3.1 Geographic information system

estimating Kc from Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NDVI [60] and Soil

Irrigation - Water Productivity and Operation, Sustainability and Climate Change

remote sensing data have been used in a variety of applications such as, among others, climate studies [62, 63], the monitoring of crop water consumption and water stress detection [64–67], vegetation monitoring [68, 69], soil moisture estimation [70–72]. Canopy temperature has long been recognized as a good indicator for crop water status and as a potential tool for irrigation scheduling. Stomatal closure is one of the first responses to plant water stress that causes a decrease in plant transpiration and thus an increase in plant temperature. An increase in plant temperature is a sign that the vegetation is undergoing water stress. The crop water stress index (CWSI) is the most frequently used index to quantify the crop water

For thermal data, land surface temperature (LST) derived from thermal infrared

Regarding the radar images, a significant effort has been recently dedicated to exploit these images to estimate soil moisture (SM) due to (i) the high-spatial resolution achievable by synthetic aperture radars (SAR) and (ii) the advent of SAR data available at high-temporal resolution. Especially, the Sentinel-1 (S1) constellation (composed of two satellites S1-A and S1-B) potentially provides SAR data at 20 m resolution every 3 days [74]. Thus, numerous studies have investigated and

The present stage shed light on the form that the construction of the proposed system is given, presenting as each fundamental characteristic of an irrigation project is appropriate to be added to the basic elements of fuzzy system.

The development of the intelligent irrigation system follows the structure shown

in Figure 7. The structure of the proposed system enables the elaboration of a systematic, autonomous and automated management map to control an irrigation system. The output values of the intelligent system will be the inputs of the central

pivot movement speed control and the sprinkle valve opening control.

Adjusted Vegetation Index SAVI [61].

stress based on canopy surface temperature [73].

3. Methods

Figure 7.

36

Structure for intelligent irrigation system strategy.

exploited the sensitivity of the radar signal to SM [70, 75–80].

Over the last decade, new information technologies, such as the geographic positioning system (GPS) and the geographic information system (GIS) have been introduced, which enabled to reduce the scale of management to the field level [81]. There are different software programs available in the market that can create maps from data point files, such as Surfer (GoldenSoftware, Inc.), ArcView (ESRI) and Global Mapper (Global Mapper).

The free QGIS<sup>1</sup> software will be used in this work for pre-processing and editing the file provided by the i-ekbase web-tool. QGIS is an open source geographic information system (GIS), licensed under GNU General Public License. It is an official open source geospatial foundation (OSGeo) project that runs on Linux, Unix, Mac OSX, Windows and Android, and supports several formats of vectors, rasters, databases and functionalities. QGIS has a plug-in infrastructure, and it is possible to add new features by writing plug-ins in C++ or Python.
