3.2 Vehicle electrification

Vehicle electrification, which is referred as zero emission, is one of the appealing ways to reduce transportation related fossil fuel consumption, in turn, minimize carbon emissions and other pollutions.

Due to the vehicle electrification, dependence on fossil fuel oil as well as vulnerability to volatile fuel prices is greatly reduced. Electric vehicles (EV) are significantly energy efficient than conventional ICE vehicles, thus, the formers have drastic reductions in long-term operation costs. Such an efficiency can be improved considerably if productive components (i.e., high-efficient motors, supercapacitors, high-efficient batteries) are utilized, electrical loss is reduced, and overall energy is optimized.

Furthermore, the electricity generation by hydro-power may not be quite clean, so cleaner electricity can be generated by using renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic (PV) solar, wind and other alternative energy sources such as hydrogen-fuel, bio-fuel. Using such technologies, vehicle electrification can provide significant impacts in energy efficiency.

#### 3.3 Vehicular connectivity

Vehicular connectivity accommodates communication systems equipped within the vehicles that allow them to communicate with other vehicles and roadside units (RSU) to provide a wide range of information such as traffic, infotainment.

Motivation for vehicular communication systems is safety and reducing traffic collisions. Advancement of vehicular communication technologies (i.e., V2V, V2I) has not only revolutionized intelligent transportation system (ITS) but also furnishes various promising applications such as collision avoidance, dynamic traffic light.

Efficient use of the vehicular communications shall improve eco-driving (i.e., driving with efficiency maximizing speed, acceleration operating profiles and safety) and encourage more energy efficient driving, such as reducing traffic congestion and unnecessary stop-and-go operations at the intersections as well as shall optimize routing.

The vehicular connectivity can assist in enhancing multimode transportation that shall reduce VMT. The use of eco-driving techniques can improve fuel efficiency, thus in turn, reduce GHG emissions.

#### 3.4 Shared mobility

Shared mobility is referred to Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS), which can be described as a shift away from personally-owned modes of transportation toward mobility solutions that are consumed as a service. Shared mobility is evolving rapidly and can take several forms including ride-sharing, e-hailing, shared CAVs.

Due to enabling technologies including mobile and wireless, CAV in conjunction with shared mobility have the potential to increase the viability and shared transportation services.

The shared mobility services shall allow to increase roadway capacity by reducing number of vehicles on the road, thus reduce traffic congestion, and tailpipe emissions as well as reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT), and vehicle energy consumption.
