*3.1.4 Alternative hypotheses*

A final epistemological realignment is to define specific, sensible hypotheses given the question at hand, which may or may not conform to the typical NHST two-tailed tests of significance. Examples of such alternatives include equivalence testing, inferiority testing, and a still more exotic choice, the *modus tollens*. All of these ask different questions than whether the central tendency of a sample shows enough difference to evince a significant p-value for the given sample size and variance. By changing the testable hypothesis to be more specific to what we really would like to know, we can often obtain an answer that is not only more sensible, but often more statistically powerful too, which might then bring NHST back into the realm of possibility to further refine the analysis.
