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first case study). The coordination algorithm keeps the bus voltages within the standard limits, as shown in Figure 13(a). The hunting problem is avoided with a reasonable daily tap operation, that is, 16 taps/day; see Figure 13(b). Further, the required PEV charging demand is satisfied, as illustrated in Figure 13(c). However, 6.14% of the DG available energy is curtailed because the priority is given to supplying the PEV demand, as shown in Figure 13(d). This privilege is considered to comply with the distribution system code developed by the Ontario Energy Board [23]. It states that electric utilities should deliver the required energy to supply their loads (such as PEVs) unless there is a technical limit violation. The only solution to maximize the energy extraction is therefore to incorporate both the PEVs and DGs in the voltage support. Figure 14 illustrates the response of the coordination algorithm for the second case when PEV and DG reactive powers are employed for voltage regulation. Utilizing the full features of the V2GQ results in a proper voltage regulation using only 4 taps/day, extracting all DG power and

Response of coordination algorithm, activating both PEV and DG reactive power dispatch.

Research Trends and Challenges in Smart Grids

This chapter explained the conventional voltage regulation schemes used in smart grids with inverter-based DGs and PEVs. High penetration levels of PEVs and DGs may lead to negative impacts on the conventional voltage control devices such as tap-changing transformers and capacitor banks. The main reason behind these negative impacts is the stochastic power profiles of PEVs and renewable-based DGs that stimulate chronological overvoltage and undervoltage and make load forecasting erroneous. In the literature, there are two approaches to mitigating the voltage

charging all PEVs.

Figure 14.

4. Conclusion

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Maher Azzouz University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada

\*Address all correspondence to: mazzouz@uwindsor.ca

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
