**Acknowledgements**

*Irrigation - Water Productivity and Operation, Sustainability and Climate Change*

Arab citizen will receive only 700 m3

reduce this cost.

the available water a century ago (i.e., since 1950, most Arab countries are among the most arid regions of the earth, 15 countries are the poorest in water, and the

thousand cubic meters per year). Zuhair stated that the desalination industry is one of the main industries in the Arab world, especially when there are 115 countries with desalination plants, but because the cost of this technology is expensive, this should stimulate us to continue scientific research to develop scientific solutions to

Mansour et al. [40] state that if we take a closer look at a country with water shortages, such as Egypt, it will produce about 93 million cubic meters of desalinated water, which corresponds to the population of 93 million people in Egypt. One cubic meter per person per year, the steady increase in population far outweighs the increase in water production. "The settlement is still a controversial term," Fawzan said. "There are countries that have achieved a high degree of production, and other countries have gone a long way in scientific research," he said. "The resettlement of technology is still a dream that we are waiting for."

Abdul Majeed Al Awadhi, former Head of the Electricity and Water Authority in the Kingdom of Bahrain, talked about the desalination industry in the Gulf countries, pointing out that it reached about 70% of the water production in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Qatar, and Bahrain and 40% in Saudi Arabia and Oman with an average of 60%. He explained that with the increasing demand for water, desalinated water is expected to become the main source in all Arab countries. He pointed out that the higher the desalination plants, the lower the cost, which currently ranges between one dollar and two dollars per cubic meter, and that there is a large gap between cost and revenue, which amounts to half a dollar per cubic meter. It is necessary to reduce this gap and provide a greater role for the private sector in this regard, according to his description. All desalination methods require large amounts of energy, and power generation is expensive whether it is generated by electric methods, by burning fuel, or by nuclear power plants. Desalination may help mainly dry areas on the coasts but give little hope to overcome the scarcity of fresh water in cities that lie offshore or on mountains. Bringing

water to these cities can be more expensive than desalination [15, 16].

island resorts, and industrial plants [17, 18].

cal populations within the next 30 years [3].

The high cost of desalinating water is not important in places where only sea water is available. More than 200 water desalination plants have been established in the world, most notably in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Australia, California, Greenland, and some countries in South America. Some of these plants are small; many of which serve military centers in isolated places or serve as wells for desert diggers,

The world's desalination plants produce more than 3.8 billion liters of fresh water per day. This production meets a fraction of the world's freshwater needs. A large water desalination plant, such as the one in Jubail, Saudi Arabia, has been designed to produce 950 million liters of fresh water per day. One of the most pressing dilemmas for humans is how to provide for the world's food and clothing needs, and the consequent provision of adequate natural resources, especially land and water, and thus provide adequate nutrition for the growing numbers of tropical and subtropi-

FAO estimates the need for land resources at about 200 million hectares as new agricultural land to produce various crops. Only 93 million hectares of land can be

or about 80% of the water poverty limit, a

**72**

**5. Conclusion**

The authors would like to thank the "Grassland Talents" project, Inner Mongolia (2016) 40, Xilingol Vocational College; Talented Young Scientist Program (Egypt-18-050), CHINA; and the National Research Centre, EGYPT, for the support and fund for the publishing process of this research work.
