3. CAEVs for low-carbon mobility

Mainly, due to four revolutions that include vehicular automation, vehicle electrification, vehicular connectivity, and shared mobility, CAEVs can offer great possibilities in expanding mobility and accessibility, and can play a leading role in achieving low-carbon mobility [6, 7].

These major drivers (i.e., automated driving, electric powertrains, connectivity, shared mobility) can provide compelling transition to a low-carbon future. In terms of energy use and carbon emissions, the potential synergies from combining these drivers would be significant.

The studies show that autonomous vehicles with electric powertrains have 40% lower lifetime GHG emissions than ICE-based vehicles. AV technologies along with V2V communications could smooth traffic flows and minimize braking, thus, possibly increasing fuel economy from 23 to 39% [8].

Similarly, the appealing on-demand shared mobility along with vehicular automation may offer the possibilities to expand multi-modal scenario that would reduce car travel by well over half in 2050, thus, would reduce traffic congestion as well as CO2 emissions in 2050 less than one-third of the conventional vehicles [9].

#### 3.1 Vehicular automation

As Vehicular automation involves the use of AI, and multi-agent system (MAS) to assist the vehicle operation, CAEV can be referred as a smart or intelligent.

Vehicular automation includes automated vehicle dynamics control such as adaptive cruise control (ACC) and automated powertrain operations that can improve vehicle energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions.

Automated driving would allow to reduce unnecessary accelerations as well as decelerations so that energy efficiency can be improved. Consequently, Vehicular automation may result in optimized efficiency, increased safety, smooth traffic flow, few accidents as well as less pollution due to completely automated fuel control.

and tailpipe emissions as well as reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT),

Connected Autonomous Electric Vehicles as Enablers for Low-Carbon Future

mental impacts due to the existing transportation systems [10–13].

Adoption of CAEVs has the possibility to play a key role in addressing environ-

Deployment of CAEVs will yield immense changes in vehicle design, traveler behavior, mobility patterns and even urban planning that will have dramatic

Widespread deployment of CAEVs will lead to a dramatic rise in vehicle miles traveled (VMT) in future. The VMT will be increased mainly due to two factors: vehicles with empty occupancy before pick-up or after drop-off, and increasing

Zero occupancy vehicle travel might contribute significantly to VMT effects of

A study also shows that personally-owned CAEVs are likely to significantly increase the total VMT and carbon emissions, as reduction in parking areas could exacerbate these increases by stimulating more zero occupancy vehicle travels.

The advancement of CAEV technology and the growth of on-demand shared mobility services may provide essential alternatives to conventional personallyowned vehicles, and have the potential to alter the way in which people move

Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) may be effective means to reduce VMT by combining trips that are temporally and spatially similar, and improve utilization of multi-modal transit providers as more users adopt MaaS as a main source of transit. Thus, MaaS may furnish several benefits including improved energy efficiency,

Efficient driving generally furnishes increment in fuel economy. And an increase in fuel economy shall provide reduction in energy consumption, tailpipe

traffic congestion reduction, and carbon emission reductions.

Environmental impacts of CEAVs will depend on several factors. Some of them are listed as follows: effects of the total Vehicle-miles traveled (VMT); adop-

tion of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS); Fuel economy; and eco-driving and

CAEVs. Increase in VMT may lead to the increase in tailpipe emissions. Adoption of CAEVs will provide independent mobility to non-drivers, including elderly people, people with disabilities, and youths. Since vehicle ownership among these groups will be very low, shared mobility services will be appealing among them. A study estimates an increment of 14% in the overall VMT as a result of wide penetration of CAEVs and mobility services provided to

and vehicle energy consumption.

environmental impacts [14, 15].

4.1 Vehicle miles traveled

non-driving group.

around cities.

4.3 Fuel economy

17

emissions and air pollution [2].

4.2 Mobility-as-a-Service

platooning.

4. Environmental impacts of CAEVs

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84287

demand of ride-hailing or ride-sharing services.
