletal, bone metabolic, hematological and immunological, and central nervous systems have been documented, and efforts to ameliorate the symptoms have been made. In the near future, space medicine will play an increasingly important role in missions to the Moon and Martian expeditions as well as in future deep

Historically, space medicine examined early adaptation to microgravity and early readaptation to the terrestrial 1 G state. However, the philosophy of the authors is to avoid adaptation to microgravity using artificial gravity. Under this scenario, short exposure to microgravity is permitted, but longer adaptation will be unnecessary. With this philosophy, the authors believe that the humans will achieve

safe and comfortable spaceflight without deconditioning.

**28**

down bedrest.

**Figure 1.**

space exploration.

was canceled halfway through (**Figure 1**).

**8. Conclusion and summary**
