**1. Introduction**

To date, nanotechnology is the operation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally speaking, the size scale in nanotechnology including materials, devices, and other structures is at least from 1 to 100 nanometers in one dimension. The revolution of the nanotechnology is taking a crucial effect on the different fields, such as commercial sectors, engineering, science, drug delivery, sensors, and the construction industry. Nanostructures in such size have made steadily increasing attraction because of their attractive and captivating properties, same as their fascinating applications complementary to the materials in bulk. The interesting properties of materials in nanoscale (both physical and chemical) can make the efficacy enhanced distinctively in mechanical strength, (photo)catalysis, optical sensitivity, and (thermal and electrical) conductivity which enable applications such as improved materials with higher properties, storage devices of the electronic and energy, sensors, and catalysts [1–8].

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*Renewable and Sustainable Composites*

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**References**

According to the dimensions in nanometer scale size, nanostructures can be classified into the following three groups:


In comparison with 0D nanostructures, it is easier to investigate the relationship between the mechanical properties, optical and electronic transport, and the confinement of the size and dimensionality for 1D nanostructures. Moreover, 1D semiconductor nanomaterials have an extremely crucial effect of the active components and interconnect in the nanoscale electronic and photonic devices fabrications.

Up to now, 1D nanostructure is generally used to describe large aspect ratio rods, wires, tubes, and belt and tubes and has been the key point of investigation due to its attractive physical and technological significance in fabricating nanoscale devices. When the radial diameter of the 1D nanostructure is lower than some lengths (the path of the phonon mean free, the light of wavelength, Bohr radius, etc.), the effect of the quantum mechanics will be crucial. Owing to the large surface-to-volume ratio and the confinement of two dimensions, nanowires possess the definitely attractive electronic, magnetic, and optical properties. In addition, because nanowires' aspect ratio is extremely large, the quantum particles (photons, phonons, electrons, etc.) can be conducted directly easily to make the nanowires as the ideal candidate for the energy transport materials to enhance the relevant technique applications [9–17].

Today, numerous approaches have been researched to synthesize 1D nanostructures. Two fundamental steps are essentially involved in the evolution: nucleation and growth. A lot of solid materials with 1D nanostructures in nature are controlled by the bonding in the structure of crystallography in the highly anisotropic. The materials need common growth conditions including chemical vapor deposition (CVD), wet-chemical routs, and template-assistant methods. In classification, all the contemporary approaches are divided into bottom-up and top-down methods. The most important issue for developing a new synthetic method is to control the dimensions, morphology, and uniformity of nanostructures. When making a method to synthesize the nanostructures by the synthetic effects, it is definitely important to control the related morphology (or shape), dimensions, and uniformity simultaneously. To obtain 1D growth nanostructures, several chemical methods were generated. The current common six different strategies are (1) the reduction of a 1D microstructure in size, (2) 0D nanostructure self-assembly, (3) by a capping reagent kinetic control, (4) a template usage for direction, (5) a liquid droplet confinement as in the vapor-liquid-solid process, and (6) the control of a solid with the anisotropic crystallographic structure.

Generally, there are four popular mechanisms for understanding the synthesis of 1D nanostructure materials. They are the mechanism of vapor-liquid-solid (VLS), the mechanism of oxide-assisted growth (OAG), the mechanism of vapor-solid (VS), and the mechanism of solution-liquid-solid (SLS).

### **1.1 Vapor-liquid-solid (VLS)**

In the VLS mechanism, a liquid metal cluster or catalyst, such as Au, Fe, Ni, or Co, is taken as the energetically favorable point of the gas-phase reactant absorption.

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dimensions.

*Methodologies for Achieving 1D ZnO Nanostructures Potential for Solar Cells*

metal catalyst that can be achieved under equilibrium conditions [18–21].

The reactant supersaturates and segregates from the cluster and then grows into a 1D structure of the material, the diameter of which is limited by the size of the liquid

This kind of the synthesized technique, in which oxides replaced by metals have a crucial effect on the nucleation induction and the nanowire growth, can produce the high-purity 1D nanomaterials in the large quantities, and the metal catalysts do not need any more. The 1D nanomaterial synthesis with the mechanism of the oxide-assisted growth is the extension of the traditional vapor-liquid-solid method with the metal catalyst. Moreover, it can be taken to make the nanowires by other

For the mechanism of the vapor-solid (VS), the size of the nucleation site is critical for defining the rod diameter when the vapor supersaturation is appropriately controlled. Metal catalysts are not necessary. Three stages can be summarized as the illustration: (i) The source forms vapor phase, (ii) the vapor is transported by the carrier gas and deposits on the substrate to form crystalline nuclei, and (iii) the defects of the nuclei become the growth points, and the reactive vapor molecules

Solution-liquid-solid (SLS) phases are involved in the nanowire growth that is in fact an analogy to the conventional whisker growth via vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism. The difference is that the vapor phase involved in the VLS growth is now substituted by a solution phase in the SLS mechanism. In turns out, however, the nanowires prepared by the SLS mechanism have a varying diameter ranging

Up to now, it is still a challenge to accurately characterize the property of 1D nanostructures due to the constrains of the current measuring techniques, such as (1) the size of 1D nanostructures is too small to adopt the well-established testing techniques and (2) 1D nanostructures different from bulk materials are hard to pinpoint at the desired location. Therefore, the relevant techniques should be explored

1D nanomaterials behave qualitatively different from the conventional bulk materials when the size reduces to nanoscale. It is well known that the increments of yield stress and the hardness of a polycrystalline material are consistent with the decrement of the grain size to the micrometer scale, and this significant phenomenon is defined as the Hall-Petch effect. For the single-crystalline 1D nanostructures, their property is extremely higher than that of the counterparts in the larger

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83618*

**1.2 Oxide-assisted growth (OAG)**

materials than silicon [22–26].

further grow into nanostructures [27, 28].

from 10 to 150 nm, which is not uniform [29, 30].

**2. Property of one-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials**

to detect the property of 1D nanostructures accurately.

**1.4 Solution-liquid-solid (SLS)**

**2.1 Mechanical property**

**1.3 Vapor-solid (VS)**

The reactant supersaturates and segregates from the cluster and then grows into a 1D structure of the material, the diameter of which is limited by the size of the liquid metal catalyst that can be achieved under equilibrium conditions [18–21].
