Preface

Chapter 8 143

Hybrid Modeling Procedure of Li-Ion Battery Modules for Reproducing Wide Frequency Applications in Electric Systems

Jesús Fraile-Ardanuy, David Jiménez-Bermejo and Javier Sanz-Feito

by Sandra Castano-Solis, Daniel Serrano-Jiménez,

II

Today, power distribution systems need to face several critical issues, such as aging infrastructures, new resources to meet flexibility requirements, renewable power generators, congestion management, and reliability coordination. The major challenges facing these complex systems include balancing between resource adequacy, reliability, economics, and environmental and other public purpose objectives to optimize distribution resources to meet the growing demand.

In this context, the large-scale deployment of smart grid technologies could play a strategic role in supporting the evolution of conventional power distribution grids toward sustainable, flexible, and self-healing networks composed of distributed and cooperative energy resources.

However, to realize these benefits, several open problems need to be solved, because smart grid computing paradigms can drastically differ from the traditional architectures conventionally deployed in power distribution systems management. These differences derive mainly from the characteristics and penetration levels of the dispersed energy resources, the presence of controllable loads, the power quality constraints, and the difficulties in predicting and modeling user and renewable power generator dynamics.

From this perspective, a crucial issue is how to support the evolution of existing distribution networks from static hierarchical systems to self-organizing, highly scalable, and pervasive systems.

In this field, modern trends are oriented toward the employment of new control, protection, and monitoring techniques that move away from the traditional computing paradigms to systems distributed in the field, with an increasing pervasion of smart and cooperative devices. The large-scale deployment of these new technologies in power distribution systems could lead to more efficient task distribution among the distributed energy resources and, consequently, to a sensible improvement of overall grid flexibility.

This book is composed of eight chapters, which are focused on the most promising enabling technologies and methodologies for smart grids, addressing many relevant topics ranging from flexibility management to various control and communication aspects.

The large-scale deployment of these advanced techniques could improve the technical, economic, and environmental performance of modern power distribution systems by allowing a massive pervasion of dispersed generating units, increasing the hosting capacity of renewable power generators, reducing active power losses and atmospheric emissions, and improving system flexibility.

This book not only focuses on technological breakthroughs and roadmaps in implementing these technologies, but also presents the much needed sharing of best practices.

> Alfredo Vaccaro University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy

University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy

Ahmed Faheem Zobaa Brunel University London, UK

Prabhakar Karthikeyan Shanmugam and Kannaiah Sathish Kumar Vellore Institute of Technology,

India

Chapter 1

1. Introduction

gies into power systems.

unexpected conditions.

systems.

1

Introductory Chapter: Open

Methodologies for Smart Grids

Modern power systems are facing several challenges related to the transition from a traditional, fossil fuel-based, and vertically integrated architecture to a smart, sustainable, renewable generation-based, and deregulated system. Smart grid is the key concept that allows this transition and enables a series of innovative applications thanks to the integration of information and communication technolo-

Smart grids involve two-way electric and information flows across generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization systems, to improve their efficiency, sustainability, reliability, and resilience compared to traditional grids. The attribute "smart" reflects the layer of intelligence added to the power system that is able to sense power system's conditions, interact with producers and users, and react to any

Figure 1 describes the main differences between traditional and smart grids [1–3]. The concept of a smart grid was developed in order to reach a set of goals:

• Sustainability: smart grids facilitate the introduction of sustainable and clean technologies, such as distributed renewable energy generators, into power

• Monitoring: smart grids guarantee real-time observability of power systems, thanks to the capillary distribution of smart meters and advanced sensors.

• Adaptability: smart grids can adapt to different and evolving power system's configurations and promote the development of innovative applications.

• Resilience: smart grids improve power system's robustness to disruption caused by natural disasters, extreme weather, and unexpected faults, enabling self-healing.

• Transparency: smart grids guarantee secure and transparent communications and information systems, allowing customers to take keen choices and to

In order to support the evolution of existing power systems from static and hierarchical networks to decentralized and self-healing systems composed by cooperative and self-organizing energy resources, a commonly accepted framework must be established. To this aim, in this chapter the most promising enabling technologies will be presented, and the possible research directions aimed at

proactively interact with the system.

Problems and Enabling

Alfredo Vaccaro, Antonio Pepiciello

and Ahmed Faheem Zobaa
