**2. Materials and methods**

## **2.1 Salinity of irrigation water and how to solve it**

Drilling wells is the main problem when it comes to saline water and then it does not take long to find that it is salted, and hence the farms have a great role in the search with you for realistic solutions to address the salinity of irrigation water [53]. The different methods of desalination are as follows: (1) distillation by mixing fresh water with saline water, (2) method of magnetic water, and (3) using seawater in agriculture with high-tolerant plants.

### *2.1.1 Water salinity and agriculture*

Water salinity is defined as the ratio of total soluble salts (sodium chloride, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and various bicarbonate salts) in 1 l of water [54].

#### *2.1.2 Salinity of groundwater used in irrigation systems*

Increasing the irrigation of saline groundwater reduces the strong attraction between the soil granules, thus reducing the interstitial spaces, causing difficulty in spreading the roots. This reduces the rate of root absorption of the water by the osmotic properties. The roots are burned, and the leaves of the plants and some branches are burned. Advanced sedimentation occurs when reverse osmosis occurs, causing the plant to die completely. In general, it is not correct to say that water salinity is treated, but it can be said that there is control over the effect of irrigation with saltwater [55]. Refs. [56–65] found the most important methods to control the salinity of irrigation with saltwater and to mitigate its harmful effects on plants (salinity treatment of water), which are mentioned in **Table 1**:

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**Table 1.**

*on plants.*

**underground water?**

impact of harmful salts.

*Performance of Water Desalination and Modern Irrigation Systems for Improving Water…*

1 Cultivation of plants suitable to the degree of salinity of water, and this is the origin in the process of

4 Potassium fertilization, especially in the form of potassium silicate, has an important role in resistance

1 Irrigation in the early morning and after sunset is preferred, because the sun rays lead to increase the proportion of water vapor from the surface of the soil and thus increase the accumulation of salts, and night irrigation causes the washing of salts and its interaction with the soil components of sand and clay and therefore less emphasis on the soil surface. It is then easy to wash with acid and saline

2 Agriculture can be done in the upper third of the bottom lines to evaporate the floating of salts in the

3 The drainage must be improved by continuous tillage to facilitate the washing of salts during heavy irrigation, especially the soil salts do not accumulate with water salts and cause serious damage.

1 Adding the organic material before planting at a rate of 10 tons of compost per feddan works to hold water and transmit without evaporation and increase the permeability of the soil.

2 Turning the soil with hard plows must be avoided, especially in the desert lands, to avoid moving the

3 Increasing the rates of fertilization with humic and fulvic ability to increase the capacity of cationic

4 Cultivation of windbreaks early because of their important role in reducing the speed of wind and

*The most important methods to control the salinity of irrigation of saltwater and to mitigate its harmful effects* 

exchange of soil, and generally works on: PH regulation of the soil where hydroxic acid combines with calcium carbonate and produces free calcium and releases CO2, which dissolves in water, forming a carbonic acid that makes the soil relatively acidic and increases its ability to absorb nutrients. Humic acid combines with sodium chloride, a component of sodium hydroxide, an organic complex that

reduce the temperature of soil, and with it increase the rate of water lag after irrigation and reduce the

4 The interval between the irrigation must be reduced to maintain high content of soil moisture. 5 Some farmers have recently moved to the work of a fish tank and duck before sacrificing water in

The irrigation system should not be used permanently if the salinity ratio exceeds 1300 ppm. This is due to the rapid evaporation of the water when spraying with water, leaving the salts around the plant,

2 When growing vegetable crops, the number of seedlings in acres or the quantity of seeds, to compensate for the loss of death or absence of germination or delay, must be increased. 3 It is recommended to spray micro-elements in paper in the form of Edita, and attention must be given to marine algae and amino acids to further encourage the plant to withstand the conditions that cause

**2.2 Solving the problem of soil salinity: how to reduce the salinity of** 

With the expansion of the reclamation of saline land, the increase in water scarcity, and the dependence of countries on well water, however, the problems of salinity have increased and have become even more threatening to agricultural production [66]. Investors began to look for ways to solve the problem of soil

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87010*

avoiding damage to the salinity of irrigation water.

to salt stress and reduction of transpiration of the plant. **II Methods applied to the irrigation management and water sources**

**I Methods applied to the crop**

treatment compounds.

upper part of the line.

irrigation pipes.

causing severe damage, even death.

**III Methods applied to the process of cultivation**

salts from the depth of the soil to the top again.

releases chlorine, a gas that inhibits pathogens in the soil.

stress.

*Performance of Water Desalination and Modern Irrigation Systems for Improving Water… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87010*


#### **Table 1.**

*Irrigation - Water Productivity and Operation, Sustainability and Climate Change*

to soybeans or other oil crops) was obtained [46–49].

systems for the improvement of strategic crops in Egypt.

**2.1 Salinity of irrigation water and how to solve it**

*2.1.2 Salinity of groundwater used in irrigation systems*

(salinity treatment of water), which are mentioned in **Table 1**:

**2. Materials and methods**

agriculture with high-tolerant plants.

*2.1.1 Water salinity and agriculture*

250 ha, were used. [45].

ranging from conventional surface irrigation to pivotal irrigation, which is about

Halophytes were selected to produce seeds from which oil is extracted, known as *Salicornia bigelovii torr*. Other varieties, such as Atriplex, longitudinal shrubs, and saline and other types of succulent plants, were tested for salinity. It was enough for the growth of most halophytes, which were salinity tolerant; nevertheless, the growth rate of these plants decreased by 50% due to irrigation by sea water.

However, in field trials, the results showed that the annual yield and seed yield may be equal to or greater than the yield of any traditional crops irrigated with fresh water. The biomass crop can be produced in the range of 17–34 ton/ha, which contains 11–23 ton/ha organic matter from halophytes and using seawater in field experiments for 6 years. An annual oil crop of 2 ton/ha of oilseed crop (equivalent

The reason for the highest ability of halophytes to produce yields despite the deleterious effect of salinity of seawater is due to having many compensatory factors in such coastal spots where they do not compete with grasses or other pests and that halophytes have biological talent and ability that are high on photosynthesis and growth [22, 50–52]. In this chapter, we provide a revision about the possibilities of this new technology and how to assess the economic feasibility of different ways of using seawater in the production of animal feed. The final aim of the chapter is to find the suitable methods of water desalination and to use modern irrigation

Drilling wells is the main problem when it comes to saline water and then it does not take long to find that it is salted, and hence the farms have a great role in the search with you for realistic solutions to address the salinity of irrigation water [53]. The different methods of desalination are as follows: (1) distillation by mixing fresh water with saline water, (2) method of magnetic water, and (3) using seawater in

Water salinity is defined as the ratio of total soluble salts (sodium chloride, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and various bicarbonate salts) in 1 l of water [54].

Increasing the irrigation of saline groundwater reduces the strong attraction between the soil granules, thus reducing the interstitial spaces, causing difficulty in spreading the roots. This reduces the rate of root absorption of the water by the osmotic properties. The roots are burned, and the leaves of the plants and some branches are burned. Advanced sedimentation occurs when reverse osmosis occurs, causing the plant to die completely. In general, it is not correct to say that water salinity is treated, but it can be said that there is control over the effect of irrigation with saltwater [55]. Refs. [56–65] found the most important methods to control the salinity of irrigation with saltwater and to mitigate its harmful effects on plants

**60**

*The most important methods to control the salinity of irrigation of saltwater and to mitigate its harmful effects on plants.*
