*3.1.3 The expansion of surfaces of the food crops*

The coefficient determining the expansion of surfaces of food crops is positive and nonsignificant. An increase of 1% of cultivable surfaces increases the deforestation of 0.25%. It shows that compared to the other above-mentioned factors, the increase in surfaces of food crops impacts little on the deforestation in rural medium of Mali. The country has sufficient bottom funds, of arranged plains and irrigated perimeters where cereal culture is made. That is the case of the Office zone of Niger which counts with him only an agricultural potential of 2,458,506 ha including 1,907,406 ha suitable, 1,445,000 ha irrigable by gravity and a surface of 131,000 ha exploited <sup>5</sup> . These great installations were conceived since the colonial period. It would limit the impact of the expansion of surfaces of food crops on deforestation. Another factor not less significant is that the farmers who extend their cultivable surfaces take more and more conscience of the risk which weighs on the environmental pollution through deforestation. The trees resulting from local species are thus protected by the farmers and certain regulations in force.

Many studies highlight the positive impact and the degree of significativity which the increase in cultivable surfaces has on the degradation of forest cover, but the bond established in the Malian context proves the opposite. The models of development of agriculture in Africa, Asia and Latin America, based on rice growing, tend to increase considerably agricultural surfaces which would be the principal cause of the deforestation of the tropical forests [6].

### *3.1.4 Production of food crops*

The coefficient determining the production of food crops impacting deforestation in Mali is negative and nonsignificant. If the agricultural productivity increases by 1%, deforestation decreases by 0.68%. In other words the level of reduction of deforestation decreases less proportionally than the increase in the agricultural productivity. The most of the agricultural productivity, the more high will be the reduction of deforestation but in a less significant way. A high agricultural output ensures a sufficient income and puts the farmer safe from economic and food needs. These factors return to him less vulnerable.

A successful agriculture is that which gives better results in terms of increase in the agricultural productivity through an intensive culture and the safeguarding of the environmental quality leading to less of deforestation [7].

## **3.2 Economic and socio-demographic determinants of the deforestation**

Economic and socio-demographic factors which determine deforestation are estimated by the function neperian logarithm. The model is well specified since R2 = 0.9712, which indicates that 97.12% of the variations of the variable dependent on the model are explained by the explanatory variables. Given that the value of Prob(F-statistic) is lower than 5%, the model is overall significant. The model is thus adequate (**Table 2**).

**125**

infobycountry

*Economic Impacts of the Anthropic Effects of the Deforestation on the Rural Populations of Mali*

**Variable Coefficient Std. error t-Statistic** C 124.4731 20.12615 6.184648 LETPF II −0.161668 0.223772 −0.722465 NS LPOP −6.083446 0.892867 −6.813383 \*\* LGDPC −2.036184 2.714014 −0.750248 NS

The coefficient associated with education is negative and nonsignificant. An increase of 1% of the level of education reduces the deforestation of a rate of 0.16% in rural medium of Mali. It indicates that the rate of deforestation decreases with the increase in the level of education. This reduction of the level of deforestation in connection with that of education, secondary level, is done in a less significant way since the impact is not considerable. Nevertheless, the level of education is a very significant factor making it possible to understand the stakes related to quality and the environmental pollution. With regard to the secondary school between 2009 and 2014, the net rate of enrolment was 36% for men and 23% for women6

that the impact of the reduction ratio of deforestation is more considerable in rural medium of Mali, it is necessary that the policies adopt a programme of elimination of illiteracy on a large scale. This policy must promote the access for the attack of a

The negative and significant sign of the demographic growth to the threshold of 5% indicates that it negatively impacts the degradation of forest cover in medium of rural of Mali. In other words, the demographic growth affects the regeneration of forest cover positively. Elasticity relating to the variation of the population is −6.08%. Any increase in the population of 1% reduced the degradation of the forest cover of 6.08%. The rural migration and seasonal worker are the principal reasons of this fall of the destruction of forest cover. With the place that their principal source of income comes only from the wood sale, the rural ones prefer the rural migration towards the urban centres for other remunerative employment. Agriculture principal source of income for the rural young people is forsaken with the profit of gold washing. The migration of the rural young people is also one of the principal causes of fall of the anthropic pressure on the forests. With that the recurrence of the community conflicts between farmers and stockbreeders is added and even sometimes between sedentary farmers who are at the origin of internal displacements. From these factors, cultivable surfaces which shelter many forest resources are thus saved by the extensive agriculture and the extensive pasture.

<sup>6</sup> Base data of the UNICEF, consulted the 19/02/2019 at 12:01 PM on < https://www.unicef.org >

minimal level at the secondary school for the adults.

. So

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87252*

R-squared 0.971229 Adjusted R-squared 0.928074 Durbin-Watson stat 2.951644 Prob(F-statistic) 0.042844

*3.2.1 The level of education*

**Table 2.**

*Note: \*\* = significant 5%, NS = not significant.*

*Anthropic factors determining deforestation.*

*3.2.2 The demographic factor*

<sup>5</sup> Consulted the 18/02/2019 on https://www.maliweb.net.

*Economic Impacts of the Anthropic Effects of the Deforestation on the Rural Populations of Mali DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87252*


#### **Table 2.**

*Forest Degradation Around the World*

*3.1.3 The expansion of surfaces of the food crops*

and a surface of 131,000 ha exploited <sup>5</sup>

multiples uses.

regulations in force.

*3.1.4 Production of food crops*

These factors return to him less vulnerable.

<sup>5</sup> Consulted the 18/02/2019 on https://www.maliweb.net.

used to cover the roofs of the concessions. In rural and urban medium, there are many electric posts which are made containing wood. The mortars, the rammers, the hoe, cart, etc. are also designed containing wood. That who confers on wood

The coefficient determining the expansion of surfaces of food crops is positive and nonsignificant. An increase of 1% of cultivable surfaces increases the deforestation of 0.25%. It shows that compared to the other above-mentioned factors, the increase in surfaces of food crops impacts little on the deforestation in rural medium of Mali. The country has sufficient bottom funds, of arranged plains and irrigated perimeters where cereal culture is made. That is the case of the Office zone of Niger which counts with him only an agricultural potential of 2,458,506 ha including 1,907,406 ha suitable, 1,445,000 ha irrigable by gravity

since the colonial period. It would limit the impact of the expansion of surfaces of food crops on deforestation. Another factor not less significant is that the farmers who extend their cultivable surfaces take more and more conscience of the risk which weighs on the environmental pollution through deforestation. The trees resulting from local species are thus protected by the farmers and certain

Many studies highlight the positive impact and the degree of significativity which the increase in cultivable surfaces has on the degradation of forest cover, but the bond established in the Malian context proves the opposite. The models of development of agriculture in Africa, Asia and Latin America, based on rice growing, tend to increase considerably agricultural surfaces which would be the

The coefficient determining the production of food crops impacting deforestation in Mali is negative and nonsignificant. If the agricultural productivity increases by 1%, deforestation decreases by 0.68%. In other words the level of reduction of deforestation decreases less proportionally than the increase in the agricultural productivity. The most of the agricultural productivity, the more high will be the reduction of deforestation but in a less significant way. A high agricultural output ensures a sufficient income and puts the farmer safe from economic and food needs.

A successful agriculture is that which gives better results in terms of increase in the agricultural productivity through an intensive culture and the safeguarding of

Economic and socio-demographic factors which determine deforestation are estimated by the function neperian logarithm. The model is well specified since

 = 0.9712, which indicates that 97.12% of the variations of the variable dependent on the model are explained by the explanatory variables. Given that the value of Prob(F-statistic) is lower than 5%, the model is overall significant. The model is

**3.2 Economic and socio-demographic determinants of the deforestation**

principal cause of the deforestation of the tropical forests [6].

the environmental quality leading to less of deforestation [7].

. These great installations were conceived

**124**

R2

thus adequate (**Table 2**).

*Anthropic factors determining deforestation.*

### *3.2.1 The level of education*

The coefficient associated with education is negative and nonsignificant. An increase of 1% of the level of education reduces the deforestation of a rate of 0.16% in rural medium of Mali. It indicates that the rate of deforestation decreases with the increase in the level of education. This reduction of the level of deforestation in connection with that of education, secondary level, is done in a less significant way since the impact is not considerable. Nevertheless, the level of education is a very significant factor making it possible to understand the stakes related to quality and the environmental pollution. With regard to the secondary school between 2009 and 2014, the net rate of enrolment was 36% for men and 23% for women6 . So that the impact of the reduction ratio of deforestation is more considerable in rural medium of Mali, it is necessary that the policies adopt a programme of elimination of illiteracy on a large scale. This policy must promote the access for the attack of a minimal level at the secondary school for the adults.

#### *3.2.2 The demographic factor*

The negative and significant sign of the demographic growth to the threshold of 5% indicates that it negatively impacts the degradation of forest cover in medium of rural of Mali. In other words, the demographic growth affects the regeneration of forest cover positively. Elasticity relating to the variation of the population is −6.08%. Any increase in the population of 1% reduced the degradation of the forest cover of 6.08%. The rural migration and seasonal worker are the principal reasons of this fall of the destruction of forest cover. With the place that their principal source of income comes only from the wood sale, the rural ones prefer the rural migration towards the urban centres for other remunerative employment. Agriculture principal source of income for the rural young people is forsaken with the profit of gold washing. The migration of the rural young people is also one of the principal causes of fall of the anthropic pressure on the forests. With that the recurrence of the community conflicts between farmers and stockbreeders is added and even sometimes between sedentary farmers who are at the origin of internal displacements. From these factors, cultivable surfaces which shelter many forest resources are thus saved by the extensive agriculture and the extensive pasture.

<sup>6</sup> Base data of the UNICEF, consulted the 19/02/2019 at 12:01 PM on < https://www.unicef.org > infobycountry

That who is explained by this effect regulator the pressure anthropic. The demographic factor, i.e. the number of inhabitants which accounts a country, is quoted in many scientific works as a factor which is positively correlated with deforestation. This assertion is the subject also of controversy on this subject.

Moreover, the rate of deforestation can increase because of the increase in population which induces significant anthropic needs. The growth of the population created enormous food needs, which impacts on the demand for arable lands which results in the deterioration of forest cover. The growth of a population is also accompanied by a keen demand out of firewood, structural timber and woody forest products. Of another share, the demographic growth can induce technological progress and institutional changes which will contribute to reduce devastating effects of the forest [8].

#### *3.2.3 The gross domestic product per capita*

Gross domestic product, that is, the income per capita, is negatively correlated with deforestation. But its coefficient is nonsignificant. For any increase of 1% of the annual income per capita, deforestation decreases by 2.03%. The improvement of the living conditions of populations, through the increase in their incomes, is an essential factor of reduction of deforestation. The higher the income per capita, the more the degradation of forest cover is reduced, and the less is the rate of the environmental pollution in bond with deforestation.

Indeed, the gross domestic product per capita significantly affects various manners of restoration of forest cover. That is the Asian case of four countries of which the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia, and Brazil. By reducing poverty, the increase in gross domestic product per capita positively affects forest cover and the expansion of the roads. On the other hand, the increase in gross domestic product has a negative influence on forest cover through the expansion of cultivable surfaces. It is the case of the Asian countries where the principal causes of reduction of the forest surface are explained by the economic growth with an elasticity of −0.76% and −0.06% in Brazil [9].

#### **4. Conclusion**

With the instar of the other continents, Sub-Saharan Africa is confronted with enormous challenges and more particularly those concerning the climatic changes. The Mali Sahelian country faces the same stakes related to the climatic changes and the deterioration of the quality the environment. Because of the growth of its population, the request for the forest resources is large. This request results from an enormous requirement in consumption for wood which constitutes the first of energy for the households. The consequence is the loss of a woody potential due to anthropic actions which emanate several factors. The level of development of the country with its average income per capita offers few alternatives for the rural and urban populations to use other more accessible sources of energy.

Indeed, the results obtained show that the increase in population is accompanied by a significant level of reduction of deforestation. The principal reason of the negative effect that the increase in population has on deforestation is the rural migration and the migration. These two factors reduce the effects of the anthropic pressure on deforestation. While migrating and urbanizing the rural populations, find other alternatives to compensate for their sources of income primarily coming from agriculture and the wood sale. It has as a corollary the reduction in the exploitation of the cultivable surfaces and that of the woodcut for domestic uses.

**127**

*Economic Impacts of the Anthropic Effects of the Deforestation on the Rural Populations of Mali*

Indeed, the rural populations by changing life mode adopt other more suitable means of power consumption induced by institutional measurements. It causes the decrease in the demand out of firewood, structural timber and woody and nonwoody forest products. Political, lawful and legislative measurements quite suitable would encourage the rural and urban populations with a moderation in wood consumption. However, the level of education affects deforestation negatively but in a nonsignificant way. Thus, significant challenges are to be raised in order to increase the rate of elimination of illiteracy in rural medium. Education is thus a powerful means making it possible for the populations to understand the consequences

The abundance of the cultivable ground and pastoral space availability makes Mali a country with potential strong agro-pastoral. The majority of nomads being large stockbreeders have ways of life very related to nature and the forest. It enables them to put methods and traditional techniques into practice favorable to the nature conservation, thus inducing a rational use of spaces of grazing ground. Therefore, the breeding appears as determining which impacts deforestation negatively. It wants to say that the mode of breeding as practised by the rural stockbreeders sup-

However, the principal cause of deforestation in rural medium of Mali results from the wood consumption. It constitutes the principal source of energy for the rural and urban populations since the level of their average incomes offers few alternatives for the use of other sources of energy (solar, wind and thermal). Wood is also used for multiple uses, the coating of the roofs of house, construction of

Deforestation in rural area of Mali is the result of several institutional and regulatory factors. The inadequacy of these measures makes their implementation difficult. Mali is weakened in a sociopolitical context marked by insecurity due to the presence of several armed groups in a large part of the country. The state is therefore unable to implement an effective strategy to combat deforestation and, moreover, mitigate the devastating effects of forest cover. Suddenly, rural populations become direct actors in the preservation of their forest resources. If the state wants to put in place long-term effective environmental policy measures, the

However, the implementation of certain institutional, that is, legislative and regulatory, measures is not followed by a policy of large-scale application. Stakeholders involved in the use of forest resources must be made aware of the strict application of these laws and regulations in order to minimize the excessive cutting of wood. As more than half of Mali's rural population is not literate, it is necessary to convey the message of the content of the laws governing forest resource management policy in the local language. Several communication channels, such as rural radio broadcasting and sensitization sessions on the importance of preserving forest resources with local people, should be explored as alternatives. As a result, environmental issues may be better understood by an uninformed population regarding the consequences of climate change. This will have a positive impact on the behaviour of rural populations in terms of wood consumption and reduced destruction of forest cover.

In addition, other more appropriate policy measures need to be taken to significantly reduce the use of wood for domestic purposes. These measures concern the limitation of exploitation rates of forest resources so that the rate of use or exploitation does not exceed the rate of recovery of forest resources. To limit the impact of deforestation, the public authorities, in particular the Malian State, must grant property rights to individuals in certain protected forest areas. The granting of marketable permits and negotiable access rights to forest resources to loggers would

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87252*

related to the environmental pollution.

ports the restoration of forest cover.

boxes and manufacture of farm equipments.

involvement of rural people would be fundamental.

be an alternative to significantly reduce deforestation.

#### *Economic Impacts of the Anthropic Effects of the Deforestation on the Rural Populations of Mali DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87252*

Indeed, the rural populations by changing life mode adopt other more suitable means of power consumption induced by institutional measurements. It causes the decrease in the demand out of firewood, structural timber and woody and nonwoody forest products. Political, lawful and legislative measurements quite suitable would encourage the rural and urban populations with a moderation in wood consumption.

However, the level of education affects deforestation negatively but in a nonsignificant way. Thus, significant challenges are to be raised in order to increase the rate of elimination of illiteracy in rural medium. Education is thus a powerful means making it possible for the populations to understand the consequences related to the environmental pollution.

The abundance of the cultivable ground and pastoral space availability makes Mali a country with potential strong agro-pastoral. The majority of nomads being large stockbreeders have ways of life very related to nature and the forest. It enables them to put methods and traditional techniques into practice favorable to the nature conservation, thus inducing a rational use of spaces of grazing ground. Therefore, the breeding appears as determining which impacts deforestation negatively. It wants to say that the mode of breeding as practised by the rural stockbreeders supports the restoration of forest cover.

However, the principal cause of deforestation in rural medium of Mali results from the wood consumption. It constitutes the principal source of energy for the rural and urban populations since the level of their average incomes offers few alternatives for the use of other sources of energy (solar, wind and thermal). Wood is also used for multiple uses, the coating of the roofs of house, construction of boxes and manufacture of farm equipments.

Deforestation in rural area of Mali is the result of several institutional and regulatory factors. The inadequacy of these measures makes their implementation difficult. Mali is weakened in a sociopolitical context marked by insecurity due to the presence of several armed groups in a large part of the country. The state is therefore unable to implement an effective strategy to combat deforestation and, moreover, mitigate the devastating effects of forest cover. Suddenly, rural populations become direct actors in the preservation of their forest resources. If the state wants to put in place long-term effective environmental policy measures, the involvement of rural people would be fundamental.

However, the implementation of certain institutional, that is, legislative and regulatory, measures is not followed by a policy of large-scale application. Stakeholders involved in the use of forest resources must be made aware of the strict application of these laws and regulations in order to minimize the excessive cutting of wood. As more than half of Mali's rural population is not literate, it is necessary to convey the message of the content of the laws governing forest resource management policy in the local language. Several communication channels, such as rural radio broadcasting and sensitization sessions on the importance of preserving forest resources with local people, should be explored as alternatives. As a result, environmental issues may be better understood by an uninformed population regarding the consequences of climate change. This will have a positive impact on the behaviour of rural populations in terms of wood consumption and reduced destruction of forest cover.

In addition, other more appropriate policy measures need to be taken to significantly reduce the use of wood for domestic purposes. These measures concern the limitation of exploitation rates of forest resources so that the rate of use or exploitation does not exceed the rate of recovery of forest resources. To limit the impact of deforestation, the public authorities, in particular the Malian State, must grant property rights to individuals in certain protected forest areas. The granting of marketable permits and negotiable access rights to forest resources to loggers would be an alternative to significantly reduce deforestation.

*Forest Degradation Around the World*

effects of the forest [8].

*3.2.3 The gross domestic product per capita*

−0.76% and −0.06% in Brazil [9].

**4. Conclusion**

environmental pollution in bond with deforestation.

That who is explained by this effect regulator the pressure anthropic. The demographic factor, i.e. the number of inhabitants which accounts a country, is quoted in many scientific works as a factor which is positively correlated with deforestation.

Moreover, the rate of deforestation can increase because of the increase in population which induces significant anthropic needs. The growth of the population created enormous food needs, which impacts on the demand for arable lands which results in the deterioration of forest cover. The growth of a population is also accompanied by a keen demand out of firewood, structural timber and woody forest products. Of another share, the demographic growth can induce technological progress and institutional changes which will contribute to reduce devastating

Gross domestic product, that is, the income per capita, is negatively correlated with deforestation. But its coefficient is nonsignificant. For any increase of 1% of the annual income per capita, deforestation decreases by 2.03%. The improvement of the living conditions of populations, through the increase in their incomes, is an essential factor of reduction of deforestation. The higher the income per capita, the more the degradation of forest cover is reduced, and the less is the rate of the

Indeed, the gross domestic product per capita significantly affects various manners of restoration of forest cover. That is the Asian case of four countries of which the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia, and Brazil. By reducing poverty, the increase in gross domestic product per capita positively affects forest cover and the expansion of the roads. On the other hand, the increase in gross domestic product has a negative influence on forest cover through the expansion of cultivable surfaces. It is the case of the Asian countries where the principal causes of reduction of the forest surface are explained by the economic growth with an elasticity of

With the instar of the other continents, Sub-Saharan Africa is confronted with enormous challenges and more particularly those concerning the climatic changes. The Mali Sahelian country faces the same stakes related to the climatic changes and the deterioration of the quality the environment. Because of the growth of its population, the request for the forest resources is large. This request results from an enormous requirement in consumption for wood which constitutes the first of energy for the households. The consequence is the loss of a woody potential due to anthropic actions which emanate several factors. The level of development of the country with its average income per capita offers few alternatives for the rural and

Indeed, the results obtained show that the increase in population is accompanied by a significant level of reduction of deforestation. The principal reason of the negative effect that the increase in population has on deforestation is the rural migration and the migration. These two factors reduce the effects of the anthropic pressure on deforestation. While migrating and urbanizing the rural populations, find other alternatives to compensate for their sources of income primarily coming from agriculture and the wood sale. It has as a corollary the reduction in the exploi-

tation of the cultivable surfaces and that of the woodcut for domestic uses.

urban populations to use other more accessible sources of energy.

This assertion is the subject also of controversy on this subject.

**126**

#### *Forest Degradation Around the World*

In fact, to reduce the consumption of wood as a source of energy, the State must promote the use of substitutable energy. This is to convince rural households of the utility of improved stoves and solar cookers for more economic and environmental purposes. This would allow rural households and loggers to devote a good deal of their time to other more profitable income-generating activities.
