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## Meet the editors

Dr. Sajjad Haider has been an associate professor at the Chemical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, since May 2009. He received his MSc degree in 1999 and his MPhil degree in 2004 from the Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan, and PhD degree in 2009 from the Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea. His

research work focuses on the development of carbon nanotubes and biopolymer composites, polymer hydrogel, and electrospun nanofibers for energy storage, and environmental and biomedical applications.

Dr. Adnan Haider is an assistant professor at the Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology. He received his MSc degree in 2010 from the Kohat University of Science and Technology, KPK, Pakistan; his PhD degree in 2016 from the Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea, and postdoctoral research in 2017 from the Department of Nano, Medical

and Polymer Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, South Korea. His research work focuses on the development of scaffolds using polymer hydrogel and electrospun nanofibers for biomedical (tissue regeneration and drug delivery) and environmental applications.

Contents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

**Section 3**

Characterisation

*and Amal Ali Elkordy*

**Preface III**

Introduction **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

Electrospinning **29**

**Chapter 2 31**

**Chapter 3 53**

Electrospraying **69**

**Chapter 4 71** Effect of Spray-Drying and Electrospraying as Drying Techniques on Lysozyme

**Chapter 5 89**

Electrohydrodynamic Processes and Their Affecting Parameters

*by Marilena Vlachou, Angeliki Siamidi and Sotiria Kyriakou*

*Waheed A. Almasry and Naeem Khan*

Electrospinning and Drug Delivery

Nanofibers and Its Composites

*by Mayakrishnan Gopiraman and Ick Soo Kim*

*by Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider, Abdulaziz A. Alghyamah, Rawaiz Khan,* 

Preparation, Characterization, and Applications of Electrospun Carbon

*by Ijeoma Abraham, Eman Ali Elkordy, Rita Haj Ahmad, Zeeshan Ahmad* 

Using the iESP Installed on the Space Station Moving in an Irregular

Gravitational Field of the Asteroids Eros and Gaspra

*by Olga Starinova, Andrey Shornikov and Elizaveta Nikolaeva*

## Contents


Preface

As progress in nanotechnology was being made, researchers developed new techniques for the fabrication of nanomaterials with a variety of morphologies. These morphologies were usually aimed at a specific application. Among the various techniques reported in the literature, electrospinning and electrospraying have since gathered significance. Electrospinning and electrospraying are "sister" technologies used to produce polymer-based nanomaterials. Although these technologies use almost the same apparatus and share the same principle (electrohydrodynamic), their final products are different. The product of electrospinning is the nanofiber whereas the product of electrospraying is the nanobead. Both of these electrodynamic techniques have been receiving increasing attention not only in the scientific community but also in industry. The products of these technologies could be used both separately and together in a wide range of applications. For example, the nanocomposite (combined state) nonwoven fabrics could be used as a filtration mat with improved efficiency due to incorporated catalytic material and electrodes of high specific surface area for fuel cells. Both these techniques have resulted in positive impacts in the biomedicine field and are being tested for food processing

This book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current advances in electrospinning and electrsospraying technologies and their applications. The book will be beneficial not only to beginners but will also attract

**Sajjad Haider**

Saudi Arabia

**Adnan Haider**

Pakistan

King Saud University,

Kohat University of Science and Technology,

and preservation, which is a less explored area.

the attention of experts in the field.
