4.1 Vehicle miles traveled

Automated driving would allow to reduce unnecessary accelerations as well as decelerations so that energy efficiency can be improved. Consequently, Vehicular automation may result in optimized efficiency, increased safety, smooth traffic flow, few accidents as well as less pollution due to completely automated fuel control.

Vehicle electrification, which is referred as zero emission, is one of the appealing ways to reduce transportation related fossil fuel consumption, in turn, minimize

Due to the vehicle electrification, dependence on fossil fuel oil as well as vulnerability to volatile fuel prices is greatly reduced. Electric vehicles (EV) are significantly energy efficient than conventional ICE vehicles, thus, the formers have drastic reductions in long-term operation costs. Such an efficiency can be improved considerably if productive components (i.e., high-efficient motors, supercapacitors, high-efficient batteries) are utilized, electrical loss is reduced, and overall energy is

Furthermore, the electricity generation by hydro-power may not be quite clean, so cleaner electricity can be generated by using renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic (PV) solar, wind and other alternative energy sources such as

hydrogen-fuel, bio-fuel. Using such technologies, vehicle electrification can provide

Vehicular connectivity accommodates communication systems equipped within the vehicles that allow them to communicate with other vehicles and roadside units

Motivation for vehicular communication systems is safety and reducing traffic collisions. Advancement of vehicular communication technologies (i.e., V2V, V2I) has not only revolutionized intelligent transportation system (ITS) but also furnishes various promising applications such as collision avoidance, dynamic traffic light. Efficient use of the vehicular communications shall improve eco-driving (i.e., driving with efficiency maximizing speed, acceleration operating profiles and safety) and encourage more energy efficient driving, such as reducing traffic congestion and unnecessary stop-and-go operations at the intersections as well as

The vehicular connectivity can assist in enhancing multimode transportation that shall reduce VMT. The use of eco-driving techniques can improve fuel effi-

Shared mobility is referred to Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS), which can be described as a shift away from personally-owned modes of transportation toward mobility solutions that are consumed as a service. Shared mobility is evolving rapidly and can take several forms including ride-sharing, e-hailing, shared CAVs. Due to enabling technologies including mobile and wireless, CAV in conjunction with shared mobility have the potential to increase the viability and shared trans-

The shared mobility services shall allow to increase roadway capacity by reducing number of vehicles on the road, thus reduce traffic congestion,

(RSU) to provide a wide range of information such as traffic, infotainment.

3.2 Vehicle electrification

optimized.

carbon emissions and other pollutions.

Research Trends and Challenges in Smart Grids

significant impacts in energy efficiency.

ciency, thus in turn, reduce GHG emissions.

3.3 Vehicular connectivity

shall optimize routing.

3.4 Shared mobility

portation services.

16

Widespread deployment of CAEVs will lead to a dramatic rise in vehicle miles traveled (VMT) in future. The VMT will be increased mainly due to two factors: vehicles with empty occupancy before pick-up or after drop-off, and increasing demand of ride-hailing or ride-sharing services.

Zero occupancy vehicle travel might contribute significantly to VMT effects of CAEVs. Increase in VMT may lead to the increase in tailpipe emissions.

Adoption of CAEVs will provide independent mobility to non-drivers, including elderly people, people with disabilities, and youths. Since vehicle ownership among these groups will be very low, shared mobility services will be appealing among them. A study estimates an increment of 14% in the overall VMT as a result of wide penetration of CAEVs and mobility services provided to non-driving group.

A study also shows that personally-owned CAEVs are likely to significantly increase the total VMT and carbon emissions, as reduction in parking areas could exacerbate these increases by stimulating more zero occupancy vehicle travels.
