Author details

9. Conclusion

lignocellulosic biomass.

Figure 4.

124

Lignocellulosic materials are the promising substrate for bio-hydrogen and methane production. The main compositions of lignocellulosic materials are cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. In order to obtain the underlying monosugar, the appropriate pretreatment methods are recommended to hydrolyze hemicellulose or to remove lignin. Physical pretreatment can be used to increase the accessible surface area of lignocellulosic materials prior to the subsequent hydrolysis. Chemical hydrolysis by means of dilute acid pretreatment is an effective method to hydrolyze both hemicellulose and cellulose in lignocellulosic materials. Though, this method can slightly degrade lignin. Lignin can be effectively removed by alkaline pretreatment. Biological pretreatment by microorganisms and enzymes can be used to pretreat the lignocellulosic materials before enzymatic hydrolysis. Combined physical, chemical, and biological pretreatment process is more effective than a sole process. Bio-hydrogen and methane production process is greatly affected by the environmental factors. The ranges of these factors mainly depend on, but not limited to, the types of feedstocks and microorganisms in the process. Dark fermentation followed by photo-fermentation is more efficient in producing hydrogen from lignocellulosic materials than the single-stage fermentation. Methane production from lignocellulosic materials is an environmentally friendly process for

Theoretical hydrogen and methane yields obtained from dark fermentation, photo-fermentation, sequential dark fermentation-photo-fermentation, and anaerobic digestion for hydrogen and methane production from

Biomass for Bioenergy - Recent Trends and Future Challenges

producing bioenergy and managing the waste at the same time.

Apilak Salakkam<sup>1</sup> , Pensri Plangklang<sup>1</sup> , Sureewan Sittijunda<sup>2</sup> , Mallika Boonmee Kongkeitkajorn<sup>1</sup> , Siriporn Lunprom<sup>3</sup> and Alissara Reungsang1,3\*

1 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand

2 Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand

3 Research Group for Development of Microbial Hydrogen Production Process from Biomass, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand

\*Address all correspondence to: alissara@kku.ac.th

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
