Acknowledgements

6. Applications

Figure 9.

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February 2019.

mental to their stand-alone batteries.

allows for more intelligent control.

A primary application of TEGs using passive cooling is in remote locations where normal powering methods for monitoring systems are problematic due to distance from the electrical grid. Where there are geothermal bore holes and steam pipes, the TEG described is a direct application and will function well, especially when ambient temperatures are low. In contrast, solar power options are weather dependent, limited during the winter months, and colder temperatures are detri-

Steady state voltage versus amperage linear relationship data from the New York City test bed recorded in

Advanced Thermoelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting Applications

Developments in mobile and handheld electronics have enabled low-power designs with new connectivity and energy-saving scenarios through incorporation of integrated circuits and microcontroller units. As the processing power of computers increased, the need for transferring and sharing information became stronger. Monitoring systems, which used to be run as stand-alone systems, are now networked with other systems. In many cases, these systems are also control systems. Information sharing provides a clearer overall picture of the process and

The need for real time data or simplified data collection from multiple sensors has driven the development of wired and wireless sensor solutions. In the case of wired connections, the need for an external power supply is often eliminated by enabling the sensors to function as parasites and draw their power from the data line. Power for running wireless systems is normally obtained from either batteries or internal power supplies. The advances in both low-power electronics and ambient energy harvesting have led to significant industrial and academic research on wire- and battery-free sensors and devices. Wireless sensors powered by ambient energy can be found in transportation, building automation, industry, and other applications. This technology eliminates the need to buy and replace batteries, and

units can be left unattended in hazardous or difficult-to-get-to places.

The authors have developed an intensive open-field heat agriculture system using geothermal steam and steam condensate that extends growing seasons and enables the cultivation of out-of-region, non-native crops [31, 32]. It has an underground piping system in Iceland that is similar to the method for heating sidewalks and how waste heat from combined heat and power (CHP) systems warm green

The authors acknowledge the support extended by the following organizations, institutions and corporations: The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, the Center for Innovation and Applied Technology, the Agricultural University of Iceland, the University of Iceland, Arvirkinn ehf, Timtronics, the City of Hveragerdi, and Keilir Institute of Technology. Special thanks to: Gudmundur Gislason, Ruth Nerken, Mark Epstein, Barry Shoop, Richard Stock, Anita Raja, Melody Baglione, George Sidebotham, Chih S. Wei, Gudridur Helgadottir, Aldis Hafsteinsdottir, Elias Oskarsson, Borkur Hrafnkelsson, Mar Gudmundsson, Fridrik Brekkan, Stefan Sigurdsson, Gísli Páll Pálsson and Aladino Melendez. The authors acknowledge the contributions of the Center for Innovation and Applied Technology Research Assistants: Daniel Abes, Jeahoung Hong, Seung Won Na, Jabin Pu, Christopher E, Jing Jin, Sanjev Menon, Di Yi Liu, Daniel Feyman, Alinur Rahim, Justin Jose, James Ngai, Hou Chong Chan, Issei Abraham Yamada, Wei Yan Tin, Chengyin Jiang, Yueyue Li, TaeKoung Lee, Harrison Milne, Romaniya Voloshchuk, Monica Chen, Jordan Selig, and Matthew Cavallaro.
