Conflict of interest

data rates and provide enhanced interoperability between devices and systems, as shown in the system architectures of Table 12. The main features for an efficient communication can be established through several qualitative and quantitative requirements for the SST-based power system telecommunications infrastructure, as shown in Table 13. It is important to highlight that many of the technologies of Tables 10 and 11 are integral in today's power system operation, such as the advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), energy management system (EMS), wide area management systems (WAMS), etc. For the case of the SST-based power system, the wired and wireless technologies could provide a systemic integration

Quantitative requirements Qualitative requirements

Smart metering and grid applications Customer applications Application layer Authentication, access control, integrity protection, encryption, privacy Security layer

Reclosers Switches Sensors Transformers Meters Storage Power control

Wi-fi, ZigBee, Bluetooth Communication

Customer premises Power system layer

Scalability Interoperability Flexibility Security Regulatory issues

layer

layer

PLC, DSL, IEEE 802.22

WAN NAN/FAN HAN/BAN/IAN

Power distribution

The voltage supply should ideally have a waveform without deformations. However, nonlinear loads produce voltage waveform distortion that affects the quality of the grid, leading to a low energy efficiency. It is not possible to mitigate their presence since they have become part of daily life. Nonetheless, the implementation of smart devices (such as the SST) can hold on its effects, becoming in a

The presence of SST in a power system can improve the power quality of the grid. The SST allows to uncouple the side of the network from the side of the load; then if a disturbance occurs from one side, it does not affect the components connected in the other side of the SST. In addition, the SST allows to enhance the power factor, support overloads, and keep nominal voltage on the load side, even though the input voltage is affected by either a sag or a swell. Another advantage of the SST is their DC link, which allows the integration of distributed generation and energy storage. The power coming from the DC link can deliver power to the

and seamless communication (Table 12).

potential solution to this problem.

5. Conclusion

Cellular, WiMAX, optical

Research Trends and Challenges in Smart Grids

Power transmission and

System multilayer architecture of SG [30].

Network requirements for SST over SG.

fiber

PMUs Cap bank

generation

Latency Reliability Data rate

Table 13.

Table 12.

network, if required.

138

No potential conflict of interest is reported by the authors.
