**2. Experimental procedure and materials**

Shungite is a mineral substance consisting of silicate particles dispersed in amorphous carbon mixed with inorganic substances. The chemical composition of used shungites is presented in **Table 1**.

New model samples of composites based on butadiene-styrene rubber (SBR) were selected in the ratio of the components in weight percentage (wt %): SBR-30ARK, 60 wt. %; shungit filler, 39 wt.%; and vulcanizing group, 1 wt.%. Nanoshungit fillers were produced by milling the initial mineral powder in a medium of isopropyl alcohol on a planetary ball mill RM 100 (Retsch, Germany). The functionalization of nanoshungit by organic modifier organosilanes was made directly during the grinding in the mill. Organosilanes used in parts 1.5 wt. % were:


Industrial products of Koksu shungit rocks of Kazakhstan are marketed under the brand name "Taurit." Taurit is a mineral with both organic and silicate parts in its structure (**Table 2**). It contains globular carbon with a metastable supramolecular structure of the siliceous or carbonate type. It has been established that the use of taurit in the composition of rubbers allows not only to reduce their cost but also to obtain improvement in some indicators technological and technical properties of rubbers.

Diatomites are sedimentary rocks of marine or lake genesis; more than 50% consist of siliceous, opal shells of microscopic algae—diatoms. The chemical composition and physical properties of diatomites (Karelia, Russia) depend on the species composition of the rock-forming diatoms and sedimentation conditions, determined by geological, geomorphological, and climatic factors (**Table 3**). Diatomite bulk sorbent is a highly porous material obtained by grinding diatom rock.

Neosyl-120 is a product of rice husk high-temperature processing and low access of oxygen, with grinding to sizes of the order of hundreds of micrometers with a wide distribution of particle size. The chemical composition of Neosyl-120 is shown in **Table 4**.

The grinding of the initial microstructural powders of shungit, taurit, diatomit, and Neosyl-120 to nanoscale was performed using a PM100 planetary ball mill (Retsch, Germany). The dispersion of fillers and blending of all ingredients of elastomers were carried out in a laboratory mixer HAAKE Rheomix


**41**

*Scanning Probe Microscopy of Elastomers with Mineral Fillers*

**Element TS % Element TS (%)** C 4–6 Mn 0.1 SiO2 65–70 Ba 0.06 Al2O3 6–8 Zr 0.05 CaO 5–6 Sr 0.04 Fe2O3 3–4 V 0.015 Ti 0.5 B 0.01 K2O 0.5 Zn 60 ppm Na2O 0.5 Ni 50 ppm

**Substance SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO K2O + Na2O Impurities** % 75 10 6 1 2 6

**Substance SiO2 Al2O3 FeO CaO MgO K2O Na2O C P2O5 Cl** % 92 0.5 0.2 1.1 0.5 3.0 0.1 1.5 0.3 0.1

**No Ingredients** Ш**-940** Ш**-941** Ш**-942** Ш**-943** Ш**-944** Ш**-945** Ш**-946** Ш**-947** Ш**-948** 1 SBR-30ARK 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

3 Zinc oxide 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 Norman 346 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

6 Taurit 0 65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

0 0 65 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 65 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 65 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 65 0 0 0

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84554*

*The average chemical composition of Koksu shale taurit [5].*

*Chemical composition of diatomite sorbent [6].*

*Chemical composition of Neosyl-120.*

**Table 2.**

**Table 3.**

**Table 4.**

2 Sulfur

5 Stearin

7 Taurit

8 Sorbent

9 Sorbent

10 Diatomite (initial)

SulfenamideC Altax

technical

(nano)

diatomite (initial)

diatomite (nano)

**Table 1.**

*The chemical composition of shungites of the Zazhoginsky deposit type 3 (LTD "Сarbon-Shungit" Karelia, Russia).*

### *Scanning Probe Microscopy of Elastomers with Mineral Fillers DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84554*


### **Table 2.**

*Renewable and Sustainable Composites*

used shungites is presented in **Table 1**.

STRUKTOL® SCA98

STRUKTOL® SCA 960

SCA 984

rubbers.

in **Table 4**.

**2. Experimental procedure and materials**

Shungite is a mineral substance consisting of silicate particles dispersed in amorphous carbon mixed with inorganic substances. The chemical composition of

New model samples of composites based on butadiene-styrene rubber (SBR)

were selected in the ratio of the components in weight percentage (wt %): SBR-30ARK, 60 wt. %; shungit filler, 39 wt.%; and vulcanizing group, 1 wt.%. Nanoshungit fillers were produced by milling the initial mineral powder in a medium of isopropyl alcohol on a planetary ball mill RM 100 (Retsch, Germany). The functionalization of nanoshungit by organic modifier organosilanes was made directly during the grinding in the mill. Organosilanes used in parts 1.5 wt. % were:

• "TESPT": bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (C18H42O6S4Si2)

• "Glymo": gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (C9H20O5Si)

• "Si-264": 3-thiocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane (C10H21NO3SSi) STRUKTOL®

• "Thiol": 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (C9H22O3SSi) STRUKTOL® SCA 989

Industrial products of Koksu shungit rocks of Kazakhstan are marketed under the brand name "Taurit." Taurit is a mineral with both organic and silicate parts in its structure (**Table 2**). It contains globular carbon with a metastable supramolecular structure of the siliceous or carbonate type. It has been established that the use of taurit in the composition of rubbers allows not only to reduce their cost but also to obtain improvement in some indicators technological and technical properties of

Diatomites are sedimentary rocks of marine or lake genesis; more than 50% consist of siliceous, opal shells of microscopic algae—diatoms. The chemical composition and physical properties of diatomites (Karelia, Russia) depend on the species composition of the rock-forming diatoms and sedimentation conditions, determined by geological, geomorphological, and climatic factors (**Table 3**). Diatomite

Neosyl-120 is a product of rice husk high-temperature processing and low access of oxygen, with grinding to sizes of the order of hundreds of micrometers with a wide distribution of particle size. The chemical composition of Neosyl-120 is shown

**Substance SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 FeO MgO CaO Na2O K 2O S C H 2O** % 57.0 0.2 4.0 2.5 1.2 0.3 0.2 1.5 1.2 29.0 4.2

*The chemical composition of shungites of the Zazhoginsky deposit type 3 (LTD "Сarbon-Shungit" Karelia,* 

bulk sorbent is a highly porous material obtained by grinding diatom rock.

The grinding of the initial microstructural powders of shungit, taurit, diatomit, and Neosyl-120 to nanoscale was performed using a PM100 planetary ball mill (Retsch, Germany). The dispersion of fillers and blending of all ingredients of elastomers were carried out in a laboratory mixer HAAKE Rheomix

**40**

**Table 1.**

*Russia).*

*The average chemical composition of Koksu shale taurit [5].*


### **Table 3.**

*Chemical composition of diatomite sorbent [6].*


### **Table 4.**

*Chemical composition of Neosyl-120.*



**Table 5.**

*The composition of the studied rubber mixtures Ш-940–Ш-948 (weight percentage).*

(Germany). Kinetics of vulcanization was investigated by analyzer RPA 2000 (Alpha Technologies, England). The mixture optimum curing was determined from obtained graphs. The composition of the synthesized elastomeric materials Ш-940–Ш-948 with taurit, diatomit, and Neosyl-120 fillers is presented in **Table 5**.

The study of the obtained samples of composites was carried out on an easyScan scanning probe microscope (Nanosurf, Switzerland), which operated in contact or semicontact modes in air at room temperature [7]. The modulation of force or phase contrast was also used to obtain the material contrasts of the composites under study. The processing of the obtained SPM images was carried out using the computer program SPIP (Image Metrology, Denmark). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the original Neosyl-120 powders were obtained using the electron microscope Jeol JSM-6510LV. Studies of physico-mechanical properties of the composites with these micro- and nanofillers were conducted on a universal tensile testing machine UTS-10 (Zwick Roell, Germany) and tensile testing machine with a pendulum force meter RMI-60 (ZIM, Tochmashpribor, Russia). The five repetitions for each type in tensile tests were done, and the mean values in the figures are presented. Dimensions of the samples of double-sided composite blades (type 1) correspond to the drawing and the table of reference [8].
