Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

EV traveling times, they still benefit the microgrid with their optimal charging and discharging schedules in which the charging is executed at low-price time periods of utility, and vice versa, the discharging is made at high-price time periods of utility. Moreover, the discharging also provides microgrid electricity for selling to the

Subsequently, the SOC profiles of 16 EVs are depicted in Figure 11. It can be observed that the EV batteries will be charged in the early morning when the electricity price is low, but not to the maximum allowed SOC, i.e., 80% of maximum battery capacity, because of the using of EV charging/discharging strategy in Algorithm 1 and the realistic EV data that only around 6 kWh is enough for each EV round-trip. Further, the charged/discharged SOCs of EVs are different due to their differences on charging/discharging times and required energy for traveling.

Finally, the convergence of the proposed SDC-ADMM algorithm in the PSwEV

problem is shown in Figure 11, and the consensus processes in the distributed algorithm for calculating the optimal electric price inside the microgrid are

utility at a high price.

SDC-ADMM convergence.

Figure 11.

Figure 12.

46

The state of charge of all EVs.

Research Trends and Challenges in Smart Grids

displayed in Figures 12 and 13.

Research Trends and Challenges in Smart Grids
